{"id":1561,"date":"2025-01-08T14:41:55","date_gmt":"2025-01-08T07:41:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.pgtutorial.com\/?page_id=1561"},"modified":"2025-01-10T14:49:15","modified_gmt":"2025-01-10T07:49:15","slug":"plpgsql-for-loop","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.pgtutorial.com\/plpgsql\/plpgsql-for-loop\/","title":{"rendered":"PL\/pgSQL FOR Loop"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Summary:<\/strong> In this tutorial, you&#8217;ll learn how to use the PL\/pgSQL <code>FOR<\/code> loop statement to iterate over a range of integers or rows of a result set.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='overview-of-plpgsql-for-loop-statement'>Overview of PL\/pgSQL FOR loop statement <a href=\"#overview-of-plpgsql-for-loop-statement\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"overview-of-plpgsql-for-loop-statement\" title=\"Anchor for Overview of PL\/pgSQL FOR loop statement\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The <code>FOR<\/code> loop statement creates a loop that iterates over a range of integers or rows of a result set.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Here&#8217;s the basic syntax of the <code>FOR<\/code> loop statement that iterates over a range of integers from <code>low<\/code> to <code>high<\/code>:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-1\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-symbol\">&lt;&lt;label&gt;&gt;<\/span>\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FOR<\/span> loop_counter <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">IN<\/span> low..high <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">LOOP<\/span>\n    statements;\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">END<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">LOOP<\/span> &#91;label];<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-1\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>In this syntax:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The <code>FOR<\/code> statement creates a loop counter <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pgtutorial.com\/plpgsql\/plpgsql-variables\/\">variable<\/a> (<code>loop_counter<\/code>) with the type <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pgtutorial.com\/postgresql-tutorial\/postgresql-integer\/\">integer<\/a>. This variable can be accessed within the <code>FOR<\/code> loop.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The <code>low<\/code> and <code>high<\/code> can be values or expressions that specify the lower and upper bounds of the integer range. The <code>FOR<\/code> evaluates these expressions <em>once<\/em> before starting the loop. If <code>low<\/code> is greater than <code>high<\/code>, the <code>FOR<\/code> loop does not execute its body and does not issue any error.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The <code>FOR<\/code> loop assigns <code>low<\/code> to the <code>loop_counter<\/code> variable and increments its value by one after each iteration until the <code>loop_counter<\/code> equals <code>high<\/code>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='basic-for-loop-example'>Basic FOR Loop example <a href=\"#basic-for-loop-example\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"basic-for-loop-example\" title=\"Anchor for Basic FOR Loop example\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The following example uses a <code>FOR<\/code> loop to show three numbers from 1 to 3 to the output:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-2\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">CREATE<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">OR REPLACE<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FUNCTION<\/span> show_number_inc()\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">RETURNS<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-type\">VOID<\/span>\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">AS<\/span>\n$$<span class=\"pgsql\">\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">BEGIN<\/span>\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FOR<\/span> n <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">IN<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-number\">1.<\/span><span class=\"hljs-number\">.3<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">LOOP<\/span>\n        <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">RAISE<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">NOTICE<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-string\">'%'<\/span>, n;\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">END<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">LOOP<\/span>;\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">END<\/span>;\n$$<\/span>\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">LANGUAGE<\/span> plpgsql;<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-2\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>How the function works:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>First, use <code>n<\/code> as the loop counter to iterate over three integers from 1 to 3:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-3\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FOR<\/span> n <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">IN<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-number\">1.<\/span><span class=\"hljs-number\">.3<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">LOOP<\/span><\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-3\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>Second, show a number using the <code>RAISE NOTICE<\/code> statement:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-4\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">RAISE<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">NOTICE<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-string\">'%'<\/span>, n;<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-4\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>The function displays three numbers: 1, 2, and 3:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-5\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span> show_number_inc();<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-5\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>Output:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-6\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">NOTICE<\/span>:  <span class=\"hljs-number\">1<\/span>\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">NOTICE<\/span>:  <span class=\"hljs-number\">2<\/span>\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">NOTICE<\/span>:  <span