CANARA

ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Benjanapadavu, Mangalore-574219

Subject Code:
10ESL37

ANALOG ELECTRONICS LAB MANUAL

DEPARTMENT OF

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

CONTENTS
Sl. No. 1 Diode Clipping Circuits Experiments Page No. 2

Clamping Circuits

10

Rectifier Circuits

16

RC-Coupled Amplifier

24

Darlington Emitter Follower

29

R.C. Phase Shift Oscillator

33

Verification of Network Theorems

36

Series & Parallel Resonance Circuits

40

Voltage Series Feedback Amplifier Class B Push-Pull Amplifier

44

10

49

11

Crystal Oscillator

51

12

FET Hartley & Colpitts Oscillator

53

Viva Questions

57

Bibliography

60

For more information and queries visit: www.ajaybolar.weebly.com

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Analog Electronics Lab Manual

10ESL37

DIODE CLIPPING CIRCUITS Aim: To design and test diode clipping circuits for peak clipping and peak detection. Components required: -Power Supply -Diodes IN4007or BY127 -Resistors Procedure: Make the Connections as shown in the circuit diagram Apply sinusoidal input Vi of 1 KHz and of amplitude 8V P-P to the circuit. Observe the output signal in the CRO and verify it with given waveforms. Apply Vi and Vo to the X and Y channel of CRO and observe the transfer characteristic waveform and verify it.

I) Positive Clipping Circuit: Circuit Diagram:

3.3K 8Vp-p Vi VR 2.4V D Vo

Waveforms:

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Analog Electronics Lab Manual

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Transfer Characteristics:

To find the value of R: Given: Rf =100, Rr =100K Rf - Diode forward resistance Rr - Diode reverse resistance R= Choose R as 10 K Let the output voltage be clipped at +3V Vomax =3V From the circuit diagram, Vomax = Vr+Vref Where Vr is the diode drop = 0.6V Vref = Vomax -Vr =3 - 0.7 Vref = 2.3 V =3.16K

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Analog Electronics Lab Manual

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II) Negative Clipping Circuit: Circuit Diagram:

3.3K BY127 Vi VR 2.4V Vo

Waveforms:

Transfer Characteristics:

Let the output voltage be clipped at -3V Vomin = -3V Vomin = -Vr+Vref Vref = Vomin+Vr = -3 + 0.7 Vref = -2.3V
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III) Diode Series Clipping / Positive Peak Clipper: Circuit Diagram:

R 8Vp-p Vi VR

3.3K Vo 2V

Waveforms:

Transfer Characteristics:

Let the output voltage be clipped at 2V Vomax = Vref = 2V

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Analog Electronics Lab Manual

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IV) Negative Peak Clipper: Circuit Diagram:

R 8Vp-p Vi VR

3.3K Vo 2V

Waveforms:

Transfer Characteristics:

Let the output voltage be clipped at -2V Vomin = Vref = -2V

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Analog Electronics Lab Manual

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V) Clipping at two independent levels: Circuit Diagram:

3.3K D1 16Vp-p Vi VR1 5.4V VR2 3.6V D2 Vo

Waveforms:

Transfer Characteristics:

Let Vomax = 6V and Vomin = 3V Vomax = Vr1 + Vr Vr1 = Vomax - Vr = 6 0.7 = 5.3V Vomin = Vr2- Vr Vr2 = Vomin + Vr = 3 + 0.7= 3.7V
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VI) Double ended clipper to generate a symmetric square wave: Circuit Diagram:
R

3.3K D1 16VP-P Vi VR1 3.4V VR2 3.4V D2 Vo

Waveforms:

Transfer Characteristics:

Let VR1 = VR2 = VR, Vomax = 4V Vomax = VR + Vr VR = Vomax Vr = 4 0.7 VR = 3.3V

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Analog Electronics Lab Manual

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VII) To Clip a sine wave between +2V and -3V level: Circuit Diagram:
D2 V2 -2.4V

D1 Vi

1.4V V1 R 3.3K Vo

Transfer Characteristics:

To Clip a sine wave between +2V and -3V level Vo = V1 + Vr V1 = Vo - Vr = 2-0.7 V1 = 1.4V Vo = V2 - Vr -3 = V2 0.7 V2 = -3 + 0.7 V2 = -2.3V

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Analog Electronics Lab Manual

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CLAMPING CIRCUITS Aim: Design and test positive and negative clamping circuit for a given reference voltage. Components required: Design: Rf Diode forward resistance = 100 Rr Diode Reverse resistance = 1M R= = 10K let T = 1ms Let RC = 10T RC = 10ms C = 1F R = 10K f(1KHz) Power Supply CRO Signal Generator Diode BY 127 Resistors Capacitor

