{"id":632,"date":"2024-12-04T17:59:40","date_gmt":"2024-12-04T10:59:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.pgtutorial.com\/?page_id=632"},"modified":"2025-01-02T19:40:53","modified_gmt":"2025-01-02T12:40:53","slug":"postgresql-all","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.pgtutorial.com\/postgresql-tutorial\/postgresql-all\/","title":{"rendered":"PostgreSQL ALL Operator"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Summary<\/strong>: in this tutorial, you&#8217;ll learn how to use the PostgreSQL <code>ALL<\/code> operator to compare a value with all values in a set of values returned by a subquery.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='getting-started-with-the-postgresql-all-operator'>Getting Started with the PostgreSQL ALL operator <a href=\"#getting-started-with-the-postgresql-all-operator\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"getting-started-with-the-postgresql-all-operator\" title=\"Anchor for Getting Started with the PostgreSQL ALL operator\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The PostgreSQL <code>ALL<\/code> operator allows you to <em>compare<\/em> a value with a set of values returned by a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pgtutorial.com\/postgresql-tutorial\/postgresql-subquery\/\">subquery<\/a>. The <code>ALL<\/code> operator returns true if the comparison is true for all values in the set.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Here&#8217;s the syntax of the <code>ALL<\/code> operator:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-1\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">value<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">operator<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">ALL<\/span>(subquery)<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-1\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>In this syntax:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>value<\/code> is a column or an expression you want to compare.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>operator<\/code> can be one of a comparison operators (<code>=<\/code>,&nbsp;<code>&lt;<\/code>,&nbsp;<code>&gt;<\/code>,&nbsp;<code>&lt;=<\/code>,&nbsp;<code>&gt;=<\/code>, and&nbsp;<code>!=<\/code>).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>subquery<\/code> is a query that returns a result set of a single column.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The <code>ALL<\/code> operator returns true if all comparisons are <code>true<\/code>. Otherwise, it returns <code>false<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If the subquery returns no rows, the <code>ALL<\/code> operator returns <code>true<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='postgresql-all-operator-example'>PostgreSQL ALL Operator example <a href=\"#postgresql-all-operator-example\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"postgresql-all-operator-example\" title=\"Anchor for PostgreSQL ALL Operator example\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Suppose we have the following <code>products<\/code> table:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>Script for creating and populating the products table<\/summary><pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-2\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">CREATE<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">TABLE<\/span> products (\n  id <span class=\"hljs-type\">INT<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">GENERATED<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">ALWAYS<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">AS<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">IDENTITY<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">PRIMARY KEY<\/span>,\n  <span class=\"hljs-type\">name<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-type\">VARCHAR<\/span>(<span class=\"hljs-number\">50<\/span>) <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">NOT<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">NULL<\/span>,\n  price <span class=\"hljs-type\">DEC<\/span>(<span class=\"hljs-number\">11<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-number\">2<\/span>) <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">NOT<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">NULL<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">CHECK<\/span> (price &gt; <span class=\"hljs-number\">0<\/span>),\n  brand <span class=\"hljs-type\">VARCHAR<\/span>(<span class=\"hljs-number\">50<\/span>) <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">NOT<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">NULL<\/span>\n);\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">INSERT<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">INTO<\/span>\n  products (<span class=\"hljs-type\">name<\/span>, price, brand)\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">VALUES<\/span>\n  (<span class=\"hljs-string\">'Galaxy S24'<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-number\">799.99<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-string\">'Samsung'<\/span>),\n  (<span class=\"hljs-string\">'iPhone 16'<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-number\">1099.99<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-string\">'Apple'<\/span>),\n  (<span class=\"hljs-string\">'iPhone 16 Pro Max'<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-number\">1399.99<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-string\">'Apple'<\/span>),\n  (<span class=\"hljs-string\">'iPhone 16 Plus'<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-number\">1199.99<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-string\">'Apple'<\/span>),\n  (<span class=\"hljs-string\">'Galaxy S24 Ultra'<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-number\">1299.99<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-string\">'Samsung'<\/span>),\n  (<span class=\"hljs-string\">'Galaxy S24 Plus'<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-number\">1119.99<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-string\">'Samsung'<\/span>);<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-2\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre><\/details>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>id<\/th><th>name<\/th><th>price<\/th><th>brand<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>1<\/td><td>Galaxy S24<\/td><td>799.99<\/td><td>Samsung<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2<\/td><td>iPhone 16<\/td><td>1099.99<\/td><td>Apple<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3<\/td><td>iPhone 16 Pro Max<\/td><td>1399.99<\/td><td>Apple<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4<\/td><td>iPhone 16 