class=\"hljs-number\">3<\/span><\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-6\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='using-reverse-option'>Using REVERSE option <a href=\"#using-reverse-option\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"using-reverse-option\" title=\"Anchor for Using REVERSE option\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>If you use the <code>REVERSE<\/code> option, the <code>FOR<\/code> loop will decrement the loop counter after each iteration:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-7\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-symbol\">&lt;&lt;label&gt;&gt;<\/span>\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FOR<\/span> loop_counter <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">IN<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">REVERSE<\/span> high..low <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">LOOP<\/span>\n    statements;\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">END<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">LOOP<\/span> &#91;label];<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-7\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>Notice that the <code>high<\/code> and <code>low<\/code> are in reversed order.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For example, the following defines a function that uses the <code>FOR<\/code> loop to display three numbers from 3 to 1:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-8\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">CREATE<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">OR REPLACE<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FUNCTION<\/span> show_number_dec()\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">RETURNS<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-type\">VOID<\/span>\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">AS<\/span>\n$$<span class=\"pgsql\">\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">BEGIN<\/span>\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FOR<\/span> n <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">IN<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">REVERSE<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-number\">3.<\/span><span class=\"hljs-number\">.1<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">LOOP<\/span>\n        <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">RAISE<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">NOTICE<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-string\">'%'<\/span>, n;\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">END<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">LOOP<\/span>;\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">END<\/span>;\n$$<\/span>\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">LANGUAGE<\/span> plpgsql;<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-8\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>The following statement calls the <code>show_number_dec()<\/code> function to display three numbers, 3, 2, and 1:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-9\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span> show_number_dec();<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-9\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>Output:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-10\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">NOTICE<\/span>:  <span class=\"hljs-number\">3<\/span>\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">NOTICE<\/span>:  <span class=\"hljs-number\">2<\/span>\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">NOTICE<\/span>:  <span class=\"hljs-number\">1<\/span><\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-10\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='customizing-steps'>Customizing steps <a href=\"#customizing-steps\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"customizing-steps\" title=\"Anchor for Customizing steps\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>By default, the <code>FOR<\/code> loop increments or decrements the loop counter by one after each iteration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If you want to change the step from 1 to another, you can use the <code>BY<\/code> option:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-11\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-symbol\">&lt;&lt;label&gt;&gt;<\/span>\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FOR<\/span> loop_counter <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">IN<\/span> low..high &#91;<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">BY<\/span> step] <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">LOOP<\/span>\n    statements;\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">END<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">LOOP<\/span> &#91;label];<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-11\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-12\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-symbol\">&lt;&lt;label&gt;&gt;<\/span>\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FOR<\/span> loop_counter <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">IN<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">REVERSE<\/span> high..low &#91;<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">BY<\/span> step] <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">LOOP<\/span>\n    statements;\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">END<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">LOOP<\/span> &#91;label];<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-12\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>For example, the following defines a function that uses the <code>FOR<\/code> loop to show the even numbers between 0 and 10:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-13\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">CREATE<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">OR REPLACE<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FUNCTION<\/span> show_even_numbers()\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">RETURNS<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-type\">VOID<\/span>\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">AS<\/span>\n$$<span class=\"pgsql\">\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">BEGIN<\/span>\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FOR<\/span> n <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">IN<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-number\">0.