I) Positive Clamping Circuits: Circuit Diagram:

8Vp-p Vi

BY127

10K

Vo

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Waveforms:

II) Design a Clamping Circuit to Clamp Negative Peak at +3V:

Vref

3.6V

Waveforms:

Vo =

+ Vref

3 = -0.7 + Vref, Vref = 3.7

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III) Negative Clamping Circuit: Circuit Diagram:

C + 1mF

8Vp-p Vi

10K

Vo

Waveforms:

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Analog Electronics Lab Manual

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IV) Design a Clamping Circuit to clamp Positive Peak at -3V: Circuit Diagram:

C + 1mF D 8Vp-p Vi R 10K Vo

Vref

3.6V

Waveforms:

Vo =

- Vref

Vref = - Vo + = +3+0.7 Vref = 3.7

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V) Design a Clamping Circuit to Clamp Negative Peak at -3V: Circuit Diagram:

C + 1mF D 8Vp-p Vi R 10K Vo

Vref

2.4V

Waveforms:

Vo = - (

+ Vref)

Vref = -Vo = - 0.7 (- 3) Vref =+2.3V

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VI) Design a Clamping Circuit to clamp Positive Peak at +3V: Circuit Diagram:

C + 1mF D 8Vp-p Vi R 10K Vo

Vref

2.4V

Waveforms:

Vo =

+ Vref

Vref = Vo = 3 - 0.7 Vref = 2.7V Procedure: Rig up the circuit. Apply sinusoidal input signal of 8V P-P from signal generator. Observe the output waveform in the CRO. Note down the readings from the CRO and compare it with the expected values.
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RECTIFIER CIRCUITS Aim: To design and test Half wave, Full wave, Bridge Rectifier circuits with & without capacitor filter and determine the Ripple factor, Regulation & Efficiency. Components required: Calculations: Assume RL = 4.7K, C = 220F I) Half wave Rectifier: 1. Ripple Factor without Filter (Theoretical) = 1.21 2. Percentage Regulation = 3. Rectifier Efficiency = (Rf = Diode forward resistance) 40.6 % Resistors Diodes 12-0-12V Transformer Capacitor

4. Ripple Factor without Filter II) Full wave Rectifier:

(f = frequency = 50Hz)

1. Ripple Factor without Filter = 0.48 2. Percentage Regulation = 3. Rectifier Efficiency = 81 %

4. Ripple Factor without Filter III) Bridge Rectifier:

1. Ripple Factor without Filter = 0.48 2. Percentage Regulation = 3. Rectifier Efficiency = 81 %

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Analog Electronics Lab Manual

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4. Ripple Factor without Filter I) Half wave Rectifier without Filter: Circuit Diagram:

230V

12V

IN 4001

230V/50Hz AC

RL=4.7K

Vo

Waveforms:

Peak output voltage Vm= Vdc = Vrms = Vac = Ripple Factor Rectifier efficiency = = = = = = =

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Analog Electronics Lab Manual

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% Regulation =

II) Half wave Rectifier with Filter:

230V

12V

230V/50Hz AC

+ 220mF -

RL=4.7K

Vo

Waveforms:

Peak output Voltage Vm = Ripple Factor = Vdc = =

= =
=

Vac = Vrms =

Rectifier efficiency =

2=

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% Regulation =

III) Full wave Rectifier without Filter: Circuit Diagram:

12V D2

Waveforms:

(ms) T/2 T 3T/2

Vdc = Vrms = Vac =

= = = =

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Analog Electronics Lab Manual

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2=

% Regulation =

IV) Full wave Rectifier with Filter: Circuit Diagram:

12V D2

Waveforms:

(ms) T/2 T T 3T/2 3T/2

T/2

Vdc =

= =
=

Vac =

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Analog Electronics Lab Manual

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Vrms = =

2=

V) Bridge Rectifier without Filter: Circuit Diagram:

D4 0 0

D2

RL Vo

Waveforms:

(ms) T/2 T 3T/2

Vdc = Vrms = Vac =

= = = =

2=
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Analog Electronics Lab Manual

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% Regulation =

VI) Bridge Rectifier with Filter: Circuit Diagram:

D4 0 0

D2 220mF

+ -

RL Vo

Waveforms:

(ms) T/2 T T 3T/2 3T/2

T/2

Vdc =

= =
=

Vac =

Vrms = =

2=

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Analog Electronics Lab Manual

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Procedure: Conclusions: Make the Connections as shown in the circuit diagram Apply 230V AC supply from the power mains to the primary of the transformer Observe the voltage across secondary to get Vm , the peak value in CRO Use relevant formula to find Vdc and Vrms of both Full wave and Half wave rectifier & draw the waveforms Find out the Ripple factor, Regulation and Efficiency by using the formula.

