{"id":2239,"date":"2025-03-05T10:26:29","date_gmt":"2025-03-05T03:26:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.pgtutorial.com\/?page_id=2239"},"modified":"2025-03-07T11:26:29","modified_gmt":"2025-03-07T04:26:29","slug":"postgresql-partial-indexes","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.pgtutorial.com\/postgresql-tutorial\/postgresql-partial-indexes\/","title":{"rendered":"PostgreSQL Partial Indexes"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Summary<\/strong>: in this tutorial, you&#8217;ll learn how to use PostgreSQL partial indexes to index only data that meets a specified condition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='introduction-to-postgresql-partial-indexes'>Introduction to PostgreSQL partial indexes <a href=\"#introduction-to-postgresql-partial-indexes\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"introduction-to-postgresql-partial-indexes\" title=\"Anchor for Introduction to PostgreSQL partial indexes\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>When you <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pgtutorial.com\/postgresql-tutorial\/postgresql-create-index\/\">create an index<\/a> that includes a column or a set of columns, PostgreSQL extracts all data from these columns for indexing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>PostgreSQL allows you to <strong>include only a subset of data<\/strong> in a table that meets a specified condition in an index.&nbsp;This index is called a <strong>partial index<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To create a partial index, you use the following <code>CREATE INDEX<\/code> statement with a <code><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pgtutorial.com\/postgresql-tutorial\/postgresql-where\/\">WHERE<\/a><\/code> clause:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-1\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">CREATE<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">INDEX<\/span> &#91;index_name]\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">ON<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-built_in\">table_name<\/span> (column1, column2)\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">WHERE<\/span> condition;<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-1\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>In this syntax:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>First, specify an index name after the <code>CREATE INDEX<\/code> keywords. The index name is optional.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Second, provide the table name followed by one or more columns to include in the index.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Third, define a condition in the <code>WHERE<\/code> clause to specify which rows should be included in the index. Only the rows that meet the condition will be included.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>When you query data from the table, PostgreSQL will utilize the partial index only for rows that are included in the index.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='postgresql-partial-indexes-example'>PostgreSQL partial indexes example <a href=\"#postgresql-partial-indexes-example\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"postgresql-partial-indexes-example\" title=\"Anchor for PostgreSQL partial indexes example\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>First, create a <code>products<\/code> table:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-2\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">CREATE<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">TABLE<\/span> products (\n  id <span class=\"hljs-type\">INT<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">GENERATED<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">ALWAYS<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">AS<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">IDENTITY<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">PRIMARY KEY<\/span>,\n  <span class=\"hljs-type\">name<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-type\">VARCHAR<\/span>(<span class=\"hljs-number\">255<\/span>) <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">NOT<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">NULL<\/span>,\n  price <span class=\"hljs-type\">DEC<\/span>(<span class=\"hljs-number\">10<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-number\">2<\/span>) <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">NOT<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">NULL<\/span>,\n  discontinued <span class=\"hljs-type\">BOOL<\/span>\n);<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-2\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pgtutorial.com\/playground\/?db=blank&amp;q=Q1JFQVRFIFRBQkxFIHByb2R1Y3RzICggaWQgSU5UIEdFTkVSQVRFRCBBTFdBWVMgQVMgSURFTlRJVFkgUFJJTUFSWSBLRVksIG5hbWUgVkFSQ0hBUigyNTUpIE5PVCBOVUxMLCBwcmljZSBERUMoMTAsIDIpIE5PVCBOVUxMLCBkaXNjb250aW51ZWQgQk9PTCApOw%3D%3D\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Try it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Next, create a function to insert rows into the <code>products<\/code> table:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-3\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">CREATE<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">OR REPLACE<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FUNCTION<\/span> insert_products (n <span class=\"hljs-type\">INT<\/span>) \n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">RETURNS<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-type\">VOID<\/span> \n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">AS<\/span> \n$$<span class=\"pgsql\">\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">DECLARE<\/span>\n   i <span class=\"hljs-type\">INT<\/span>;\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">BEGIN<\/span>\n   <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FOR<\/span> i <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">IN<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-number\">1.