<\/span><span class=\"hljs-number\">.10<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">BY<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-number\">2<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">LOOP<\/span>\n        <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">RAISE<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">NOTICE<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-string\">'%'<\/span>, n;\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">END<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">LOOP<\/span>;\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">END<\/span>;\n$$<\/span>\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">LANGUAGE<\/span> plpgsql;<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-13\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>In this example, the <code>show_even_numbers<\/code> uses a <code>FOR<\/code> loop to iterate over even numbers from 0 to 10 with a step of 2 and <code>RAISE NOTICE<\/code> to print each even number.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The following statement calls the <code>show_even_numbers()<\/code> function:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-14\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span> show_even_numbers();<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-14\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>Output:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-15\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">NOTICE<\/span>:  <span class=\"hljs-number\">0<\/span>\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">NOTICE<\/span>:  <span class=\"hljs-number\">2<\/span>\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">NOTICE<\/span>:  <span class=\"hljs-number\">4<\/span>\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">NOTICE<\/span>:  <span class=\"hljs-number\">6<\/span>\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">NOTICE<\/span>:  <span class=\"hljs-number\">8<\/span>\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">NOTICE<\/span>:  <span class=\"hljs-number\">10<\/span><\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-15\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='looping-over-a-result-set'>Looping over a result set <a href=\"#looping-over-a-result-set\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"looping-over-a-result-set\" title=\"Anchor for Looping over a result set\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>To iterate over the rows of a result set, you use the following <code>FOR<\/code> loop statement:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-16\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\">&#91; <span class=\"hljs-symbol\">&lt;&lt;label&gt;&gt;<\/span> ]\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FOR<\/span> target <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">IN<\/span> query <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">LOOP<\/span>\n    <span class=\"hljs-comment\">-- process individual row<\/span>\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">END<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">LOOP<\/span> &#91; label ];<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-16\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>Suppose we have a <code>products<\/code> table:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"159\" height=\"254\" src=\"https:\/\/www.pgtutorial.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/products.png\" alt=\"PL\/pgSQL FOR LOOP - Sample Table\" class=\"wp-image-1051\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The following defines a function that displays the top <code>N<\/code> most expensive products from the <code>products<\/code> table using the <code>FOR<\/code> loop statement:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-17\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">CREATE<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">OR REPLACE<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FUNCTION<\/span> top_n(n <span class=\"hljs-type\">INT<\/span>) <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">RETURNS<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-type\">VOID<\/span>\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">AS<\/span>\n$$<span class=\"pgsql\">\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">DECLARE<\/span>\n    r <span class=\"hljs-type\">record<\/span>;\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">BEGIN<\/span>\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FOR<\/span> r <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">IN<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span> product_name, price\n                <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span> products\n                <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">ORDER<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">BY<\/span> price <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">DESC<\/span>\n                <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">LIMIT<\/span> n\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">LOOP<\/span>\n        <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">RAISE<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">NOTICE<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-string\">'% - $%'<\/span>, r.product_name, r.price;\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">END<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">LOOP<\/span>;\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">END<\/span>;\n$$<\/span>\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">LANGUAGE<\/span> PLPGSQL;<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-17\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>How it works.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>First, declare a variable of the record type in the declaration section:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><span><code class=\"hljs\">r record;<\/code><\/span><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>The <code>r<\/code> is a variable of the record type. A record variable has no predefined structure. Instead, it inherits the structure of the row when the <code>FOR<\/code> statement assigns to it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Second, use the <code>FOR<\/code> statement to iterate over rows returned by a query:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-18\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FOR<\/span> r <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">IN<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span> product_name, price\n                <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span> products\n                <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">ORDER<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">BY<\/span> price <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">DESC<\/span>\n                <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">LIMIT<\/span> n<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-18\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>The query returns the top <code>n<\/code> most expensive products.