By: Nur Fadhilah Binti Mohd Shaher Nur Nezanna Binti Mohamed Siti Munirah Binti Salehuddin
Definition of Morphology
Definition of Morpheme
Types of Morphemes;
Bound & Free Derivational & Inflection
Exercises
Morphology is the identification, analysis and
description of the structure of a given language's morphemes and other linguistic units, such as words, affixes, parts of speech, intonation/stress, or implied context (words in a lexicon are the subject matter of lexicology)
(Source: Wikipedia)
a study and description of word formation (as
inflection, derivation, and compounding) in language the system of word-forming elements and processes in a language a study of structure or form
(Source: [Link]
Morpheme (mr'fm') n. A meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word, such as man, or a word element, such as -ed in walked, that cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts.
(Source: [Link]
o Bound morphemes (affixes) must be
attached to the word. o They are prefixes, infixes, suffixes and circumfixes (enlighten, embolden). o Such as {clude} as in include, exclude, preclude) or they may be grammatical (such as {PLU} = plural as in boys, girls, and cats).
Free morphemes are those that can stand alone as
words. Example: girl, system, desire, hope, act, phone, happy
A root is a morphemes that cannot be analyzed
into smaller parts. Example: cran (as in cranberry), act, beauty, system, etc..
Free Root Morpheme: run, bottle, phone, etc.
Bound Root Morpheme: receive, remit, uncount,
uncouth, nonchalant, etc.
A stem is formed when a root
morphemes is combined with an affix. Other affixes can be added to a stem to form a more complex stem.
Root
Stem
Word
believe (verb) believe + able (verb + suffix) un + believe + able (prefix +verb + suffix)
Root
Stem Stem
Stem
Word
system system + atic un + system + atic un + system + atic + al un + system + atic + al + ly
Derivational morphology changes the meaning of
words by applying derivations.
Derivation is the combination of a word stem with a
morpheme, which forms a new word, which is often of a different class.
It has clear semantic content.
Derivational morphemes include:
- suffixes (e.g., 'ish,' 'ous,' 'er,' 'y,' 'ate,' and 'able') - prefixes (e.g., 'un,' 'im,' 're,' and 'ex'). (Donald G. Ellis, From Language to Communication. Lawrence Erlbaum, 1999) When they are added to a base, a new word with a new meaning is derived. The derived word may also be of different grammatical class than the original word.
Noun to Verb to Noun Adjective Boy + -ish Clear + -ance Virtu + -ous Sing + -er Picture + -sque Predict + -ion Alcohol + -lic Noun to Verb Moral + -ise Hast + -en Adjective to Noun Free + -dom Feudal +-ism
Adjective to Adverb exact + -ly
Verb to Adjective Creat + -ive Read + -able
Divide to two classes:
(a) triggers subtle changes in pronunciation e.g: specific to specificity (b) tacked onto a base word without affecting the pronunciation e.g: baker, boyish, fullness
Inflectional morphemes modify a verb's tense or a
noun's number without affecting the word's meaning or class. Examples of applying inflectional morphemes to words are adding -s to the root dog to form dogs and adding -ed to wait to form waited.
Source: (wikipedia)
Morphemes Bound
Free
Affix
Derivational Prefix Pre-
Inflectional Suffix -ing -er -s -s -est s -en -ed
Un Con-
Suffix -ly -ist -ment
Change the form of a word but not its lexical category
or its central meaning.
E.g: cats, collected, sleeps and louder
Inflectional examples in : number, gender, case, tense, aspect, mood, agreement.
For example in English, a morpheme inflect into four
forms:
PRESENT ( -s ) PAST (-ed ) PROGRESSIVE ( -ing ) PAST PARTICIPLE ( -en )
Waits
waited
waiting
Had waited
Possessive ( -s )
Disas hair is short
Comparative ( -er )
Disa has short-er hair than Karin
Superlative (-est)
Disa has the short-est hair
Divide the following words into their morphemes. Indicate which morphemes are inflectional and which are derivational Eg: mistreatment = treat (root) + mis(derivational) + -ment (derivational) Airsickness Psychology Waiting Cars
Airsickness = sick (root) + air (derivational) + -
ness (derivational) Psychology = psych- or psyche (root) + o + logy (derivational) Waiting = wait ( root ) + - ing (inflectional) Cars = car ( root )+ -s ( inflectional )
WELL DONE
Analyze each of the items below morphologically. Determine
a. how many morphemes each item contains (1 or more
than 1); b. which are free and which bound; c. which one is the root; and what are the remaining morphemes: prefixes or suffixes; d. which are derivational and which inflectional
Eg: A. sleep: 1 morpheme free root: sleep Suffix: none Derivational : none Inflectional : none
B. dehumidifiers
C. re-established
D. security blanket E.
apologise
dehumidifiers 5 morphemes free: humid bound: de- (prefix), -ify, -er, -s (suffixes) root: humid derivational: de-, -ify, -er inflectional suffix -s
re-established morphemes: 3 free: establish bound: re-, -ed root: establish derivational: re inflectional: -ed
security blanket morphemes: 3 free: secure, blanket bound: -ity roots: secure, blanket derivational: -ity inflectional: none
apologise morphemes: 2 free: bound: apology-, -ise root: apology derivational: -ise inflectional: none
GOOD JOB
THANK YOU
