TERM PAPER

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Prahalad Kant i Bar man
11PH40018
I I T KHARAGPUR

ABSTRACT

The ref ract ive index of mat erial expressed as
r r
n = ,where
r
is t he
mat erial's relat ive permit t ivit y, and
r
is it s relat ive permeabilit y. I n nat urally
exit ing subst ances permit t ivit y and permiabilit y are posit ve (except t he
cases of noble met als like gold sil ver et c where permit ivit ty is negat ive f or
cert ain range of f requency). So we see t hat a negat ive ref ract ive index can
be obt ained in principle if bot h permitt ivit y and permeabilit y are negat ive
simult aneously. This makes t he lef t hand mat erials or met a-mat erials.First
we present t he ideas of st ructured mat erials or met a-materials t hat enable
t he design of new mat erials wit h a negat ive dielect ric permit t ivit y, negat ive
magnet ic permeabilit y and negat ive ref ract ive index. We discuss how a
variet y of resonance phenomena can be ut ilized t o obt ain t hese mat erials in
various f requency ranges over t he elect romagnet ic spect rum. We also
demonst rat e a chiral met amat erial exhibit ing negat ive ref ract ive index at
t erahertz f requencies. The presence of st rong chiralit y in t he t erahertz
met amaterial lif t s t he degeneracy f or t he t wo circularly polarized waves and
allows f or t he achievement of negat ive ref ract ive index wit hout requiring
simult aneously negat ive permit t ivity and negat ive permeabilit y. The
realizat ion of terahert z chiral negat ive index met amat erials of f ers
opport unit ies f or invest igat ion of t heir novel elect romagnet ic propert ies,
such as negat ive ref ract ion and negative ref lect ion, as well as import ant
t erahertz device applicat ions.
Possible applications: N egat ive index mat erials have several applicat ions,
like:
1.perf ect lens: We discuss how a t hin negat ive-index f ilm should behave as
a super lens or perf ect lens , providing image det ail wit h a resolut ion
beyond t he dif f ract ion limit , t o which all posit ive-index lenses are subject .
2.Elect romagnet ic cloaking devices.
3.Filt ers and slow light devices.
4. Sub wavelengt h waveguides and ant ennas.
OUTLI NE OF THE TOPI C

Time line.
N egat ive index.
Classif icat ion of materials.
Lef t & right hand rule.
Met a mat erial.
I mage f ormat ion & perf ect lens.
Ot her applicat ions.
Ti me l i n e

First concept ualized by V.G Veselago in 1967.
Pendry proposed physical st ructures in 1996 and 1999 t hat lead t o t he
t heir physical realizat ion.
First physically realized by Smit h, et . al. in 2000.
1967
Veselago f irst st udies t he ef f ect a negat ive permitt ivit y and
permeabilit y has on wave propagat ion.
1996
Pendry proposes wire st ructures t o realize a negat ive permitt ivit y .
1999
Pendry proposes Split Ring Resonat ors (SRRs) t o realize a negat ive
permeabilit y .
2000
Smit h is t he f irst in t he world t o physi cally realize a medium wit h an
ef f ect ive negat ive index of ref ract ion
Nega t i ve i n d ex

From Maxwells equat ions t he ref ract ive index is
2
= n


For dispersive media

=
i
e
and

=
i
e

Most import ant ly, Veselago was able to show t hat mat erial would
have a negat ive index of ref ract ion if Re ( ) & Re ( ) bot h are
negat ive.

exp( ) exp( ) exp( ) 1
2 2

= = = =
i i
n i

Cl a ssi fi ca t i on of ma t er i a l s



Th e r i gh t h a n d r u l e
Quadrant 1:
Usual opt ical mat erials wit h Re() > 0 and Re() > 0. The vect ors E, H,
and k f orm a right -handed t riad. The Poynt ing vect or S= E H and
t he wave-vect or K are parallel.
Quadrant 2:
I t has Re() < 0 and Re() > 0 is a plasma of elect ric charges.
Waves are evanescent and no propagat ing modes are allowed.



Th e l eft h a n d r u l e

2
2
. 0

= < k k
c
Quadrant 3:
Since < 0 and < 0, t he vect ors E, H, and k f orm a lef t handed t riad.
Poynt ing vect or and t he wave-vect or are ant i-parallel.
Quadrant 4:
wave incident on a medium of t his f amily decays evanescent ly wit hin t he
medium and no propagat ing modes are sust ained.