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Third, print the product name and price of the product in each iteration:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-19\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">RAISE<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">NOTICE<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-string\">'% - $%'<\/span>, r.product_name, r.price;<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-19\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>The following statement calls the <code>top_n()<\/code> function to display the top 3 most expensive products:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-20\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span> top_n(<span class=\"hljs-number\">3<\/span>);<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-20\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>Output:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-21\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">NOTICE<\/span>:  Samsung QN900C Neo QLED - <span class=\"hljs-meta\">$2999<\/span><span class=\"hljs-number\">.99<\/span>\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">NOTICE<\/span>:  Sony Bravia XR A95K - <span class=\"hljs-meta\">$2499<\/span><span class=\"hljs-number\">.99<\/span>\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">NOTICE<\/span>:  LG G3 OLED - <span class=\"hljs-meta\">$2499<\/span><span class=\"hljs-number\">.99<\/span><\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-21\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='summary'>Summary <a href=\"#summary\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"summary\" title=\"Anchor for Summary\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Use the <code>FOR<\/code> loop statement to iterate over a range of integers or rows of a result set.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='quiz'>Quiz <a href=\"#quiz\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"quiz\" title=\"Anchor for Quiz\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\"\n  name=\"quiz\"\n  src=\"\/quiz\/?quiz=plpgsql-for-loop\"\n  height=\"700\"\n  width=\"600\"\n  class=\"iframe\"\n><\/iframe>\n<div class=\"helpful-block-content\" data-title=\"\">\n\t<header>\n\t\t<div class=\"wth-question\">Was this tutorial helpful ?<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"wth-thumbs\">\n\t\t\t<button\n\t\t\t\tdata-post=\"1561\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-post-url=\"https:\/\/www.pgtutorial.com\/plpgsql\/plpgsql-for-loop\/\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-post-title=\"PL\/pgSQL FOR Loop\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-response=\"1\"\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"wth-btn-rounded wth-yes-btn\"\n\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t<svg\n\t\t\t\t\txmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"\n\t\t\t\t\tviewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"\n\t\t\t\t\tfill=\"none\"\n\t\t\t\t\tstroke=\"currentColor\"\n\t\t\t\t\tstroke-width=\"2\"\n\t\t\t\t\tstroke-linecap=\"round\"\n\t\t\t\t\tstroke-linejoin=\"round\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"feather feather-thumbs-up block w-full h-full\"\n\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t<path\n\t\t\t\t\t\td=\"M14 9V5a3 3 0 0 0-3-3l-4 9v11h11.28a2 2 0 0 0 2-1.7l1.38-9a2 2 0 0 0-2-2.3zM7 22H4a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-7a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h3\"\n\t\t\t\t\t><\/path>\n\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sr-only\"> Yes <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/button>\n\n\t\t\t<button\n\t\t\t\tdata-response=\"0\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-post=\"1561\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-post-url=\"https:\/\/www.pgtutorial.com\/plpgsql\/plpgsql-for-loop\/\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-post-title=\"PL\/pgSQL FOR Loop\"\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"wth-btn-rounded wth-no-btn\"\n\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t<svg\n\t\t\t\t\txmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"\n\t\t\t\t\tviewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"\n\t\t\t\t\tfill=\"none\"\n\t\t\t\t\tstroke=\"currentColor\"\n\t\t\t\t\tstroke-width=\"2\"\n\t\t\t\t\tstroke-linecap=\"round\"\n\t\t\t\t\tstroke-linejoin=\"round\"\n\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t<path\n\t\t\t\t\t\td=\"M10 15v4a3 3 0 0 0 3 3l4-9V2H5.72a2 2 0 0 0-2 1.7l-1.38 9a2 2 0 0 0 2 2.3zm7-13h2.67A2.31 2.31 0 0 1 22 4v7a2.31 2.31 0 0 1-2.33 2H17\"\n\t\t\t\t\t><\/path>\n\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sr-only\"> No <\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/header>\n\n\t<div class=\"wth-form hidden\">\n\t\t<div class=\"wth-form-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wth-title\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<textarea class=\"wth-message\"><\/textarea>\n\n\t\t\t<button class=\"btn btn-primary wth-btn-submit\">Send<\/button>\n\t\t\t<button class=\"btn wth-btn-cancel\">Cancel<\/button>\n\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Summary: In this tutorial, you&#8217;ll learn how to use the PL\/pgSQL FOR loop statement to iterate over a range of integers or rows of a result set. Overview of PL\/pgSQL FOR loop statement # The FOR loop statement creates a loop that iterates over a range of integers or rows of a result set. Here&#8217;s [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":1420,"menu_order":10,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1561","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>PL\/pgSQL FOR LOOP Statement<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"In this tutorial, you&#039;ll learn how to use the PL\/pgSQL FOR loop statement to iterate over a range of integers or rows of a result set.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pgtutorial.com\/plpgsql\/plpgsql-for-loop\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"PL\/pgSQL 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