{"id":2251,"date":"2025-03-05T16:48:07","date_gmt":"2025-03-05T09:48:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.pgtutorial.com\/?page_id=2251"},"modified":"2025-03-07T11:36:43","modified_gmt":"2025-03-07T04:36:43","slug":"postgresql-covering-index","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.pgtutorial.com\/postgresql-tutorial\/postgresql-covering-index\/","title":{"rendered":"PostgreSQL Covering Index"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Summary<\/strong>: in this tutorial, you&#8217;ll learn how to use PostgreSQL covering index to boost query performance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='postgresql-covering-index-overview'>PostgreSQL Covering Index Overview <a href=\"#postgresql-covering-index-overview\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"postgresql-covering-index-overview\" title=\"Anchor for PostgreSQL Covering Index Overview\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>When a query retrieves data based on indexed columns, PostgreSQL looks up the matching rows in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pgtutorial.com\/postgresql-tutorial\/postgresql-index\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">index<\/a> and accesses the table to retrieve the actual rows. This is a 2-steps process. The second step may slow the query if the table has significant data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A covering index is a database index that includes all the columns needed to satisfy a query. It allows PostgreSQL to retrieve the required data directly from the index without accessing the table.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To create a covering index, you can use the <code>CREATE INDEX<\/code> statement with an <code>INCLUDE<\/code> clause to specify the extra columns to be stored in the index:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-1\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">CREATE<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">INDEX<\/span> &#91;index_name]\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">ON<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-built_in\">table_name<\/span>(indexed_columns)\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">INCLUDE<\/span>(extra_columns);<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-1\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>In this syntax:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>First, specify the name of the new index.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Second, list the table with indexed columns.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Third, add extra columns in the <code>INCLUDE<\/code> clause.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Since PostgreSQL needs to store data of the extra columns in the index, the index&#8217;s size will increase. Therefore, you should use covering indexes strategically.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>You should use covering indexes for frequent read-heavy queries that return small columns, e.g., queries with grouping operations or analytical queries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, if the table has heavy writes, frequent updates, or large columns, you should avoid using covering indexes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='postgresql-covering-index-example'>PostgreSQL Covering Index Example <a href=\"#postgresql-covering-index-example\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"postgresql-covering-index-example\" title=\"Anchor for PostgreSQL Covering Index Example\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>First, create a <code>products<\/code> table to store product data:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-2\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">CREATE<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">TABLE<\/span> products (\n  id <span class=\"hljs-type\">INT<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">GENERATED<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">ALWAYS<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">AS<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">IDENTITY<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">PRIMARY KEY<\/span>,\n  <span class=\"hljs-type\">name<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-type\">VARCHAR<\/span>(<span class=\"hljs-number\">255<\/span>) <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">NOT<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">NULL<\/span>,\n  price <span class=\"hljs-type\">DEC<\/span>(<span class=\"hljs-number\">10<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-number\">2<\/span>) <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">NOT<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">NULL<\/span>\n);<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-2\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>Second, create a function to insert n rows into the <code>products<\/code> table:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-3\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">CREATE<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">OR REPLACE<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FUNCTION<\/span> insert_products (n <span class=\"hljs-type\">INT<\/span>) \n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">RETURNS<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-type\">VOID<\/span> \n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">AS<\/span> \n$$<span class=\"pgsql\">\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">DECLARE<\/span>\n   i <span class=\"hljs-type\">INT<\/span>;\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">BEGIN<\/span>\n   <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FOR<\/span> i <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">IN<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-number\">1.<\/span>.n <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">LOOP<\/span>\n      <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">INSERT<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">INTO<\/span> products (<span class=\"hljs-type\">name<\/span>, price)\n      <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">VALUES<\/span> (\n       <span class=\"hljs-string\">'Product_'<\/span> || i, \n       ROUND((RANDOM() * <span class=\"hljs-number\">100<\/span> + <span class=\"hljs-number\">1<\/span>)::<span class=\"hljs-type\">numeric<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-number\">2<\/span>)\n      );\n   <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">END<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">LOOP<\/span>;\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">END<\/span>;\n$$<\/span> \n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">LANGUAGE<\/span> plpgsql;<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-3\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>Third, insert <code>1000<\/code> rows into the <code>products<\/code> table:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-4\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span> insert_products (<span class=\"hljs-number\">1000<\/span>);<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-4\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>Fourth, create an index for the name column of the <code>products<\/code> table and include the <code>price<\/code> column:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-5\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">CREATE<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">INDEX<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">ON<\/span> products(<span class=\"hljs-type\">name<\/span>)\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">INCLUDE<\/span> (price);<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-5\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>Fifth, find the products with the name <code>'Product_100'<\/code>:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-6\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">EXPLAIN<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">ANALYZE<\/span>\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-type\">name<\/span>, price\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span> products \n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">WHERE<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-type\">name<\/span> = <span class=\"hljs-string\">'Product_100'<\/span>;<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-6\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>Output:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-7\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\">                                                               QUERY PLAN\n<span class=\"hljs-comment\">----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------<\/span>\n <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">Index<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">Only<\/span> Scan <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">using<\/span> products_name_price_idx <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">on<\/span> products  (<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">cost<\/span>=<span class=\"hljs-number\">0.28<\/span>.<span class=\"hljs-number\">.4<\/span><span class=\"hljs-number\">.29<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">rows<\/span>=<span class=\"hljs-number\">1<\/span> width=<span class=\"hljs-number\">17<\/span>) (actual <span class=\"hljs-type\">time<\/span>=<span class=\"hljs-number\">0.141<\/span>.<span class=\"hljs-number\">.0<\/span><span class=\"hljs-number\">.143<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">rows<\/span>=<span class=\"hljs-number\">1<\/span> loops=<span class=\"hljs-number\">1<\/span>)\n   <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">Index<\/span> Cond: (<span class=\"hljs-type\">name<\/span> = <span class=\"hljs-string\">'Product_100'<\/span>::<span class=\"hljs-type\">text<\/span>)\n   Heap Fetches: <span class=\"hljs-number\">0<\/span>\n Planning <span class=\"hljs-type\">Time<\/span>: <span class=\"hljs-number\">0.137<\/span> ms\n Execution <span class=\"hljs-type\">Time<\/span>: <span class=\"hljs-number\">0.173<\/span> ms<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-7\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>The output indicates that the query uses an index only scan to retrieve entire data from the index. It does not fetch data from the table:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-8\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\">Heap Fetches: <span class=\"hljs-number\">0<\/span><\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-8\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='summary'>Summary <a href=\"#summary\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"summary\" title=\"Anchor for Summary\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Use covering indexes to boost query performance directly retrieving all data from indexes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 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