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Analog Electronics Lab Manual

10ESL37

RC-COUPLED AMPLIFIER Aim: To design and setup an RC Coupled amplifier using BJT & to find the input and output impedance of the RC-Coupled amplifier. Components Required: Design: Let Vcc = 10V Ic = 5mA = 100 To find RE: VRE = = Transistor Capacitor Resistors Signal Generator CRO

i.e. IERE = 1V RE = Select RE = 220 To find RC: VCE = =

Apply KVL to CE loop, VCC - ICRC VCE VBE = 0 10 - 5mRC 5 1 = 0 RC = 800 Select RC as 820 To find R1: From the above biasing circuit, VB = VBE + VRE = 0.7 + 1 =1.7V
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Analog Electronics Lab Manual

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IC = IB or IB =

Assume 10 IB flows through R1

= 16.6K Select R1 as 18K

Assume 9 IB flows through R2

Select R2 as 3.9K

Bypass capacitor CE and coupling Capacitor CC1 and CC2 Let XCE = i.e. at f = 100Hz

Select CE as 100 Also use CC1 = CC2 = 0.47

Procedure: Rig up the circuit Apply the sinusoidal input of 50m(P-P) and observe the input and output waveforms simultaneously on the CRO screen By varying the frequency of the input from Hz to maximum value and note down the output voltages Plot the frequency response (gain in dB vs log f) and determine the bandwidth from the graph

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Analog Electronics Lab Manual

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Circuit Diagram:
Vcc = 10V

R1 Cc1

18KE

Rc 820E Cc2

B 0.47mF Vi Signal Gen. R2 3.9KE RE

C E

0.47mF

CE 220E 100mF

RL 10 KE

Vo

Waveforms:

Tabular Column: Freq. in Hz 50 Hz 100 Hz 200 Hz 300 Hz 500 Hz 1KHz

Vo P-P

AV=

Gain in dB = 20 log10AV

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Analog Electronics Lab Manual

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1.2 KHz . . 2 KHz 3 KHz 4 KHz . 200KHz 300KHz . 2 MHz

To measure input impedance and output impedance: I) Input impedance (Ri): Procedure: Connect the circuit as shown Set the DRB to a minimum value Set the output to a convenient level and note down the output voltage Increase the DRB value till VO becomes half of the maximum amplitude The corresponding DRB value gives input impedance

DRB

Vi

RC Coupled Amplifier

Vo

II) Output impedance (RO): Procedure: Connect the circuit as shown Set the DRB to a maximum value Set the output to a convenient level and note down the output voltage Increase the DRB value till VO becomes half of the maximum amplitude The corresponding DRB value gives input impedance
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Vi

RC Coupled Amplifier

DRB Vo

Result: Bandwidth: __________Hz Input Impedance: __________ Output Impedance: __________

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Analog Electronics Lab Manual

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DARLINGTON EMITTER FOLLOWER Aim: To determine a BJT Darlington Emitter Follower and determine the Gain, Input and Output impedances. Components required: -Transistor (SL100) - Resistors - Signal Generator - CRO - Capacitors Biasing Circuit:
Vcc = +12V IC1 10 IB1 R1 IC2

C Q1 E B C Q2 E

9 IB1

R2

IE1 = IB2 IE2

3.3K Vo

Design: Let Vcc = 12V Ic2 = 2mA = 100 From Biasing Circuit, VB1= 2VBE+VRE VB1= 1.4+6 VB1= 7.4V

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Let VB2=

=6V

IE2RE = 6V RE = 3K

Select RE =3.3K

IB2= IB1=

= =

=0.02mA

=0.0002mA

Assume 10 IB flows through R1 R1=

2.3M

Assume 9 IB flows through R2 R2=

4.1M

Choose the coupling capacitor CC1 and CC2 as 0.47F Procedure: Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram. Set the Signal generator amplitude as 1V peak to peak and observe the input and output waveforms simultaneously on the CRO. By varying the frequency of the input from Hz range to MHz range and note the frequency range of the signal and corresponding voltage. The output voltage remains constant in mid frequency range. Tabulate the readings in tabular column. Plot the graph with frequency along X-axis and gain in dB along Y-axis. From the graph determine the bandwidth.

