{"id":683,"date":"2024-12-06T09:20:09","date_gmt":"2024-12-06T02:20:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.pgtutorial.com\/?page_id=683"},"modified":"2025-01-02T20:35:50","modified_gmt":"2025-01-02T13:35:50","slug":"postgresql-materialized-views","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.pgtutorial.com\/postgresql-tutorial\/postgresql-materialized-views\/","title":{"rendered":"PostgreSQL Materialized Views"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Summary<\/strong>: in this tutorial, you&#8217;ll learn how to use PostgreSQL materialized views to physically store the result of a query.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='getting-started-with-postgresql-materialized-views'>Getting Started with PostgreSQL Materialized Views <a href=\"#getting-started-with-postgresql-materialized-views\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"getting-started-with-postgresql-materialized-views\" title=\"Anchor for Getting Started with PostgreSQL Materialized Views\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Regular views do not store data. When you query data from them, PostgreSQL retrieves data from the underlying tables.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When views have complex defining queries, you&#8217;ll encounter performance if you query data from them very frequently.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To address this issue, PostgreSQL introduces <em>materialized views<\/em> that physically store the result of queries. These materialized views can significantly improve performance for views with complex queries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='creating-postgresql-materialized-views'>Creating PostgreSQL Materialized Views <a href=\"#creating-postgresql-materialized-views\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"creating-postgresql-materialized-views\" title=\"Anchor for Creating PostgreSQL Materialized Views\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In PostgreSQL, you use the <code>CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW<\/code> statement to create a materialized view:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-1\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">CREATE<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">MATERIALIZED<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">VIEW<\/span> &#91;<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">IF<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">NOT<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">EXISTS<\/span>] view_name\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">AS<\/span>\nquery\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">WITH DATA<\/span>;<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-1\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>In this syntax:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>First, define the view name in the <code>CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW<\/code> clause. The <code>IF NOT EXISTS<\/code> option conditionally creates the view if it does not exist. It prevents an error from creating a view that already exists.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Second, provide a query that defines the view after the <code>AS<\/code> keyword.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Third, use the <code>WITH DATA<\/code> to load data from underlying tables into the view when you issue the <code>CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW<\/code>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The following example uses the <code>CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW<\/code> to create a materialized view that summarizes data from the <code>products<\/code> and <code>inventories<\/code> tables:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-2\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">CREATE<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">MATERIALIZED<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">VIEW<\/span> inventory_view \n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">AS<\/span>\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span>\n  p.product_name,\n  SUM(i.quantity) <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">AS<\/span> quantity\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span>\n  inventories i\n  <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">JOIN<\/span> products p <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">ON<\/span> i.product_id = p.product_id\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">GROUP<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">BY<\/span>\n  p.product_name\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">WITH DATA<\/span>;<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-2\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pgtutorial.com\/playground\/?q=Q1JFQVRFIE1BVEVSSUFMSVpFRCBWSUVXIGludmVudG9yeV92aWV3IEFTIFNFTEVDVCBwLnByb2R1Y3RfbmFtZSwgU1VNKGkucXVhbnRpdHkpIEFTIHRvdGFsX3F1YW50aXR5IEZST00gaW52ZW50b3JpZXMgaSBKT0lOIHByb2R1Y3RzIHAgT04gaS5wcm9kdWN0X2lkID0gcC5wcm9kdWN0X2lkIEdST1VQIEJZIHAucHJvZHVjdF9uYW1lIFdJVEggREFUQTs%3D\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Try it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='querying-data-from-materialized-views'>Querying Data from Materialized Views <a href=\"#querying-data-from-materialized-views\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"querying-data-from-materialized-views\" title=\"Anchor for Querying Data from Materialized Views\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Since you use the <code>WITH DATA<\/code> in the <code>CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW<\/code> statement, PostgreSQL loaded the data into the view when we executed the statement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The following example uses a <code>SELECT<\/code> statement to retrieve data from the <code>inventory_view<\/code>:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-3\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span> * <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span> inventory_view\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">ORDER<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">BY<\/span> quantity <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">DESC<\/span>;<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-3\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pgtutorial.com\/playground\/?q=U0VMRUNUICogRlJPTSBpbnZlbnRvcnlfdmlldzs%3D\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Try it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Output:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-4\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\">        product_name        | quantity\n<span class=\"hljs-comment\">----------------------------+----------<\/span>\n Dell Inspiron <span class=\"hljs-number\">27<\/span>           |      <span class=\"hljs-number\">330<\/span>\n Apple iMac <span class=\"hljs-number\">24<\/span>\"             |      320\n Lenovo ThinkPad X1 Carbon  |      310\n...<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-4\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='refreshing-data'>Refreshing Data <a href=\"#refreshing-data\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"refreshing-data\" title=\"Anchor for Refreshing Data\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Materialized views will not automatically update data from the underlying tables.