Chapter 8 - FORMULA SHEET Integration by Parts Formula udv = uv vdu
Integrating Trigonometric Functions Useful Formulae and Identities 1. Half Angle Identities: sin2 x =
1cos(2x) , cos2 x 2
1+cos(2x) 2
2. sin(2x) = 2sin(x)cos(x), cos(2x) = cos2 (x) sin2 (x) 3. sec2 (x) tan2 (x) = 1. 4. sin(A)cos(B ) = 1 [sin(A B ) + sin(A + B )] 2
1 [cos(A B ) cos(A + B )] 5. sin(A)sin(B ) = 2 1 6. cos(A)cos(B ) = 2 [cos(A B ) + cos(A + B )]
Important Antiderivatives 1. 2. 3. 4. tan(x)dx = ln|sec(x)| + C sec(x)dx = ln|sec(x) + tan(x)| + C sec2 (x)dx = tan(x) + C sec(x)tan(x)dx = sec(x) + C Strategy for evaluating sinm (x)cosn (x)dx
1. If n is odd, save one cosine factor and express the remaining factors in terms of sine. Then substitute u = sin(x). 2. If m is odd, save one sine factor and express the remaining factors in terms of cosine. Then substitute u = cos(x). 3. If both m and n are even, use the half-angle identities. Strategy for evaluating tanm (x)secn (x)dx
1. If n is even, then save one sec2 (x) factor and express the remaining factors in terms of tan(x). Now substitute u = tan(x). 2. If m is odd, then save one sec(x)tan(x) factor and express the remaining factors in terms of sec(x). Now substitute u = sec(x). 3. For the other cases, there are no clear-cut guidelines. Integrating Using Trigonometric Substitution To evaluate the following 3 types of integrals, we must make the corresponding trig substitution. u = asin, du = acosd a2 u2 = acos 1. a2 u2 2. a2 + u2 u = atan, du = asec2 d a2 + u2 = asec 3. u2 a2 u2 a2 = atan u = asec, du = asectan
