Programando em Perl
Nelson Corrêa de Toledo Ferraz
<
[email protected]>
Nelson Ferraz <[email protected]> http://www.gnubis.com.br
Perl
Practical Extraction and Report Language
Nelson Ferraz <[email protected]> http://www.gnubis.com.br
Alguns Exemplos
print "Hello, world!\n";
perl -nle 'print if $_ eq reverse' /usr/dict/words
X
($a)=@ARGV;$a||=10;$b=40;$d='.';$c=($b-$a);$f=($c/2);
$g=0;$j=5;$e=1;$h=$f;foreach(0..$c){$i[$_]=(100/$c)*$_}while($j){@k=();if
($h<$f){$h=$f;$j--;$e=-$e}elsif($h>=($f+$a)){$h=$f+$a-1;$j--;$e=-$e}$|
=1;@l=(' ')x$a;$l[$h-($f)]=$d;push @k,'*'x($f+1);push @k,@l;push @k,'*'x
($c-$f+1);push @k,' ',$j;print join('',(@k));if(rand(100)<=$i[$f]){$f--;}
else{$f++}$g++;$y=$x='';vec($x,fileno(STDIN),1)=1;if(select
($y=$x,undef,undef,.1)){until(sysread(STDIN,$b,1)){}$e=-$e;}else
{print"\n"}$h+=$e}print"$g\n";
Nelson Ferraz <[email protected]> http://www.gnubis.com.br
Nelson Ferraz <
[email protected]> http://www.gnubis.com.br
Conceitos Básicos
#!/usr/bin/perl
# Primeiro programa
print "Hello, world!\n";
print "Hello,
world!
";
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Conceitos Básicos
#!/usr/bin/perl -w
use strict;
my $name = "Larry Wall";
print "Hello, $name\n";
print 'Hello, $name\n';
my $price = '$100'; # not interpreted
print "The price is $price.\n"; # interpreted
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Variáveis Escalares
Variáveis Escalares podem conter strings ou números
#!/usr/bin/perl -w
use strict;
my $animal = "camel";
my $number = 42;
print "The animal is $animal\n";
print "The square of $number is ",
$number * $number, "\n";
Nelson Ferraz <[email protected]> http://www.gnubis.com.br
Comparações
#!/usr/bin/perl -w
use strict;
my $x = 7;
my $y = "007";
if ($x == $y) {
print "'$x' é igual a '$y'!\n";
}
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Comparações
Comparação Numérica vs. Alfanumérica
# Comparações numéricas
if ($idade == 18) { ... }
if ($idade > 100) { ... }
# Comparações literais
if ($resposta eq "s") { ... }
if ($nome ne "Larry") { ... }
Nelson Ferraz <[email protected]> http://www.gnubis.com.br
Pós-condições
# the traditional way
if ($zippy) {
print "Yow!";
}
# the Perlish post-condition way
print "Yow!" if $zippy;
print "We have no bananas" unless $bananas;
print "LA LA LA\n" while 1; # loops forever
Nelson Ferraz <[email protected]> http://www.gnubis.com.br
Arrays
my @animals = ("camel", "llama", "owl");
my @numbers = (23, 42, 69);
my @mixed = ("camel", 42, 1.23);
print $animals[0]; # prints "camel"
print $animals[1]; # prints "llama"
Nelson Ferraz <[email protected]> http://www.gnubis.com.br
Laço foreach
my @animals = ("camel", "llama", "owl");
foreach my $animal (@animals) {
print "$animal\n";
}
foreach (@animals) {
print "$_\n";
}
print join("\n", @animals);
Nelson Ferraz <[email protected]> http://www.gnubis.com.br
TIMTOWTDI
“There Is More Than One Way To Do It”
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Hashes
my %fruit_color = ("apple", "red", "banana", "yellow");
my %fruit_color = (
apple => "red",
banana => "yellow",
);
print $fruit_color{"apple"}; # prints "red"
Nelson Ferraz <[email protected]> http://www.gnubis.com.br
Hashes
my %color = (
apple => "red",
banana => "yellow",
);
foreach (keys %color) {
print "$_ is $color{$_}\n";
}
Nelson Ferraz <[email protected]> http://www.gnubis.com.br
Atenção!!!
$days # the simple scalar value "days"
$days[28] # the 29th element of array @days
$days{'Feb'} # the 'Feb' value from hash %days
Nelson Ferraz <[email protected]> http://www.gnubis.com.br
Sub-rotinas
sub square {
my $num = shift;
my $result = $num * $num;
return $result;
}
Nelson Ferraz <[email protected]> http://www.gnubis.com.br
Abrindo um arquivo-
texto
if (open(FILE,"filename.txt") {
# ...
} else {
print "Erro!";
}
open (FILE, "filename.txt") or die "Erro!";
#...
