MICROWAVE FILTERS DESIGN
COURSE NOTES
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITIONS & CLASIFICATIONS OF MICROWAVE FILTERS FREQUENCY RANGE : 200MHZ TO 90 GHZ LOW FREQUENCY TECHNIQUES & THEIR LIMTATIONS AT HIGHER FREQUENCIES OPTICAL TECHNIQUES & THEIR LIMITATIONS CLASIFICATION BY TYPE: (LP, HP, BP, BS) CLASIFICATION BY FRACTIONAL B.W. CLASIFICATION BY TRANSIMISSION MEDIUM
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LOWER FREQUENCY TECHNIQUES LIMITATIONS
LOW FREQUENCIES ARE DEFINED TO BE BELOW @ 200 MHZ LUMPED ELEMENT SIZES (R, L, C) BECOME COMPARABLE TO WAVELENGTH RADIATION FROM ELEMENTS CAUSES UNDESIRABLE EFFECTS INCREASED LOSSES WIRE CONNECTIONS BETWEEN ELEMENTS BECOME PART OF CIRCUIT (PARASETICS) SOURCES & MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES ARE UNSUITABLE AT HIGHER FREQUENCY
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CLASIFICATION OF FILTERS BY PASS BAND TYPES
Attenuation Attenuation
L. P. F
H. P. F.
0
Attenuation fc b.w.
0 Freq. Attenuation
fc
Freq.
B. P. F. 0 b. w. fo Freq.
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B. S. F.
0 fo Freq.
CLASIFICATION OF FILTERS (ctd.)
BY FREQUENCY BANDS:
BAND DESIGNATION
P L S C X K
FREQ. RANGE GHZ.
0.225 - 0.39 0.39 - 1.55 1.55 - 3.90 3.90 - 6.20 6.20 - 10.9 10.9 - 36.0 LOWER R.F. BAND MICROWAVE BANDS
Q
V W
36.0 - 46.0
46.0 - 56.0 56.0 - 100.0
MILLIMETER
WAVE BANDS
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CLASIFICATIONS BY RESPONSE TYPE (INSERTION LOSS FUNCTION)
BUTTERWORTH OR MAXIMALY FLATE T(w) = 1+ (w/wo) n TCHEBYCHEFF OR EQUAL RIPPLE PASS BAND: T(w) = 1+ e2 Tn(w/wo) INVERSE TCHBYCHEFF MAXIMALLY FLATE PASS BAND & EQUAL RIPPLE STOP BAND T(w) = 1+1/ e2 Tn(w/wo) ELLIPTIC FUNCTION OR QUASIELLIPTIC FUNCTION (EQUAL RIPPLE IN BOTH PASS BAND AND STOP BAND) BESSEL THOMPSON (FLATE GROUP DELAY)
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CLASSIFICATION BY FRACTIONAL BAND WIDTH
NARROW BAND FILTERS : RELATIVE (bw/fo) BANDWIDTHS LESS THAN @ 5% MODERATE BAND WIDTH : RELATIVE BANDWIDTHS BETWEEN @ 5% TO 25% WIDE BAND FILTERS : RELATIVE BANDWIDTHS GREATER THAN 25% TECHNIQUES USED FOR DESIGN OF EACH TYPE DIFFER SIGNIFICANTLY
CLASSIFICATION BY TRANSMISSION MEDIUM
LUMPED & QUASI LUMPED ELEMENTS COAXIAL TRANSMISSION LINES MICROSTRIP LINES SUSPENDED SUBSTRATE LINES STRIP LINES RECTANGULAR OR CYLENDRICAL WAVEGUIDES HIGH DIELECTRIC CONSATANT FILLED (OR PARTIALLY LOADED) COAXIAL LINES OR WAVEGUIDES
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FILTERS TRANSMISSION MEDIA
PRINTED CIRCUITS AND SUSPENDED SUBSTRATES 100 RELATIVE B.W. % 10. LUMPED LC
COAXIAL
1.0 .1 .01 P L S
DIELECTRIC RESONATORS
WAVEGUIDES
W
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FREQUENCY BAND DESIGNATION
UNLOADED QS FOR BASE STATION FILTERS
100K
Qu Dual Mode, materials, etc.) (Technology Drivers) E D (Multiple Modes) C
10K
Technology Gap (Materials Increased Circuit Plating) Complexity B A
Cost Size
1K
A:Coaxial Resonators, Ceramic Dielectric B:Coaxial Resonators, Air Dielectric C: Single Mode Cavity Resonators D: Single Mode Cavity Resonators, Delectrically Loaded E: HTS Planar Resonators