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Circuit Diagram:
Vcc = 12V

R1

2.3M

Q1 0.47mF Vi Ivp-p + Q2 R2 4.1M 0.47mF

RE

3.3K Vo

Tabular Column: Freq. in Hz 50 Hz 100 Hz 200 Hz 500 Hz 1kHz 2Khz 3Khz 4Khz 200Khz 300Khz . . 3 MHz Vo P-P AV= Gain in dB = 20 log10AV

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Analog Electronics Lab Manual

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To measure input impedance and output impedance: I) Input impedance (Ri): Procedure: Connect the circuit as shown Set the DRB to a minimum value Set the output to a convenient level and note down the output voltage Increase the DRB value till VO becomes half of the maximum amplitude The corresponding DRB value gives input impedance
DRB Darlington Emitter Follower

Vi

Vo

II) Output impedance (RO): Procedure: Connect the circuit as shown Set the DRB to a maximum value Set the output to a convenient level and note down the output voltage Increase the DRB value till VO becomes half of the maximum amplitude The corresponding DRB value gives input impedance

Vi

Darlington Emitter Follower

DRB Vo

Result: Bandwidth: __________Hz Input Impedance: __________ Output Impedance: __________

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R.C.PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR Aim: To design and test the RC Phase shift Oscillator for the frequency of 1KHz. Components required: -Transistor (BC 107) - Resistors - CRO - Capacitors Design: VCC = 12V IC = 2mA VRC = 40% VCC = 4.8V VRE = 10% VCC = 1.2V VCE = 50% VCC = 6V To find RC, R1, RE & R2 We Have, VRC = ICRC=4.8V RC = 2.4K Choose RC = 2.2K VRE = IERE=1.2V RE = 600 Choose RE = 680 hfe = 100 (For BC 107) IB= = 20mA

Assume current through R1 = 10 IB & through R2 = 9 IB VR1 = VCC-VR2 = 10V Also, VR1 =10 IB R1=10.1V
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R1= 50K Choose R1= 47K VR2 = VBE+VRE = 0.7+1.2 = 1.9V Also, VR2 =9 IB R2=1.9V R2= 10.6K Choose R1= 12K

To find CC & CE XCE = For

= 68

= 20Hz

CE= 117 Choose CE = 220

XCC = For

=
= 20Hz

220

Choose CC = 47

Design of

Selective Circuit: Required of oscillations f = 1KHz

Take R= 4.7K & C=0.01F Procedure: Rig up the circuit as shown in the figure Observe the sinusoidal output voltage.
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Measure the frequency and compare with the theoretical values.

Circuit Diagram:
Vcc = 12V

R1

47K

Rc

2.2K

C Cin 0.01mF BC 107 47mF R2 12K RE CE 680 220mF

C 0.01mF

C 0.01mF Vo

R 4.7K

R 4.7K

R 4.7K

Result: Frequency Theoretical: 1KHz Practical: _________

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Analog Electronics Lab Manual

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VERIFICATION OF NETWORK THEOREMS Aim: To verify Thevenins & Maximum power transfer theorem for DC Circuits. Components Required: Resistor DRB Ammeter (DC) Multimeter

I) Thevenins Theorem: Circuit Diagram: a) Given Resistor Network:

Vi 10V

R3

R4 RL

Vo

(Voltmeter)

b) Thevenins Voltage Experimental Setup:

R3

10K

R4

4.7K

VM

c) Thevenins Resistance Experimental Setup:

R3

10K

R4

4.7K

Ohm Meter

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Vth RL

1 VM Vo

Calculations: Assume Vi = 10V, R1=10K, R2=4.7K, R3=10K, R4=4.7K, RL=10K At node 1:

4.128 At node 2:

V1 -2.128

V2 = 1m -------------(1)

4.26 From (1) & (2) V1 = 3.27V

V2 -2.128

V1 = 0 -------------(2)

V2 = Vth = Vm = 1.635V Rth = ([(10 = (( = ((5+4.7) = (9.7 Rth = 3.16K IL = = 0.124mA ) + 4.7] 4.7

IL = 0.124mA
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= I L RL
= 0.1238m = 1.24V

= 1.24V
Procedure: Rig up the circuit as shown in the Fig I(a), measure the voltage across load RL using DC Voltmeter. Note voltage as VO. Connect the circuit as in Fig I(b), measure the voltage across terminals AB. Note down the voltage reading as VOC. Rig up the circuit as shown in the Fig I(c), switch of the DC voltage source. The resistance r, represents internal resistance of the voltage source. Measure resistance across terminals AB using multimeter. Note down the resistance value as RO. Now rig up the circuit as shown in the Fig I(d), switch on the power supply and measure the voltage drop across the load resistance RL using the multimeter, note down voltage as VO1. Compare the voltages VO and VO1, they must agree each other, which verifies Thevenins theorem.