Nelson Ferraz <[email protected]> http://www.gnubis.com.br
Lendo o conteúdo de um
arquivo
open (FILE,"filename.txt") or die "Erro!";
while ($linha = <FILE>) {
# ...
}
close FILE;
open (FILE,"filename.txt") or die "Erro!";
@conteudo = <FILE>;
close FILE;
Nelson Ferraz <[email protected]> http://www.gnubis.com.br
Lendo o conteúdo de um
arquivo
while (<>) {
# ...
}
Nelson Ferraz <[email protected]> http://www.gnubis.com.br
Expressões Regulares
● Muito úteis para manipular textos
– Localizar strings
– Substituições
Nelson Ferraz <[email protected]> http://www.gnubis.com.br
Localizar Strings
(match)
m/pattern/
@lang = ("Perl", "Python", "PHP", "Ruby", "Java");
foreach (@lang) {
print if m/P/;
}
Nelson Ferraz <[email protected]> http://www.gnubis.com.br
next if...
while (<>) {
next if m/^#/g;
...
}
Nelson Ferraz <[email protected]> http://www.gnubis.com.br
Substituições
s/foo/bar/
@lang = ("Perl", "Python", "PHP", "Ruby", "Java");
foreach (@lang) {
s/P/J/;
print;
}
Nelson Ferraz <[email protected]> http://www.gnubis.com.br
Mais regexps
/cat/; # matches 'cat'
/(bat|cat|rat)/; # matches 'bat, 'cat', or 'rat'
/[bcr]at/; # matches 'bat, 'cat', or 'rat'
/item[0123456789]/; # matches 'item0' ... 'item9'
/item[0-9]/; # matches 'item0' ... 'item9'
/item\d/; # matches 'item0' ... 'item9'
/item\d+/;
Nelson Ferraz <[email protected]> http://www.gnubis.com.br
Expressões Regulares
● Metacaracteres:
\ ignora o próximo metacaractere
^ início da linha
. qualquer caractere
$ final da linha
| alternação
() agrupamento
[] classe de caracteres
Nelson Ferraz <[email protected]> http://www.gnubis.com.br
Expressões Regulares
● Quantificadores:
* 0 ou mais vezes
+ 1 ou mais vezes
? 1 ou 0 vezes
{n} exatamente n vezes
{n,} pelo menos n vezes
{n,m} pelo menos n, no máximo m
Nelson Ferraz <[email protected]> http://www.gnubis.com.br
Expressões Regulares
● Outros caracteres especiais:
\t tab
\n newline
\r return
\w “word” (letras e underscore ("_")
\s espaço
\d dígito [0-9]
Nelson Ferraz <[email protected]> http://www.gnubis.com.br
Shell vs. Perl
Shell Perl
list.? ^list\..$
project.* ^project\..*$
*old ^.*old$
type*.[ch] ^type.*\.[ch]$
*.* ^.*\..*$
* ^.*$
Nelson Ferraz <[email protected]> http://www.gnubis.com.br
Programas também são
textos!
package Portugues;
use Filter::Simple;
FILTER {
s/para cada /foreach /g;
s/escreva /print /g;
s/se /if /g;
s/encontrar /m/g; use Portugues;
s/substituir /s/g;
} escreva "Olá, mundo!\n";
Nelson Ferraz <[email protected]> http://www.gnubis.com.br
Programas também são
textos!
use Portugues;
@ling = ("Perl", "Python", "PHP", "Ruby", "Java");
para cada (@ling) {
escreva se substituir
encontrar /P/;
/P/J/;
}
Nelson Ferraz <[email protected]> http://www.gnubis.com.br
Boas Práticas
● use strict
● use warnings
● Comentários
● Maiúsculas e minúsculas
● Espaçamento vertical e horizontal
● Procure a forma mais legível
Nelson Ferraz <[email protected]> http://www.gnubis.com.br
use strict
use strict;
$valor = 123; # Erro
my $valor = 123; # OK
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use warnings
Alerta sobre possíveis erros:
● Variáveis usadas apenas uma vez
● Variáveis não definidas
● Escrita para arquivos de somente-leitura
● Muitos outros!
