TRANSPORT
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM IN
BODY DEFENCE MECHANISM
BODY DEFENCE MECHANISM
To protect body against pathogens (disease-
causing MO) that may enter.
Transmission of pathogens:
Air
Contaminated food
Animal vectors
Contact
patho: disease
gens: agents
LINES OF NATURAL DEFENCE
First Line
Second Line
Third Line
FIRST LINE OF DEFENCE
Prevention of pathogens entering the body by
mean of physical and chemical barriers.
Skin
Sweat
Sebum
Tears and saliva
Mucous membranes
Skin
A physical barrier
It has dead keratinised
layer that is hard to
penetrate
Continual shedding of
dead skin cells prohibit
growth of pathogens
If there is a cut, the
blood clots quickly to
seal the wound
To prevent blood loss
and entry of pathogens
Sweat and Sebum
Produced by skin as
chemical barrier
Protective film over skin
Acidic sebum secreted
by sebaceous glands
contain lysozymes,
which destroy cell walls
of certain bacteria
Tears and Saliva
Tears and saliva
contain lysozymes,
which destroy bacteria
(protect eyes and
mouth)
Mucous Membranes
Lines trachea, respiratory passageways, digestive
and urogenital tracts.
Mucous Membranes:
Methods of Defense
Mucus secreted in the nasal cavity and
trachea
traps dust particles and microbial spores
contains lysozyme to destroy bacteria
The cilia in the respiratory tract sweep the
trapped particles to the pharynx.
The hydrochloric acid in gastric juice can kill
many microorganisms
SECOND LINE OF DEFENCE
The non-specific killing action by
phagocytic WBC (e.g. neutrophil-blood, macrophages-IF;
some dissolved e.g. venom and toxin).
They are attracted by chemicals produced at
the sites of infection, engulf and ingest MO or
other particles (like debris) by phagocytosis.
Some phagocytes may also be destroyed by
toxins of pathogens.
THIRD LINE OF DEFENCE
Immune System
System triggered in response to the presence
of foreign substance (antigen = proteins /
polysaccharides usually found on cell membrane
of MO or foreign tissues) in our body.
Specific / targeted response
Immunity
The state which the body is resistant to
infections by pathogens
Lymphocyte
Lymphocytes
B Lymphocytes –
produce antibody
T Lymphocytes –
attack infected cells
or secrete certain
chemicals to
coordinate immune
response
Antibody
Protein produced by lymphocytes in response
to the entry of an antigen into the body.
Each type of antibody is specific to a
particular antigen.
They help to destroy pathogens in different
ways.
Types of Antibody
Action
Neutralisation – neutralizes toxins
Agglutination – binds to surface of antigens and
cause clumping of bacteria cells
Precipitation – precipitates soluble antigens to
form immobile precipitates
Opsonisation – binds to surface of antigens to
stimulate phagocytosis by macrophages
Lysis – binds to surface of antigens to form pores
on cell membrane, which leads to cell rupture
Memory Lymphocyte
After recovery, some lymphocytes remain for
a period of time.
Memory lymphocytes
Defend against future infection.
Infection by the same type of antigen
Therefore, we are immune against particular
diseases.
Immunity – ability of organism to resist infection
by pathogens or their toxin effects.
Types of Immunity
Naturally Acquired
Active
Passive
Artificially acquired
Active
Passive
Homework…
Find the graphical representation of each
type of immunity.
Draw the line graph(s) in a piece of A4 paper
Make sure there are:
Title
1 2
Axis labels and units
Graph labels
3 4
Your A4 paper must be divided
into 4 equal parts for this
assignment
HIV and AIDS
HIV Replication
Effects
Symptoms
“Some people get fever, headache, sore muscles and joints,
stomach ache, swollen lymph glands, or a skin rash for one or two
weeks. Most people think it's the flu. Some people have no
symptoms” ([Link] 2003). In the later stages of HIV symptoms
may include:
Persistent, unexplained fatigue
Soaking night sweats
Shaking chills or fever higher than 100 F for several weeks
Swelling of lymph nodes for more than three months
Chronic diarrhoea
Persistent headaches
Transmission
How can you avoid infection?
The only 100% safe way to avoid HIV
infection are through abstinence and never
sharing needles.
If you decide to be sexually active, you
should use a condom.
For medical procedures, you can donate your
own blood in advanced.
World AIDS Day 1st Dec
CV disorders (eg.)
Anemia (ah-NEE-me-yah): Diseased condition in which there is a
deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin.
Arteriosclerosis (ar-tir-ee-o-skle-ROW-sis): Diseased condition in
which the walls of arteries become thickened and hard, interfering with
the circulation of blood.
Atherosclerosis (ath-a-row-skle-ROW-sis): Diseased condition in
which fatty material accumulates on the interior walls of arteries, making
them narrower.
Hemophilia (hee-muh-FILL-ee-ah): Inherited blood disease in which
the blood lacks one or more of the clotting factors, making it difficult to
stop bleeding.
Hypertension (hi-per-TEN-shun): High blood pressure.
Leukemia (loo-KEE-mee-ah): Type of cancer that affects the blood-
forming tissues and organs, causing them to flood the bloodstream and
lymphatic system with immature and abnormal white blood cells.
Sickle cell anemia (SICK-el cell ah-NEE-me-yah): Inherited blood
disorder in which red blood cells are sickle-shaped instead of round
because of defective hemoglobin molecules.
Appreciating a healthy CV
system
Stick to a nutritious, well-balanced diet.
Control your blood pressure.
Control blood cholesterol.
Prevent and manage diabetes.
Quit smoking.
Minimize stress.
An electron micrograph scan of a human aortic valve. The aorta is the main artery of the systemic circulation. (Photograph
by P. Motta. Reproduced by permission of Photo Researchers, Inc.)