<\/span>.n <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">LOOP<\/span>\n      <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">INSERT<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">INTO<\/span> products (<span class=\"hljs-type\">name<\/span>, price, discontinued)\n      <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">VALUES<\/span> (\n       <span class=\"hljs-string\">'Product_'<\/span> || i, <span class=\"hljs-comment\">-- Generating a simple name<\/span>\n       ROUND((RANDOM() * <span class=\"hljs-number\">100<\/span> + <span class=\"hljs-number\">1<\/span>)::<span class=\"hljs-type\">numeric<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-number\">2<\/span>), <span class=\"hljs-comment\">-- Corrected casting for rounding<\/span>\n       <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">CASE<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">WHEN<\/span> RANDOM() &lt; <span class=\"hljs-number\">0.2<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">THEN<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">TRUE<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">ELSE<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FALSE<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">END<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-comment\">-- 20% chance of being discontinued<\/span>\n      );\n   <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">END<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">LOOP<\/span>;\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">END<\/span>;\n$$<\/span> \n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">LANGUAGE<\/span> plpgsql;<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-3\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pgtutorial.com\/playground\/?db=blank&amp;q=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%3D%3D\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Try it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Then, call the <code>insert_products<\/code> function to insert <code>1000<\/code> rows into the <code>products<\/code> table:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-4\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span> insert_products(<span class=\"hljs-number\">1000<\/span>);<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-4\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pgtutorial.com\/playground\/?db=blank&amp;q=U0VMRUNUIGluc2VydF9wcm9kdWN0cygxMDAwKTs%3D\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Try it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>After that, create an index that includes only active products:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-5\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">CREATE<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">INDEX<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">ON<\/span> products (price)\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">WHERE<\/span>\n  discontinued = <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FALSE<\/span>;<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-5\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pgtutorial.com\/playground\/?db=blank&amp;q=Q1JFQVRFIElOREVYIE9OIHByb2R1Y3RzIChwcmljZSkgV0hFUkUgZGlzY29udGludWVkID0gRkFMU0U7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Try it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This query creates a partial index <code>products_price_idx<\/code> that includes only products with the discontinued <code>false<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Finally, retrieve the active products:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-6\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">EXPLAIN<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span>\n  <span class=\"hljs-type\">name<\/span>,\n  price\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span>\n  products\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">WHERE<\/span>\n  discontinued = <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FALSE<\/span>\n  <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">AND<\/span> price &lt; <span class=\"hljs-number\">100<\/span>;<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-6\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pgtutorial.com\/playground\/?db=blank&amp;q=RVhQTEFJTiBTRUxFQ1QgbmFtZSwgcHJpY2UgRlJPTSBwcm9kdWN0cyBXSEVSRSBkaXNjb250aW51ZWQgPSBGQUxTRSBBTkQgcHJpY2UgPCAxMDA7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Try it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Output:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-7\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\">                                    QUERY PLAN\n<span class=\"hljs-comment\">-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------<\/span>\n Bitmap Heap Scan <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">on<\/span> products  (<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">cost<\/span>=<span class=\"hljs-number\">9.57<\/span>.<span class=\"hljs-number\">.18<\/span><span class=\"hljs-number\">.66<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">rows<\/span>=<span class=\"hljs-number\">167<\/span> width=<span class=\"hljs-number\">532<\/span>)\n   Recheck Cond: ((price &lt; <span class=\"hljs-string\">'100'<\/span>::<span class=\"hljs-type\">numeric<\/span>) <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">AND<\/span> (<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">NOT<\/span> discontinued))\n   -&gt;  Bitmap <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">Index<\/span> Scan <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">on<\/span> products_price_idx  (<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">cost<\/span>=<span class=\"hljs-number\">0.00<\/span>.