{"id":1518,"date":"2020-12-07T09:21:54","date_gmt":"2020-12-07T09:21:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.pythontutorial.net\/?page_id=1518"},"modified":"2021-11-18T06:32:13","modified_gmt":"2021-11-18T06:32:13","slug":"tkinter-object-oriented-application","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.pythontutorial.net\/tkinter\/tkinter-object-oriented-application\/","title":{"rendered":"Developing a Full Tkinter Object-Oriented Application"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Summary<\/strong>: in this tutorial, you’ll learn how to develop a full Tkinter object-oriented application.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

You’ll convert the temperature converter application<\/a> to a new one that uses object-oriented programming approach<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

First, define a class called TemperatureConverter<\/code>. The class has one static method<\/a> that converts a temperature from Fahrenheit to Celsius:<\/p>\n\n\n

import<\/span> tkinter as<\/span> tk\r\nfrom<\/span> tkinter import<\/span> ttk\r\nfrom<\/span> tkinter.messagebox import<\/span> showerror\n\n\nclass<\/span> TemperatureConverter<\/span>:<\/span>\r\n    @staticmethod<\/span>\r\n    def<\/span> fahrenheit_to_celsius<\/span>(f)<\/span>:<\/span>\r\n        return<\/span> (f - 32<\/span>) * 5<\/span> \/ 9<\/span>\r<\/code><\/span>Code language:<\/span> Python<\/span> (<\/span>python<\/span>)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n
Second, define a ConverterFrame<\/code> class that inherits from the ttk.Frame<\/code> class. The ConverterFrame<\/code> class will be responsible for creating widgets and handling events:<\/p>\n\n\n
\r\nclass<\/span> ConverterFrame<\/span>(ttk.Frame)<\/span>:<\/span>\r\n    def<\/span> __init__<\/span>(self, container)<\/span>:<\/span>\r\n        super().__init__(container)\r\n        # field options<\/span>\r\n        options = {'padx'<\/span>: 5<\/span>, 'pady'<\/span>: 5<\/span>}\r\n\r\n        # temperature label<\/span>\r\n        self.temperature_label = ttk.Label(self, text='Fahrenheit'<\/span>)\r\n        self.temperature_label.grid(column=0<\/span>, row=0<\/span>, sticky=tk.W, **options)\r\n\r\n        # temperature entry<\/span>\r\n        self.temperature = tk.StringVar()\r\n        self.temperature_entry = ttk.Entry(self, textvariable=self.temperature)\r\n        self.temperature_entry.grid(column=1<\/span>, row=0<\/span>, **options)\r\n        self.temperature_entry.focus()\r\n\r\n        self.convert_button = ttk.Button(self, text='Convert'<\/span>)\r\n        self.convert_button['command'<\/span>] = self.convert\r\n        self.convert_button.grid(column=2<\/span>, row=0<\/span>, sticky=tk.W, **options)\r\n\r\n        # result label<\/span>\r\n        self.result_label = ttk.Label(self)\r\n        self.result_label.grid(row=1<\/span>, columnspan=3<\/span>, **options)\r\n\r\n        # add padding to the frame and show it<\/span>\r\n        self.grid(padx=10<\/span>, pady=10<\/span>, sticky=tk.NSEW)\r\n\r\n    def<\/span> convert<\/span>(self)<\/span>:<\/span>\r\n        \"\"\"  Handle button click event\r\n        \"\"\"<\/span>\r\n        try<\/span>:\r\n            f = float(self.temperature.get())\r\n            c = TemperatureConverter.fahrenheit_to_celsius(f)\r\n            result = f'{f}<\/span> Fahrenheit = {c:.2<\/span>f}<\/span> Celsius'<\/span>\r\n            self.result_label.config(text=result)\r\n        except<\/span> ValueError as<\/span> error:\r\n            showerror(title='Error'<\/span>, message=error)\r\n<\/code><\/span>Code language:<\/span> Python<\/span> (<\/span>python<\/span>)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n
How it works:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
  • The ConverterFrame<\/code> needs a container, therefore, its __init__()<\/code> method has the container<\/code> argument.<\/li>
  • Inside the __init__()<\/code> method of the ConverterCFrame<\/code> class, call the __init__()<\/code> method of its superclass.<\/li>