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IMPORTANCE OF MICROWAVE FILTERS
FREQUENCY SPECTRUM ALLOCATION AND PRESERVATION INTERFERENCE REDUCTION OR ELIMINATION - RECEIVERS PROTECTION ELIMINATION OF UNWANTED HARMONICS & INTERMOD. PRODUCTS GENERATED FROM NONLINEAR DEVICES (MULTIPLIERS, MIXERS, POWER AMPLIFIERS) SIGNAL PROCESSING & SPECTRUM SHAPING FREQUENCY MULTIPLEXING
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APPLICATIONS OF MICROWAVE FILTERS
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS:
TERRESTRIAL MICROWAVE LINKS: RECEIVERS PROTECTION FILTERS, TRANSMITTER FILTERS, CHANNEL DROPPING FILTERS, TRANSMITTER HARMONIC FILTERS, LOCAL OSCILLATOR FILTERS, MIXERS IMAGE REJECT FILTERS SATELLITE SYSTEMS: SPACE CRAFT: FRONT END RECEIVE FILTERS, INPUT MULTIPLEXERS CHANNELIZATION FILTERS, OUTPUT MULTIPLEXERS FILTERS, TRANSMITTERS HARMONIC REJECTION FILTERS EARTH STATIONS : LNAS TRANSMIT REJECT FILTERS, HPAS HARMONIC REJECT FILTERS, UP & DOWN CONVERTERS FILTERS
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APPLICATIONS (ctd.)
MOBILE AND CELLULAR SYSTEMS :
BASE STATIONS RECEIVE PROTECTION BASE STATIONS TRANSMITTERS FILTERS SUBSCRIBERS HAND SETS DIPLEXERS SATELLITE MOBILE APPLICATIONS AERONAUTICAL TX/RX SYSTEMS MARITIME SATELLITE TERMINALS LAND MOBILE SATELLITE TERMINALS
RADAR SYSTEMS HIGH POWER APPLICATIONS
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TYPICAL COMMUNICATIONS REPEATER
Power Amplifiers
Antenna
LNA
Tx Reject Filter
LO Up Converter
Input Multiplexer
Output Multiplexer
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HOW TO SPECIFY FILTERS
FREQUENCY SPECS: f0 & BW (FOR B.P. OR B.S.), fc (FOR L.P. OR H.P.) PASS BAND INSERTION LOSS, RETURN LOSS AND FLATNESS (RIPPLE LEVEL) PASS BAND GROUP DELAY VARIATION SELECTIVITY OR SKIRT SHARPNESS OUT OF BAND REJECTION LEVELS SPURIOUS OUT OF BAND RESPONSE SPECIFICATIONS MASK
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HOW TO SPECIFY FILTERS(ctd.)
POWER HANDLING CAPABLITY
MULTIPACTOR EFFECTS & VOLTAGE BREAKDOWN
ENVIRONMENTAL SPECIFICATIONS
OPERATIONAL TEMPERATUE LIMITS PRESSURE & HUMIDITY ENVIRONMENTS SHOCK & VIBRATION LEVELS
MECHANICAL SPECIFICATIONS
SIZE, SHAPE & WEIGHT TYPE OF INPUT/OUTPUT CONNECTORS MECHANICAL MOUNTING INTERFACES
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TYPICAL INSERTION LOSS SPECIFICATION MASK
INSERTION LOSS
0.6dB
e = .05 dB
40 dB 60 dB
BW 36 MHz 50dB
70 dB
f0 (4000 MHz) FREQUENCY
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TYPICAL GROUP DELAY SPECIFICATION MASK
GROUP DELAY
f0 (4000 MHz)
FREQUENCY
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METHODS OF FILTER DESIGN
1. IMAGE PARAMETER METHOD (EARLY 1920S) BASED ON A WAVE VIEWPOINT OF CIRCUITS 1 2 ZI2 ZI2 2 1 ZI1 ZI1 1 2 ZI2 ZI2 2 1
Etc. to Infinity
Etc. to Infinity
IMAGE IMPEDANCES ZI1, ZI2 AND IMAGE PROPAGATION FUNCTION g ARE DEFINED BY:
ZI1
Eg
I1 + E1 - Z I1
ZI2
I2 + E2 -
ZI2
eg = (E1/E2) (ZI2 / ZI1)1/2
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CONSTANT K-HALF SECTIONS