Plus<\/td><td>1199.99<\/td><td>Apple<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>5<\/td><td>Galaxy S24 Ultra<\/td><td>1299.99<\/td><td>Samsung<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>6<\/td><td>Galaxy S24 Plus<\/td><td>1119.99<\/td><td>Samsung<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The following statement uses the <code>ALL<\/code> operator to find all products that are more expensive than all <code>Samsung<\/code> products:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-3\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span>\n  <span class=\"hljs-type\">name<\/span>,\n  brand,\n  price\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span>\n  products\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">WHERE<\/span>\n  price &gt; <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">ALL<\/span> (\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span>\n      price\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span>\n      products\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">WHERE<\/span>\n      brand = <span class=\"hljs-string\">'Samsung'<\/span>\n  );<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-3\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pgtutorial.com\/playground\/?db=subquery&amp;q=U0VMRUNUIG5hbWUsIGJyYW5kLCBwcmljZSBGUk9NIHByb2R1Y3RzIFdIRVJFIHByaWNlID4gQUxMICggU0VMRUNUIHByaWNlIEZST00gcHJvZHVjdHMgV0hFUkUgYnJhbmQgPSAnU2Ftc3VuZycgKTs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Try it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Output:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><span><code class=\"hljs\">       name        | brand |  price\n-------------------+-------+---------\n iPhone 16 Pro Max | Apple | 1399.99<\/code><\/span><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>How the query works.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The subquery selects the prices of all products from the <code>Samsung<\/code> brand:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-4\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span>\n  price\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span>\n  products\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">WHERE<\/span>\n  brand = <span class=\"hljs-string\">'Samsung'<\/span><\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-4\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>It returns three rows:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-5\" data-shcb-language-name=\"CSS\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"css\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-css\">  <span class=\"hljs-selector-tag\">price<\/span>\n<span class=\"hljs-selector-tag\">---------<\/span>\n  799<span class=\"hljs-selector-class\">.99<\/span>\n 1299<span class=\"hljs-selector-class\">.99<\/span>\n 1119<span class=\"hljs-selector-class\">.99<\/span><\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-5\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">CSS<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">css<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>The <code>ALL<\/code> operator compares the price of each product in the outer query to these prices.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The <code>WHERE<\/code> clause in the outer query checks if the price of each product is higher than all the prices of <code>Samsung<\/code> products.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The output shows that only<code> iPhone 16 Pro Max<\/code> has a price (<code>1399.99<\/code>) higher than prices of all <code>Samsung<\/code> products.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>You can rewrite the above query using the <code>MAX<\/code> aggregate function:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-6\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span>\n  <span class=\"hljs-type\">name<\/span>,\n  brand,\n  price\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span>\n  products\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">WHERE<\/span>\n  price &gt; (\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span>\n      MAX(price)\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span>\n      products\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">WHERE<\/span>\n      brand = <span class=\"hljs-string\">'Samsung'<\/span>\n  );<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-6\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>Output:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><span><code class=\"hljs\">       name        | brand |  price\n-------------------+-------+---------\n iPhone 16 Pro Max | Apple | 1399.99<\/code><\/span><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>How it works.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The subquery returns the highest price of all <code>Samsung<\/code> products:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-7\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span>\n  MAX(price)\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span>\n  products\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">WHERE<\/span>\n  brand = <span class=\"hljs-string\">'Samsung'<\/span><\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-7\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pgtutorial.com\/playground\/?db=subquery&amp;q=U0VMRUNUIE1BWChwcmljZSkgRlJPTSBwcm9kdWN0cyBXSEVSRSBicmFuZCA9ICdTYW1zdW5nJw%3D\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Try it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Output:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-8\" data-shcb-language-name=\"CSS\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"css\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-css\">   <span class=\"hljs-selector-tag\">max<\/span>\n<span class=\"hljs-selector-tag\">---------<\/span>\n 1299<span class=\"hljs-selector-class\">.99<\/span><\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-8\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">CSS<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">css<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>The outer query compares the price of each product with the highest price of all <code>Samsung<\/code> products and selects the products that are more expensive than the most expensive <code>Samsung<\/code> product.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='summary'>Summary <a href=\"#summary\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"summary\" title=\"Anchor for Summary\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Use the PostgreSQL <code>ALL<\/code> operator to compare a value with all values returned by a subquery.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='quiz'>Quiz <a href=\"#quiz\" 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