  • Assign the widgets to the self<\/code> object so that you can reference them in other methods of the ConverterFrame<\/code> class.<\/li>
  • Assign the command<\/code> option of the convert<\/code> button to the self.convert<\/code> method.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n
    Third, define an App<\/code> class that inherits from the tk.Tk<\/code> class:<\/p>\n\n\n
    class<\/span> App<\/span>(tk.Tk)<\/span>:<\/span>\r\n    def<\/span> __init__<\/span>(self)<\/span>:<\/span>\r\n        super().__init__()\r\n\r\n        self.title('Temperature Converter'<\/span>)\r\n        self.geometry('300x70'<\/span>)\r\n        self.resizable(False<\/span>, False<\/span>)<\/code><\/span>Code language:<\/span> Python<\/span> (<\/span>python<\/span>)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n
    Finally, bootstrap the application from the if __name__ == \"__main__\"<\/code> block:<\/p>\n\n\n
    if<\/span> __name__ == \"__main__\"<\/span>:\r\n    app = App()\r\n    ConverterFrame(app)\r\n    app.mainloop()\r\n<\/code><\/span>Code language:<\/span> Python<\/span> (<\/span>python<\/span>)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n
    Put it all together:<\/p>\n\n\n
    import<\/span> tkinter as<\/span> tk\r\nfrom<\/span> tkinter import<\/span> ttk\r\nfrom<\/span> tkinter.messagebox import<\/span> showerror\r\n\r\n\r\nclass<\/span> TemperatureConverter<\/span>:<\/span>\r\n    @staticmethod<\/span>\r\n    def<\/span> fahrenheit_to_celsius<\/span>(f)<\/span>:<\/span>\r\n        return<\/span> (f - 32<\/span>) * 5<\/span> \/ 9<\/span>\r\n\r\n\r\nclass<\/span> ConverterFrame<\/span>(ttk.Frame)<\/span>:<\/span>\r\n    def<\/span> __init__<\/span>(self, container)<\/span>:<\/span>\r\n        super().__init__(container)\r\n        # field options<\/span>\r\n        options = {'padx'<\/span>: 5<\/span>, 'pady'<\/span>: 5<\/span>}\r\n\r\n        # temperature label<\/span>\r\n        self.temperature_label = ttk.Label(self, text='Fahrenheit'<\/span>)\r\n        self.temperature_label.grid(column=0<\/span>, row=0<\/span>, sticky=tk.W, **options)\r\n\r\n        # temperature entry<\/span>\r\n        self.temperature = tk.StringVar()\r\n        self.temperature_entry = ttk.Entry(self, textvariable=self.temperature)\r\n        self.temperature_entry.grid(column=1<\/span>, row=0<\/span>, **options)\r\n        self.temperature_entry.focus()\r\n\r\n        self.convert_button = ttk.Button(self, text='Convert'<\/span>)\r\n        self.convert_button['command'<\/span>] = self.convert\r\n        self.convert_button.grid(column=2<\/span>, row=0<\/span>, sticky=tk.W, **options)\r\n\r\n        # result label<\/span>\r\n        self.result_label = ttk.Label(self)\r\n        self.result_label.grid(row=1<\/span>, columnspan=3<\/span>, **options)\r\n\r\n        # add padding to the frame and show it<\/span>\r\n        self.grid(padx=10<\/span>, pady=10<\/span>, sticky=tk.NSEW)\r\n\r\n    def<\/span> convert<\/span>(self)<\/span>:<\/span>\r\n        \"\"\"  Handle button click event\r\n        \"\"\"<\/span>\r\n        try<\/span>:\r\n            f = float(self.temperature.get())\r\n            c = TemperatureConverter.fahrenheit_to_celsius(f)\r\n            result = f'{f}<\/span> Fahrenheit = {c:.2<\/span>f}<\/span> Celsius'<\/span>\r\n            self.result_label.config(text=result)\r\n        except<\/span> ValueError as<\/span> error:\r\n            showerror(title='Error'<\/span>, message=error)\r\n\r\n\r\nclass<\/span> App<\/span>(tk.Tk)<\/span>:<\/span>\r\n    def<\/span> __init__<\/span>(self)<\/span>:<\/span>\r\n        super().__init__()\r\n\r\n        self.title('Temperature Converter'<\/span>)\r\n        self.geometry('300x70'<\/span>)\r\n        self.resizable(False<\/span>, False<\/span>)\r\n\r\n\r\nif<\/span> __name__ == \"__main__\"<\/span>:\r\n    app = App()\r\n    ConverterFrame(app)\r\n    app.mainloop()\r\n<\/code><\/span>Code language:<\/span> Python<\/span> (<\/span>python<\/span>)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n
    In this tutorial, you have learned how to develop a full object-oriented Tkinter application.<\/p>\n
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