Observations: Voltage across load RL in the circuit Fig I(a), VO= Current through load RL in the circuit Fig I(a), IO= Thevenins Voltage in Fig I(b), VOC = Thevenins Resistance in Fig I(c), RO = Voltage across load RL in Thevenins equivalent circuit in Fig I(d), VO1 = II) Maximum Power Transfer Theorem: Circuit Diagrams:
RN =4.7K

IL Vi 5V RL VM VL

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Calculations: Choose RN = 4.7K -5 +4.7K IL+ RL IL = 0 9.4K IL = 5 IL = 0.53mA Maximum Power: P= = 1.32mw Procedure: Rig up the circuit as shown in the Fig II Set the input Dc voltage Vi = 5V Vary the resistance RL using DRB in regular steps and note down the corresponding voltmeter and ammeter readings. Plot the graph of power Vs Resistance RL. Determine the resistance RL at which power is maximum (From the Graph)

Tabular Column: RL ()
1K 2K 3K 4K 4.1 K 4.2 K . . 5K 6K 10 K

IL (mA)

VL (volts)

PL = VLIL(watts)

Specimen Graph:

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Analog Electronics Lab Manual

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SERIES AND PARALLEL RESONANCE CIRCUITS Aim: To test and verify the working/functioning of Series and Parallel resonance circuits and plots its response Components Required: Resistor, Decade Resistance Box Decade Capacitance Box Decade Inductance Box Function Generator AC Voltmeter, Ammeter

I) Series Resonance: Circuit Diagram:

C iT

Vi

Procedure: Set up the circuit as in Fig Set input voltage Vm = 5v using signal generator and vary the frequency from 100Hz to 1MHz in regular steps. Note down he corresponding voltage and current. Plot the graph of Frequency Vs Current Find Resonance Frequency, Quality Factor and Bandwidth from the graph obtained and compare with the theoretical values.

Calculations: Take R = 100, L = 10mH, C = 0.1F Resonance Frequency fo=

=
=

Quality factor of Series Resonance Circuit Qo =

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Bandwidth BW = Observations: Frequency (Hz)

Total Current iT(mA)

XC ()

XL ()

Z=

()

Z=

2()

Model Graph:

From the Graph, Resonance Frequency fo = Bandwidth BW = f2 f1 =

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II) Parallel Resonance: Circuit Diagram:

iT

Procedure: Set up the circuit as in Fig Set input voltage Vm = 5v using signal generator and vary the frequency from 100Hz to 1MHz in regular steps. Note down he corresponding voltage and current readings and calculate impedance Z= Plot the graph of Frequency Vs Impedance. Find Resonance Frequency, Quality Factor and Bandwidth from the graph obtained and compare with the theoretical values.

Calculations: Take RL= 4.7K, RC = 4.7K, L = 10mH, C = 0.1F Resonance Frequency fo =

, if RL= RC
= WORC =

Quality factor of Series Resonance Circuit Qo = Bandwidth BW = Observations: Vm = 5V Frequency (Hz)

Total Current iT(mA)

XC ()

XL ()

Z=

()

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Specimen Graph:

From the Graph, Resonance Frequency fo = Bandwidth BW = f2 f1 = Results: Parameters Resonance Frequency Theoretical Observed Bandwidth Theoretical Observed Quality Factor Theoretical Observed
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Series Resonance

Parallel Resonance

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Analog Electronics Lab Manual

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VOLTAGE SERIES FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER Aim: Design of a FET Voltage series feedback amplifier and determine the gain, frequency response, input and output impedances with and without feedback. Components required: Power supply Multimeter CRO Function Generator AC mill voltmeters FET BW 10/11 Resistors Capacitors

Circuit Diagram:
VDD(+10VDC)

RD

1.5K Cc

Cc BFW 10 0.01F ASG Vi

0.01F R1 165K Vo RG 2M Rs 1K Cs A

R2 68K B

Design: IDSS = 10mA VP = -3V (From Data Sheet) Given, Q condition is ID = 2mA, VDS = 5V = ID = IDSS[1-(