Nelson Ferraz <[email protected]> http://www.gnubis.com.br
Comentários
# Comente seu código!
Nelson Ferraz <[email protected]> http://www.gnubis.com.br
Maiúsculas e
minúsculas
$ALL_CAPS_HERE # constantes
$Some_Caps_Here # variáveis globais
$no_caps_here # variáveis locais
Nelson Ferraz <[email protected]> http://www.gnubis.com.br
Espaçamento
$IDX = $ST_MTIME;
$IDX = $ST_ATIME if $opt_u;
$IDX = $ST_CTIME if $opt_c;
$IDX = $ST_SIZE if $opt_s;
mkdir $tmpdir, 0700 or die "can't mkdir $tmpdir: $!";
chdir($tmpdir) or die "can't chdir $tmpdir: $!";
mkdir 'tmp', 0777 or die "can't mkdir $tmpdir/tmp: $!";
Nelson Ferraz <[email protected]> http://www.gnubis.com.br
Procure a forma mais
legível
die "Can't open $foo: $!" unless open(FOO,$foo); # ?
open (FILE, $foo) or die "Can't open $foo: $!"; # OK
print "Starting analysis\n" if $verbose; # OK
$verbose && print "Starting analysis\n"; # ?
Nelson Ferraz <[email protected]> http://www.gnubis.com.br
perldoc
$ perldoc perlintro
$ perldoc perlvar
$ perldoc perldata
$ perldoc perlrequick
$ perldoc perlretut
Nelson Ferraz <[email protected]> http://www.gnubis.com.br
Referências
● Referências são como ponteiros em C
● Uma referência é uma maneira de
representar uma variável
Nelson Ferraz <[email protected]> http://www.gnubis.com.br
Criando uma
Referência
● É simples!
– Coloque uma contrabarra ("\") antes do
nome da variável:
$scalar_ref = \$scalar;
$array_ref = \@array;
$hash_ref = \%hash;
Nelson Ferraz <[email protected]> http://www.gnubis.com.br
Criando Referências
● Referências a variáveis anônimas
– Arrays
– Hashes
$x = [ 1, 2, 3 ];
$y = {
a => 1,
b => 2,
c => 3
};
Nelson Ferraz <[email protected]> http://www.gnubis.com.br
Usando Referências
● Use @{$array_ref} para obter de volta
uma array para a qual você tem uma
referência
$x = [ 1, 2, 3 ];
@x = @{$x};
Nelson Ferraz <[email protected]> http://www.gnubis.com.br
Usando Referências
● Use %{$hash_ref} para obter de volta
um hash para o qual você tem uma
referência
$y = {
a => 1,
b => 2,
c => 3
};
%y = %{$y}
Nelson Ferraz <[email protected]> http://www.gnubis.com.br
Por que usar
Referências?
● Passar duas arrays para uma sub:
@arr1 = (1, 2, 3);
@arr2 = (4, 5, 6);
check_size(\@arr1, \@arr2);
sub check_size {
my ($a1, $a2) = @_;
print @{$a1} == @{$a2} ? 'Yes' : 'No';
}
Nelson Ferraz <[email protected]> http://www.gnubis.com.br
Por que usar
referências?
● Estruturas complexas:
my $variables = {
scalar => {
description => "single item",
sigil => '$',
},
array => {
description => "ordered list of items",
sigil => '@',
},
hash => {
description => "key/value pairs",
sigil => '%',
},
};
print "Scalars begin with a $variables->{'scalar'}->{'sigil'}\n";
Nelson Ferraz <[email protected]> http://www.gnubis.com.br
Exemplo
Dado um arquivo-texto contendo:
Chicago, USA
Frankfurt, Germany
Berlin, Germany
Washington, USA
Helsinki, Finland
New York, USA
Obter a seguinte lista agrupada em ordem alfabética:
Finland: Helsinki.
Germany: Berlin, Frankfurt.
USA: Chicago, New York, Washington.
Nelson Ferraz <[email protected]> http://www.gnubis.com.br
Solução
while (<>) {
chomp;
my ($city, $country) = split /, /;
push @{$table{$country}}, $city;
}
foreach $country (sort keys %table) {
print "$country: ";
my @cities = @{$table{$country}};
print join ', ', sort @cities;
print ".\n";
}
Nelson Ferraz <[email protected]> http://www.gnubis.com.br
perldoc
$ perldoc perlref
$ perldoc perlreftut
Nelson Ferraz <[email protected]> http://www.gnubis.com.br
CPAN
● Comprehensive Perl Archive Network
– online since 1995-10-26
– 2457 MB
– 247 mirrors
– 3792 authors
– 6742 modules
Nelson Ferraz <[email protected]> http://www.gnubis.com.br
Instalando um Módulo
# perl -MCPAN -e shell
CPAN> install My::Module
Nelson Ferraz <[email protected]> http://www.gnubis.com.br
