OSI Reference Model
Agenda
The Layered Model Layers 1 & 2: Physical & Data Link Layers Layer 3: Network Layer Layers 47: Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application Layers
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The Layered Model
Layered Communication
Location A
I like rabbits
Message
L: Dutch Ik hou van konijnen Fax #:--L: Dutch Ik hou van konijnen
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Information for the Remote Translator
Information for the Remote Secretary
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Layered Communication
Location A
I like rabbits
Message
Location B
Jaime les lapins
L: Dutch Ik hou van konijnen Fax #:--L: Dutch Ik hou van konijnen
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Information for the Remote Translator
L: Dutch Ik hou van konijnen Fax #:--L: Dutch Ik hou van konijnen
2-5
Information for the Remote Secretary
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Layered Communication
Location A
I like rabbits
Message
Layers
Location B
Jaime les lapins
3 2
L: Dutch Ik hou van konijnen Fax #:--L: Dutch Ik hou van konijnen
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Information for the remote translator
L: Dutch Ik hou van konijnen Fax #:--L: Dutch Ik hou van konijnen
2-6
Information for the remote secretary
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Why a Layered Network Model?
7 6 5 4 3 Application Presentation Session Transport Network
2
1
Data Link
Physical
Reduces complexity (one big problem to seven smaller ones) Standardizes interfaces Facilitates modular engineering Assures interoperable technology Accelerates evolution Simplifies teaching and learning
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Devices Function at Layers
7 Application
6
NIC Card
Presentation
Session Transport Network Data Link Physical
Hub
5 4 3 2 1
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Host Layers
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical
Host layers: Provide
accurate data delivery between computers
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Media Layers
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical
}
}
Host layers: Provide
accurate data delivery between computers
Media layers: Control
physical delivery of messages over the network
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Layer Functions
7 Application
Provides network services to application processes (such as electronic mail, file transfer, and terminal emulation)
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Layer Functions
7 6 Application Presentation Network services to applications Data representation Ensures data is readable by receiving system Format of data Data structures Negotiates data transfer syntax for application layer
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Layer Functions
7 6 5 Application Presentation Session Network services to applications Data representation Inter-host communication Establishes, manages, and terminates sessions between applications
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Layer Functions
7 6 5 4 Application Presentation Session Transport Network services to applications Data representation Inter-host communication End-to-end connection reliability
Concerned with data transport issues between hosts Data transport reliability Establishes, maintains, and terminates virtual circuits Fault detection and recovery Information flow control
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Layer Functions
7 6 5 4 Application Presentation Session Transport Network Network services to applications Data representation Inter-host communication End-to-end connection reliability Addresses and best path
Provides connectivity and path selection between two end systems Domain of routing
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Layer Functions
7 6 Application Presentation Session
Network services to applications
Data representation Inter-host communication
5 4
3 2
Transport
Network Data Link
End-to-end connection reliability
Addresses and best path Access to media
Provides reliable transfer of data across media Physical addressing, network topology, error notification, flow control
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Layer Functions
7 6 5 4
Application
Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical
Network services to applications Data representation
Inter-host communication
End-to-end connection reliability
3
2 1
Addresses and best path
Access to media Binary transmission Wires, connectors, voltages, data rates
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Peer-to-Peer Communications
Host A 7 6 5 4 3 Application Presentation Session Transport Network Segments Host B Application Presentation
Session
Transport Network Data Link Physical
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Packets
Frames
2
1
Data Link
Physical
Bits
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Data Encapsulation
Host A Host B
Application
Presentation Session Transport Network
} {
Data
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Application
Presentation Session Transport Network
Data Link
Physical
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Data Link
Physical
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Data Encapsulation
Host A Host B
Application
Presentation Session Transport Network
} {
Data Network Data Header
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Application
Presentation Session Transport Network
Data Link
Physical
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Data Link
Physical
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Data Encapsulation
Host A Host B
Application
Presentation Session Transport Network
} {
Data Network Data Header Frame Network Header Header Data Frame Trailer
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Application
Presentation Session Transport Network
Data Link
Physical
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Data Link
Physical
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Data Encapsulation
Host A Host B
Application
Presentation Session Transport Network
} {
Data Network Data Header Frame Network Header Header Data Frame Trailer
Application
Presentation Session Transport Network
Data Link
Physical
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Data Link
Physical
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0101101010110001
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Layers 1 & 2: Physical & Data Link Layers
Physical and Logical Addressing
0000.0c12.3456
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MAC Address
24 bits 24 bits
Vendor Code
Serial Number
0000.0c12. 3456
ROM RAM
MAC address is burned into ROM on a network interface card
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Layer 3: Network Layer
Network Layer: Path Determination
Which Path? Which Path?
Layer 3 functions to find the best path through the internetwork
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Network Layer: Communicate Path
2 4 1 3
5
6 8
9 10 7 11
Addresses represent the path of media connections
Routing helps contain broadcasts
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AddressingNetwork and Node
Network 1 Node 1 2 3 1
2.1 1.2 1.3 1.1 3.1
2 3
Network addressPath part used by the router Node addressSpecific port or device on the network
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Protocol Addressing Variations
General Example
Network 1 Node 1
TCP/IP Example
Network 10.
Host
8.2.48 (Mask 255.0.0.0)
Novell IPX Example
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Network 1aceb0b.