)]2
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We Know that,

]1/2 = 1-(

1 0.44 = RS: VGS = - 0.55 IDRS = |VGS| Choose RS = 1K RD: VDD = VDS + ID (RS + RD) 5=2

[1K + RD ]

Choose RD = 1.5 K

RG:

Igs = 1000nA (From Data Sheet)

Before conduction, minority carriers have to be drained out, for this RG would be usually very large. Further input impedance of the amplifier would be equal to RG itself. Thus, Igs RG = Vgs RG =

= 1.65M

Choose RG = 2 M CS: Should act as a short circuit at lowest frequency of interest XCS = CS = RS = 10 1t 500Hz (say) CS = 33F

Choose CS = 33 or 47F Theoretically gain AV without feedback is calculated as AV = -gm RD For the above circuit,

gm is computed as bellow,
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We have, ID = IDSS(1-

)2

Differentiating with respect to Vgs | | = 2IDSS(1+

) )( )

= gm gm = 10 mA/V

gm = 2(10)(1+

|AV| = gm RD = 10 To Design feedback circuit (R1, R2) Let us Assume gain with feedback desired is 2 i.e. AVf = 2 where AV = 15;

Then AVf = (Practically we may not get

It is better to measure AV practically & design R1 & R2) E.g: Say AV = 4.8 (Practical Value) AVf =

=
R1 = 2.4 R2 Choose R2 = 68K, R1 = 165K (150K + 15K) Procedure: Rig up the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram. Check Q conditions i.e,. measure VDS and VGS. Set Vi = 1V or 2V at 10 KHz on Audio signal Generator and measure gain AV without feedback. Disconnect short of Green and Black terminal of signal generator to avoid grounding problem or isolate ground of signal generator. Measure VO with feedback & find AVf the gain with feedback. Note AVf is less than AV To plot freq response, note output voltage with and without feedback from 100Hz to 10MHz
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Frequency response:

Here one can observe that effect of feedback is gain decreases but Bandwidth increases. To measure input impedance and output impedance: I) Input impedance (Zi): Procedure: Connect the circuit as shown Set all knobs of DRB to 0 Apply input sinusoidal wave (20 to 40 mVp-p) Fix input frequency in mid freq range (say 15 KHz) and measure output voltage VO. Increase resistance on DRB, till VO reduces to half the value this gives VO1 = DRB values now gives input impedance Zi of amplifier.
DRB

The

AMP Vi Vo1

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II) Output impedance (RO): Procedure: Connect the circuit as shown Set all knobs of DRB to maximum value. Apply input sinusoidal wave (20 to 40 mV) Fix input frequency 15 KHz and measure output voltage. Decrease resistance on DRB, till output voltage reduces to half the value of VO. Now VO2 = The DRB values now gives output impedance Zo of amplifier.

Vi

Darlington Emitter Follower

DRB Vo

Observation: Gain with feedback Gain without feedback :__________ :__________

Frequency 100 Hz 200 Hz . . . 1kHz 2KHz . . 100 KHz

VO

AV

AVF

Zi

ZO

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CLASS B PUSH-PULL AMPLIFIER Aim: To design and test the performance of transformer less Class B Push-Pull Amplifier and to determine its conversion efficiency. Components Required: Diodes IN 4001 Transistor SL100, SK100 Resistors Capacitors

Circuit Diagram:
Vcc = 15V

1.5K

SL100 R1 1F 1F

Vi 1.5K

SK100

RL 470

Vo

Design: Given VCC = 15V, RL = 470 VCE1 = VCE2 =

= 7.5V

VB1 = VCE2 + VBE1 = 7.5 + 0.7 = 8.2V Assume I1 = 5mA R1 = R2 = = = 1.36K 1.36K

Choose R1 = R2 = 1.5K
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Choose Ci = C2 = 1F Pi(dc) = VCC Idc Po(ac) = Efficiency =

Procedure: Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram. Apply the input voltage Vi = 5V Keeping the voltage constant, vary the frequency from 100Hz to 1MHz in regular steps and note down the output voltage in each case. Plot the gain Vs Frequency graph. Note down the dc current Idc Calculate the efficiency.

Observations: Vi = 5V Freq. in Hz Vo Gain= Gain in dB = 20 log

50 Hz 100 Hz 200 Hz 500 Hz 1 KHz 2 KHz 3 KHz 5 KHz 10 KHz . . . . 1MHz 2 MHz

Result: Efficiency =
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Dept of E&C, CEC

Analog Electronics Lab Manual

10ESL37

CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR Aim: To design and test the performance of BJT - Crystal Oscillator for fO Components Required: Crystal 2MHz Transistor SL100 Resistors Capacitors KHz.