L1 = 1 ZI1, ZI2 RI2 ZI1 C2 = 1 a,b a j XI2 b p/2 1 w
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ZI2 1
j XI1
RI1
1
M-DERIVED HALF SECTIONS
L1 = m L=(1-m2 )/m ZI1 C2 = m a,b a ZI2 1 ZI1, ZI2 RI2 j XI1
RI1
8
w 1 w
b p/2 1 w w
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j XI2
w =1/(1-m2)1/2
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IMAGE PARAMETER FILTERS DESIGN
PIECE TOGETHER ENOUGH CONSTANT-K & M-DERIVED SECTIONS TO MEET REQUIRED ATTENUATION TERMINATION WILL BE DIFFERENT FROM THE IMAGE IMPEDANCE END SECTIONS ARE DESIGNED TO IMPROVE MATCH
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2. INSERTION LOSS THEORY SYNTHESIS (DARLINGTON, 1939)
SPECIFY TRANSFER FUNCTION OF COMPLEX FREQ. SATISFYING REALIZABILITY CONDITIONS FIND INPUT IMPEDANCE OR REFLECTION COEFFICIENT FROM TRANSFER FUNCTION DECOMPOSE TRANSFER FUNCTION & REFL. COEEF. TO TWO CASCADED PARTS:
A PART CORRESPONDING TO A SIMPLE SECTION OF KNOWN PARAMETRS A PART OF LOWER ORDER THAN THE ORIGINAL TRANSFER FUNCTION ALSO SATISFYING REALIZABILITY CONDITIONS
REPEAT SYNTHESIS CYCLE UNTILL REMAINING SECTION IS OF ZERO ORDER (CONSTANT TERMINATION) COMMON METHODS ARE CASCADE SYNTHESIS, PARTIAL AND CONTINUOUS FRACTION EXPANSIONS.
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EXAMPLE OF CASCADE SYNTHESIS CYCLE
FILTER TO BE SYNTHESIZED (UNKNOWN) T(s) = P(s)/Q(s)
T ( jw )
Output Power = Max. Avail. Power
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8 8
2
<w< Q(s) Strictly Hurwitz
T(jw) < 1 ; -
REMAINING UNKNOWN SECTION Extracted Section of Known Elements and Values T1(s) = P1(s)/Q1(s)
<w< Q1(s) Strictly Hurwitz
T1(jw) < 1 ; -
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3. COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION
START BY SPECIFICATIONS OF DESIRED RESPONSE OVER A BAND OF FREQUENCIES AND A GIVEN NETWORK OF ELEMENTS OF KNOWN (ASSUMED) STARTING VALUES ANALYZE THE NETWORK TO FIND ITS RESPONSE OVER THE SPECIFIED FREQUENCY BAND COMPARE THE CALCULATED RESPONSE TO THE DESIRED RESPONSE BY FORMING AN ERROR FUNCTION CHANGE THE ELEMENT VALUES OF THE NETWORK (WITHIN CERTAIN BOUNDS) ACCORDING TO CERTAIN PRESCRIBED RULES TO MINIMIZE THE ERROR FUNCTION ITERATE THE PROCESS UNTILL THE ERROR FUNCTION IS REDUCED TO ZERO, DOES NOT DECREASE IN SUCCESSIVE ITERATIONS OR A PRESPECIFIED NUMBER OF ITERATIONS IS EXCEEDED
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FILTER REALIZATIONS
LOW PASS AND HIGH PASS SEMI-LUMPED ELEMENTS
COAXIAL MICROSTRIP & STRIPLINE
BAND PASS NARROW AND MODERATE BANDWIDTHS
COAXIAL DUMBELL MICROSTRIP PARALLEL COUPLED AND END COUPLED SUSPENDED SUBSTRATE INTERDIGITAL, COMBLINE (COAXIAL) WAVEGUIDES: RECTANGULAR, CIRCULAR SINGLE & DUAL MODE AND RIDGE WAVEGUIDE DIELECTRIC OR METALLIC LOADED RESONATORS
BAND STOP FILTERS
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LOW PASS COAXIAL FILTERS
DIELECTRIC SLEEVE
HIGH IMPEDANCE LINES COAXIAL CONNECTOR (SERIES LS) LOW IMPEDANCE LINES (SHUNT CS)
SEMI-LUMPED ELEMENTS EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
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