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To replace the data of a materialized view with the new one from a table, you use the <code>REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW<\/code> statement:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-5\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">REFRESH<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">MATERIALIZED<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">VIEW<\/span> view_name;<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-5\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>First, get the total quantity from the <code>inventory_view<\/code>:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-6\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span>\n  SUM(quantity)\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span>\n  inventory_view;<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-6\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pgtutorial.com\/playground\/?q=U0VMRUNUIFNVTSh0b3RhbF9xdWFudGl0eSkgRlJPTSBpbnZlbnRvcnlfdmlldzs%3D\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Try it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Output:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><span><code class=\"hljs\"> sum\n------\n 5360<\/code><\/span><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>Second, increase the quantity of the product id 1 to 200:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-7\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">UPDATE<\/span> inventories\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SET<\/span>\n  quantity = <span class=\"hljs-number\">200<\/span>\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">WHERE<\/span>\n  product_id = <span class=\"hljs-number\">1<\/span> \n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">RETURNING<\/span> *;<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-7\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pgtutorial.com\/playground\/?q=VVBEQVRFIGludmVudG9yaWVzIFNFVCBxdWFudGl0eSA9IDIwMCBXSEVSRSBwcm9kdWN0X2lkID0gMSBSRVRVUk5JTkcgKjs%3D\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Try it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Output:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><span><code class=\"hljs\"> inventory_id | product_id | warehouse_id | quantity\n--------------+------------+--------------+----------\n            1 |          1 |            1 |      200<\/code><\/span><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>Third, refresh data to the materialized view <code>inventory_view<\/code>:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-8\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">REFRESH<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">MATERIALIZED<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">VIEW<\/span> inventory_view;<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-8\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pgtutorial.com\/playground\/?q=UkVGUkVTSCBNQVRFUklBTElaRUQgVklFVyBpbnZlbnRvcnlfdmlldzs%3D\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Try it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Finally, verify the update by querying data from <code>inventory_view<\/code>:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-9\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span> SUM(quantity)\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span> inventory_view;<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-9\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pgtutorial.com\/playground\/?q=U0VMRUNUIFNVTSh0b3RhbF9xdWFudGl0eSkgRlJPTSBpbnZlbnRvcnlfdmlldzs%3D\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Try it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Output:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-10\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"> sum\n<span class=\"hljs-comment\">------<\/span>\n <span class=\"hljs-number\">5460<\/span><\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-10\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='removing-materialized-views'>Removing Materialized Views <a href=\"#removing-materialized-views\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"removing-materialized-views\" title=\"Anchor for Removing Materialized Views\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>To delete a materialized view, you use the <code>DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW<\/code> statement:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-11\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">DROP<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">MATERIALIZED<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">VIEW<\/span> &#91; <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">IF<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">EXISTS<\/span> ] view_name\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">CASCADE<\/span>;<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-11\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>In this syntax:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>First, specify one or more materialized view names in the <code>DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW<\/code> clause. The <code>IF EXISTS<\/code> prevents an error from removing an non-existent materialized view.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Second, use the <code>CASCADE<\/code> option to drop a materialized view with dependent objects. The <code>CASCADE<\/code> option also removes the view as well as the dependent objects.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>For example, the following uses the <code>DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW<\/code> statement to drop the <code>inventory_view<\/code>:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-12\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">DROP<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">MATERIALIZED<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">VIEW<\/span> inventory_view <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">CASCADE<\/span>;<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-12\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pgtutorial.com\/playground\/?q=RFJPUCBNQVRFUklBTElaRUQgVklFVyBpbnZlbnRvcnlfdmlldyBDQVNDQURFOw%3D%3D\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Try it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='why-use-materialized-views'>Why use materialized views <a href=\"#why-use-materialized-views\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"why-use-materialized-views\" title=\"Anchor for Why use materialized views\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Materialized views can improve query speed by storing precalculated result sets of complex queries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In practice, the materialized views help aggregate data from multiple tables for reporting purposes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='summary'>Summary <a href=\"#summary\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"summary\" title=\"Anchor for Summary\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A materialized view stores data physically.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Use the <code>CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW<\/code> statement to create a materialized view.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Use the <code>REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW<\/code> statement to replace data in the materialized view with a new one.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Use the <code>DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW<\/code> statement to drop a materialized view.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='quiz'>Quiz <a href=\"#quiz\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"quiz\" title=\"Anchor for Quiz\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\"\n  name=\"quiz\"\n  src=\"\/quiz\/?quiz=materialized-view\"\n  height=\"700\"\n  width=\"600\"\n  class=\"iframe\"\n><\/iframe>\n\n<div class=\"helpful-block-content\" data-title=\"\">\n\t<header>\n\t\t<div class=\"wth-question\">Was this tutorial helpful ?<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"wth-thumbs\">\n\t\t\t<button\n\t\t\t\tdata-post=\"683\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-post-url=\"https:\/\/www.pgtutorial.com\/postgresql-tutorial\/postgresql-materialized-views\/\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-post-title=\"PostgreSQL Materialized 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in this tutorial, you&#8217;ll learn how to use PostgreSQL materialized views to physically store the result of a query. Getting Started with PostgreSQL Materialized Views # Regular views do not store data. When you query data from them, PostgreSQL retrieves data from the underlying tables. 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