Circuit Diagram:
Vcc = 10V

R1

82K 0.01F C1 Crystal

Rc 2.2K

0.1F Vo

SL100 1K Pot

R2

18K RE

470

47F

Design: Given VCC = 10V, = 200, IC = 2mA To find RE: VRE =

=
IC

= 1V

IERE = 1, IE RE =

= 500

Choose RE =470 To find RC: Applying KVL

Dept of E&C, CEC

Analog Electronics Lab Manual

10ESL37

VCC ICRC - VCE- VRE = 0 10 - 2 4-2 RC = 2K Choose RC = 2.2K From the biasing circuit VB = VBE + VRE = 0.7 + 1 = 1.7V To find IB: RC 5 1 = 0 RC = 0

IB =

= 0.01mA

Assume 10 IB flows through R1 R1 =

= 83K

Choose R1 = 82K Assume 9 IB flows through R2 R2 =

= 18 K

Choose R2 = 18K Assume coupling capacitor CC1 and CC2 as 0.47F Procedue: Make the connections as shown in circuit diagram. Vary 1K potentiometer so as to get an undistorted sine wave at the output. Note down the frequency of the output wave and compare it with the theoretical frequency of oscillation.

Result: Frequency : Theoretical: 2MHz Practical:

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Analog Electronics Lab Manual

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FET HARTLEY & COLPITTS OSCILLATOR Aim: To design Hartley & Colpitts Oscillator for given frequency using FET. Components Required: Biasing Circuit:
Vcc = 10V

FET (BFW11) Resistors Capacitors CRO

R1

RD

G D S R2 RS

Design: VDD = 10V, VDS = For =5V

FET, IDSS = 11.5mA

VP = -3V VGS = -1.7V ID = IDSS [ ID = 11.5 ID = 2mA Applying KVL to the outer loop
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Analog Electronics Lab Manual

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VDD = ID(RD + RS ) + VDS RD + RS =

= 2.1K

Let RD = 1K & RS = 1.5K Use 1K pot in series with 1.5K for RS

0.13 R2 = 0.13R1 + 0.13R2 0.87R2 = 0.13R1

= 0.149
R1= 1M R2= 0.149 R1 R2= 150K (Choose R2 as 82K) Hartley Oscillator: Tank Circuit Design: fO = Where L = L1 + L2

fO = 100KHz L= L= L = 7.68mH L1 = 5mH L2 = 2.6mH let C = 330pF

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Circuit Diagram:
VDD =10V

R1

1M

RD

1K Cc2

Cc1

D S

0.1F/0.47F

0.1F/0.47F

Vo 1K Pot R2 82K Cs 47F

Rs

1.5K

L1 2mH C

L2 1mH

330pF

Colpitts Oscillator: fO = fO = 100KHz C= C = 687.5pF C=

L= L = 3.6mH

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Analog Electronics Lab Manual

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Circuit Diagram:
VDD =10V

R1

1M

RD

1K Cc2

Cc1

D S

0.1F/0.47F

0.1F/0.47F

Vo 1K Pot RG 82K Cs 47F

Rs

1.5K

C1 1000pF

C2 2200pF L 3.6mH

Procedue: Result: Hartley Oscillator: Theoretical Frequency Practical Frequency Amplitude of the sine wave Colpitts Oscillator: Theoretical Frequency Practical Frequency Amplitude of the sine wave : 100KHz : :
56

Make the connections as shown in circuit diagram. Observe the sinusoidal output voltage. Measure the frequency and compare with the theoretical values.

: 100KHz : :