<span class=\"hljs-number\">.9<\/span><span class=\"hljs-number\">.53<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">rows<\/span>=<span class=\"hljs-number\">167<\/span> width=<span class=\"hljs-number\">0<\/span>)\n         <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">Index<\/span> Cond: (price &lt; <span class=\"hljs-string\">'100'<\/span>::<span class=\"hljs-type\">numeric<\/span>)<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-7\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>The output indicates that the query uses the <code>products_price_idx<\/code> index.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If you query the discontinued products, PostgreSQL will not utilize the index. For example:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-8\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">EXPLAIN<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span>\n  <span class=\"hljs-type\">name<\/span>,\n  price\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span>\n  products\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">WHERE<\/span>\n  discontinued = <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">TRUE<\/span>\n  <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">AND<\/span> price &lt; <span class=\"hljs-number\">100<\/span>;<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-8\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pgtutorial.com\/playground\/?db=blank&amp;q=RVhQTEFJTiBTRUxFQ1QgbmFtZSwgcHJpY2UgRlJPTSBwcm9kdWN0cyBXSEVSRSBkaXNjb250aW51ZWQgPSBUUlVFIEFORCBwcmljZSA8IDEwMDs%3D\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Try it<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Output:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-9\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\">                         QUERY PLAN\n<span class=\"hljs-comment\">------------------------------------------------------------<\/span>\n Seq Scan <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">on<\/span> products  (<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">cost<\/span>=<span class=\"hljs-number\">0.00<\/span>.<span class=\"hljs-number\">.11<\/span><span class=\"hljs-number\">.75<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">rows<\/span>=<span class=\"hljs-number\">23<\/span> width=<span class=\"hljs-number\">532<\/span>)\n   <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">Filter<\/span>: (discontinued <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">AND<\/span> (price &lt; <span class=\"hljs-string\">'100'<\/span>::<span class=\"hljs-type\">numeric<\/span>))<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-9\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='benefits-of-postgresql-partial-indexes'>Benefits of PostgreSQL partial indexes <a href=\"#benefits-of-postgresql-partial-indexes\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"benefits-of-postgresql-partial-indexes\" title=\"Anchor for Benefits of PostgreSQL partial indexes\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Partial indexes have the following benefits:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Smaller index size<\/strong> \u2013 Partial indexes take only targeted rows for indexing. Therefore, they take up less disk space.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Faster index scans and better query performance <\/strong>\u2013 When you execute queries that match the index condition, PostgreSQL has to scan a smaller index, which helps improve query performance.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Reduced Write Overhead and better query performance:&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/strong>When you <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pgtutorial.com\/postgresql-tutorial\/postgresql-insert\/\">insert<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pgtutorial.com\/postgresql-tutorial\/postgresql-update\/\">update<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pgtutorial.com\/postgresql-tutorial\/postgresql-delete\/\">delete<\/a>, PostgreSQL has to update a subset of rows, leading to fewer index updates.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='when-to-use-partial-indexes'>When to use partial indexes <a href=\"#when-to-use-partial-indexes\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"when-to-use-partial-indexes\" title=\"Anchor for When to use partial indexes\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In practice, you can use partial indexes in the following scenarios:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A large table with queries consistently including the conditions matched the partial index.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The filter conditions significantly reduce the number of rows for indexing, e.g., active users, live products, etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='summary'>Summary <a href=\"#summary\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"summary\" title=\"Anchor for Summary\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Use partial indexes to optimize queries by indexing only a subset of table rows.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='quiz'>Quiz <a href=\"#quiz\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"quiz\" title=\"Anchor for Quiz\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\"\n  name=\"quiz\"\n  src=\"\/quiz\/?quiz=partial-index\"\n  height=\"700\"\n  width=\"600\"\n  class=\"iframe\"\n><\/iframe>\n\n\n<div 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