Node 0000.0c00.6e25
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Network Layer Protocol Operations
X
A A C C
Each router provides its services to support upper layer functions
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Network Layer Protocol Operations
X
A A C C
Host X
Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical
B B
Host Y
Router C
Network Data Link Physical Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical
Router A
Network Data Link Physical
Router B
Network Data Link Physical
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Each router provides its services to support upper layer Babu CMC Ltd functions Tirumala
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Multiprotocol Routing
Routing Tables IPX 3a.0800.5678.12ab IP 15.16.50.3
Token Ring
Novell Apple
IPX 4b.0800.0121.ab13
DEC
IP
AppleTalk 100.110
VAX
DECnet 5.8
Token Ring
VAX
IP 15.16.42.8
AppleTalk 200.167 IP 15.17.132.6
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DECnet 10.1
Routers pass traffic from all routed protocols over the internetwork
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Routed Versus Routing Protocol
Routed protocol used between routers to direct user traffic
Examples: IP, IPX, AppleTalk, DECnet
Network Protocol Protocol Name Destination Exit Port Network to Use 1.0 2.0 3.0 1.1 2.1 3.1
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Routed Versus Routing Protocol
Routed protocol used between routers to direct user traffic Examples: IP, IPX, AppleTalk, DECnet Routing protocol used only between routers to maintain routing tables Examples: RIP, IGRP, OSPF
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Static Versus Dynamic Routes
Static Route Uses a protocol route that a network administrator enters into the router
Dynamic Route Uses a route that a network protocol adjusts automatically for topology or traffic changes
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Static Route Example
A A
Point-to-point or circuit-switched connection
Only a single network connection with no need for routing updates
B B
Fixed route to address reflects administrators knowledge
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Stub network
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Adapting to Topology Change
A A
B B
D D
C C
Can an alternate route substitute for a failed route?
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Adapting to Topology Change
A A
B B
X
D D C C
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Adapting to Topology Change
A A
B B
X
D D C C
Can an alternate route substitute for a failed route? YesWith dynamic routing enabled
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LAN-to-LAN Routing Example
Host 4 Network 1
802.3 Net 2, Host 5
Network 3
E0 E1 To0
Network 2
Token Ring
Host 5
Routing Table
Destination Outgoing Network Interface 1 2 3
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E0 To0 E1
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LAN-to-LAN Routing
From LAN Host 4 Network 1
802.3 Net 2, Host 5
Network 3
E0 E1 To0
to LAN Network 2
Token Ring
Host 5
802.5 Net 2, Host 5
Routing Table
Destination Outgoing Network Interface 1 2 3
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E0 To0 E1
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LAN-to-WAN Routing
Data
From LAN
1.3 2.4 Data
1.3
Token Ring
Token Ring
1.3 2.4 Data
To WAN
A A
Frame Relay
To LAN
2.4
B B
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LAN-to-WAN Routing
Data
From LAN
1.3 2.4 Data
1.3
Token Ring
Token Ring
1.3 2.4 Data 1.3 2.4 Data
To WAN
A A
Frame Relay
Frame Relay 1.3 2.4 Data
To LAN
2.4
B B
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LAN-to-WAN Routing
Data
From LAN
1.3 2.4 Data
1.3
Token Ring
Token Ring
1.3 2.4 Data 1.3 2.4 Data
To WAN
A A
Frame Relay
Frame Relay 1.3 2.4 Data 1.3 2.4 Data
To LAN
2.4
B B Ethernet 1.3 2.4 Data 1.3 2.4
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Data Data
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Layers 47: Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application Layers
Transport Layer
Segments upper-layer applications Establishes an end-to-end connection Sends segments from one end host to another Optionally, ensures data reliability
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Transport Layer
Segments Upper-Layer Applications
Application
Electronic Mail File Transfer Terminal Session
Presentation
Session
Transport
Application Port
Data
Application Port
Data
Segments
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Transport Layer
Establishes Connection
Sender
Receiver
Synchronize
Negotiate Connection
Synchronize Acknowledge
Connection Established
Data Transfer
(Send Segments)
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Transport Layer
Sends Segments with Flow Control
Transmit
Sender Receiver Buffer Full Process Segments
Stop
Not Ready
Go
Ready Resume Transmission
Buffer OK
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Transport Layer
Reliability with Windowing
Window Size = 1 Send 1
Sender
Receive 1 Ack 2
Send 2 Window Size = 3
Receive 2 Ack 3
Receiver
Sender
Send 1 Send 2 Send 3 Send 4
Receive 1 Receive 2 Receive 3 Ack 4
Receiver
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Transport Layer
An Acknowledgement Technique
Sender Receiver
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Send 1 Send 2 Send 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Ack 4 Send 4 Send 5 Send 6 Ack 5 Send 5
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Ack 7
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Transport to Network Layer
End-to-End Segments
Routed Packets
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Session Layer
Network File System (NFS) Structured Query Language (SQL) Remote-Procedure Call (RPC) X Window System AppleTalk Session Protocol (ASP) DEC Session Control Protocol (SCP)
Service Request Service Reply
Coordinates applications as they interact on different hosts
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Presentation Layer
login:
Text Data
ASCII EBCDIC Encrypted
Graphics Visual images
PICT TIFF JPEG GIF
Sound
MIDI
Video
MPEG QuickTime
Provides code formatting and conversion for applications
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Application Layer
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
Word Processor Spreadsheet Database Design/Manufacturing Project Planning Others
NETWORK APPLICATIONS
File Transfer
Remote Access Client-Server Process Information Location
Presentation Graphics Electronic Mail
INTERNETWORK APPLICATIONS
Electronic Data Interchange World Wide Web E-Mail Gateways
Special-Interest Bulletin Boards
Financial Transaction Services Internet Navigation Utilities Conferencing (Voice, Video, Data)
Network Management
Others
Internetwork applications Others can extend beyond the enterprise (i.e., to suppliers, etc.)
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Summary
OSI reference model describes building blocks of functions for program-toprogram communications between similar or dissimilar hosts Layers 47 (host layers) provide accurate data delivery between computers Layers 13 (media layers) control physical delivery of data over the network
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