Dept of E&C, CEC

Analog Electronics Lab Manual

10ESL37

VIVA-VOCE QUESTIONS
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] What are conductors, insulators, and semi-conductors? Give examples. Name different types of semiconductors. What are intrinsic semiconductors and extrinsic semiconductors? How do you get P-type and N-type semiconductors? What is doping? Name different levels of doping. Name different types of Dopants. . What do you understand by Donor and acceptor atoms? What is the other name for p-type and N-type semiconductors? What are majority carriers and minority carriers? What is the effect of temperature on semiconductors? What is drift current?. What is depletion region or space charge region? What is junction potential or potential barrier in PN junction? What is a diode? Name different types of diodes and name its applications What is biasing? Name different types w.r.t. Diode biasing How does a diode behave in its forward and reverse biased conditions? What is static and dynamic resistance of diode? Why the current in the forward biased diode takes exponential path? What do you understand 1?y Avalanche breakdown and zener breakdown? Why diode is called unidirectional device. What is PIV of a diode What is knee voltage or cut-in voltage? What do you mean by transition capacitance or space charge capacitor? What do you mean by diffusion capacitance or storage capacitance? What is a transistor? Why is it called so? . Name different types, of transistors? Name different configurations in which the transistor is operated Mention the applications of transistor. Explain how transistor is used as switch What is transistor biasing? Why is it necessary? What are the three different regions in which the transistor works? Why transistor is called current controlled device? What is FET? Why it is called so? What are the parameters of FET? What are the characteristics of FET? Why FET is known as voltage controlled device? What are the differences between BJT and FET? Mention applications of FET. What is pinch off voltage. What is an amplifier? What is the need for an amplifier circuit? How do you classify amplifiers? , What is faithful amplification? How do you achieve this? What is coupling? Name different types of coupling What is operating point or quiescent point? What do you mean by frequency response of an amplifier?
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Analog Electronics Lab Manual

10ESL37

[44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] [51] [52] [51] [52] [53] [54] [55] [56] [57] [58] [59] [60] [61] [62] [63] [64] [65] [66] [67] [68] [69] [70] [71] [72] [73] [74] [75] [76] [77] [78] [79] [80] [81] [82] [83] [84] [85] [86] [87]

What are gain, Bandwidth, lower cutoff frequency and upper cutoff frequency? What is the figure of merit of an amplifier circuit? What are the advantages of RC coupled amplifier? Why a 3db point is taken to calculate Bandwidth? What is semi-log graph sheet? Why it is used to plot frequency response? How do you test a diode, transistor, FET? How do you identify the terminals of Diode, Transistor& FET? Mention the type number of the devices used in your lab. Describe the operation of NPN transistor. Define reverse saturation current. Explain Doping w.r.t. Three regions of transistor Explain the terms hie/hib, hoe/hob, hre/hrb, hre/hfb. Explain thermal runaway. How it can be prevented. Define FET parameters and write the relation between them. What are Drain Characteristics and transfer characteristics? Explain the construction and working of FET What is feedback? Name different types. What is the effect of negative feedback on the characteristics of an amplifier? Why common collector amplifier is known as emitter follower circuit? What is the application of emitter follower ckt? What is cascading and cascoding? Why do you cascade the amplifier ckts.? How do you determine the value of capacitor? Write down the diode current equation. Write symbols of various passive and active components How do you determine the value of resistor by color code method? What is tolerance and power rating of resistor? Name different types of resistors. How do you classify resistors? Name different types of capacitors. What are clipping circuits? Classify them. Mention the application of clipping circuits. What are clamping circuits? Classify them What is the other name of clamping circuits? Mention the applications of clamping circuits. What is Darlington emitter follower circuit? Can we increase the number of transistors in Darlington emitter follower circuit? Name different types of Emitter follower circuits. What is an Oscillator? Classify them. What are damped & Un-damped Oscillations? What are Barkhausen's criteria? What type of oscillator has got more frequency stability? What is the disadvantage of Hartley & Colpit's Oscillator? Why RC tank Circuit Oscillator is used for AF range? Why LC tank Circuit Oscillator is used for RF range? What type of feedback is used in Oscillator circuit? In a Transistor type No. SL 100 and in Diode BY 127, what does SL and BY stands for? Classify Amplifiers based on: operating point selection.
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Analog Electronics Lab Manual

10ESL37

[88] [89] [90] [91] [92] [93] [94] [95] [96] [97] [98]

What is the efficiency of Class B push pull amplifier? What is the drawback of Class B Push pull Amplifier? How it is eliminated. What is the advantage of having complimentary symmetry push pull amplifier? What is Bootstrapping? What is the advantage of bootstrapping? State Thevenin's Theorem and Maximum power transfer theorem. What is the figure of merit of resonance circuit? What is the application of resonant circuit? What is a rectifier? Classify. What is the efficiency of half wave and full wave rectifier? What is the advantage of Bridge rectifier of Centre tapped type FWR. What is the different between Darlington emitter follower circuit & Voltage follower circuit using Op-Amp. Which is better.

For more information and queries visit: www.ajaybolar.weebly.com

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Dept of E&C, CEC

Analog Electronics Lab Manual

10ESL37

BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1] [2] [3] [4] Electronic devices and circuit theory, Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky. Integrated electronics, Jacob Millman and Christos C Halkias. Electronic devices and circuits, David A. Bell. Electronic devices and circuits, G.K.Mittal.

For more information and queries visit: www.ajaybolar.weebly.com

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