Rea l i zi n g a Nega t i ve
Per mi t t i vi t y

The resonant f requency can be set t o virt ually any value in t his kind
of materials, so t he negat ive can be reproduced at low f requencies
rat her t han just t he opt ical region.
The D rude Model of Permit t ivit y:

Above
0
and below p t he ef f ect ive permit t ivity is negat ive
I n 1996, Pendry proposed a way t o reduce t he plasma f requency
using a periodic wire latt ice st ructure (Pendry, et . al. Ext remely Low
Freq. Plasmons in Met allic Mesost ruct ures.)
I n such st ruct ure at microwave region is negat ive


2 2
0
2 2
0
( ) 1

=
+ I
p
eff
i
( )
2 2
2
0
2
0
2
l n ( )

= =
p
e
c N e
a
m
a
r


Rea l i zi n g a Nega t i ve Per mea bi l i t y

The split ring resonat or (SRR) will f eature a magnet ic response
wit hout being inherent ly magnet ic.
We will have t he met a-mat erial equivalent of a magnet ic at om.SSr
behaves like a L-C resonence circuit .
The Lorent z Model of Permeabilit y given as




Pendry proposed split ring resonat ors (SRRs) t o achieve t he
necessary resonant magnet ic response (Pendry, et. al. Magnet ism
f rom Conduct ors and Enhanced N onlinear Phenomena)
For a perf ect choice of a, d, and r value is negat ive at
microwave region.Falling f act or F is like t hat



2
2 2
0
( ) 1



=
+ I
eff
F
i
0
1/
LC
LC = =
1
2
0 2
2
( )

=
c
c
d
c
l r
1
2
2
2
( )
(1 )

c
m
c
d
c
F l r
2
2

=
r
F
a



Met a ma t er i a l s Over vi ew

Met amaterial = Met a + Mat erial
Met a: Greek pref ix meaning Beyond
Met amat erials are synt het ic st ruct ures t hat possess elect romagnet ic
propert ies beyond convent ional mat erials.
N egat ive
r
and
r
occur in nature, but not simult aneously.
Silver, gold, and aluminum display negat ive
r
at opt ical f requencies.
Resonant f erromagnet ic syst ems display negat ive
r
at resonance
The concept of met a mat erials was f irst proven in t he microwave
spect rum.

Con st r u ct i on

N egative Conduct ing post s are polarized by t he elect ric f ield,
generat ing t he desired
r
f or all f requencies below a cert ain cut of f
f requency.
N egative SSRs used t o generat e desired
r
f or a resonant band
of f requencies.
Early met a mat erials relied on a combinat ion of Split -ring
resonat ors (SSRs) and conduct ing wires/ post s.

Experimental curves (Smith &Sun Diego Group)




mod i fi ed Sn el l s l a w

Snells law is def ined as

For posit ive index mat erial
2
all t ime posit ive.
For negat ive index material
2
is negat ive but same value as n is
negat ive.
Snells law will be reversed and light bend in un useal direct ion.


Snells Law at t he int erf ace bet ween a negat ive index mat erial and a
posit ive index mat erial:




ma n u fa ct u r i n g of l en ses
1 1 2 2
sin sin = n n
The most prominent applicat ion of ref ract ive mat erials is in t he
manuf act uring of lenses.
Veselago (as well as Pendry) have shown t hat N I M lenses would not
require curved surf aces t o f ocus radiat ion (but would not f ocus parallel
rays and will have a magnif icat ion of unit y)

Per fect l en s

One of t he most dramat ic and cont roversial- predict ion f or t he
N I Ms was t hat by Pendry in 1999 which st at ed t hat a t hin negat ive-
index f ilm should behave as a superlens , providing image det ail
wit h a resolut ion beyond t he dif f ract ion limit , t o which all posit ive-
index lenses are subject.





For dif f ract ion limit , we can never resolve image t o bett er t han t he
order of a wavelengt h.


Trivial ly f or propagat ing waves


For evanescent waves

0
0 0
cos
sin 2
z
x
k k
k k k

=
A =
`
=
)

1
, 1
lim

=
z
ik d
T e
, 1
lim 0

= R
, 1
lim

=
z
ik d
T e
, 1
lim 0

= R

Ot h er a ppl i ca t i on s

I nt erest ing applicat ions of met a mat erioals are
Elect romagnet ic cloaking devices.
Sub wavelengt h waveguides & f ilt ers.
St ronger, smaller ant ennas.
wmd det ect ors.
Phot onic met amat erials.
Terahert z & Tunable met amat erials
Con cl u si on


Alt hough t heorized over 40 years ago N I M have only been made
wit hin t he last decade.
N I M act in many unconvent ional ways, wave phase f ront moves in
opposit e direct ion of group velocity, evanescent waves increase.
These propert ies lend t hemselves to making unique devices like
super lenses t hat can overcome t radit ional opt ical limit s
The dif f icult y in making t hem comes f rom t he negat ive
permeabilit y, which has t o be art if icially manuf actured.

Refer en ces

J. B. PEN D RY, Cont emporary Physics, January-February
2004, volume 45, number 3, pages 191-202.
S Anant ha Ramakrishna, Rep. Prog. Phys. 68 (2005) 449
521.
Veselago, V.G., 1968, Soviet Physics USPEK H I , 10, 509.
Smit h, D .R., and K roll , N ., 2000, Phys. Rev. Let t ., 85, 2933.
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