{"id":2917,"date":"2019-08-12T03:19:46","date_gmt":"2019-08-12T10:19:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/oracletutorial.com\/?page_id=2917"},"modified":"2025-06-01T05:39:15","modified_gmt":"2025-06-01T12:39:15","slug":"oracle-instead-of-triggers","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.oracletutorial.com\/plsql-tutorial\/oracle-instead-of-triggers\/","title":{"rendered":"Oracle INSTEAD OF Triggers"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Summary<\/strong>: in this tutorial, you will learn how to use an Oracle <code>INSTEAD OF<\/code> trigger to insert data into tables via a non-updatable view.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='what-is-an-instead-of-trigger-in-oracle'>What is an instead of trigger in Oracle <a href=\"#what-is-an-instead-of-trigger-in-oracle\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"what-is-an-instead-of-trigger-in-oracle\" title=\"Anchor for What is an instead of trigger in Oracle\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>An <code>INSTEAD OF<\/code> trigger is a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oracletutorial.com\/plsql-tutorial\/oracle-trigger\/\">trigger<\/a> that allows you to update data in tables via their <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oracletutorial.com\/oracle-view\/\">view<\/a> which cannot be modified directly through DML statements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When you issue a DML statement such as <code><a href=\"https:\/\/www.oracletutorial.com\/oracle-basics\/oracle-insert\/\">INSERT<\/a><\/code>, <code><a href=\"https:\/\/www.oracletutorial.com\/oracle-basics\/oracle-update\/\">UPDATE<\/a><\/code>, or <code><a href=\"https:\/\/www.oracletutorial.com\/oracle-basics\/oracle-delete\/\">DELETE<\/a><\/code> to a non-updatable view, Oracle will issue an error. Check it out for more information on the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oracletutorial.com\/oracle-view\/oracle-updatable-view\/\">updatable view<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If the view has an <code>INSTEAD OF<\/code> trigger, it will automatically skip the DML statement and execute other DML statements instead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Note that an <code>INSTEAD OF<\/code> trigger is fired for each row of the view that gets modified.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In Oracle, you can create an <code>INSTEAD OF<\/code> trigger for a view only. You cannot create an <code>INSTEAD OF<\/code> trigger for a table.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Here&#8217;s the syntax of creating an <code>INSTEAD OF<\/code> trigger:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-1\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">CREATE<\/span> &#91;<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">OR REPLACE<\/span>] <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">TRIGGER<\/span> trigger_name\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">INSTEAD<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">OF<\/span> {<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">INSERT<\/span> | <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">UPDATE<\/span> | <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">DELETE<\/span>}\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">ON<\/span> view_name\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FOR<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">EACH<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">ROW<\/span>\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">BEGIN<\/span>\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">EXCEPTION<\/span>\n    ...\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">END<\/span>;\n<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-1\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>In this syntax:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>First, specify the name of the trigger after the <code>CREATE TRIGGER<\/code> keywords. Use <code>OR REPLACE<\/code> if you want to modify an existing trigger.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Second, use the <code>INSTEAD OF<\/code> keywords followed by an operation such as <code>INSERT<\/code>, <code>UPDATE<\/code>, and <code>DELETE<\/code>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Third, provide the name of the view with which the trigger is associated.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Finally, write the code that executes when the event such as <code>INSERT<\/code>, <code>UPDATE<\/code>, and <code>DELETE<\/code> occurs on the view.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='oracle-instead-of-trigger-example'>Oracle INSTEAD OF trigger example <a href=\"#oracle-instead-of-trigger-example\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"oracle-instead-of-trigger-example\" title=\"Anchor for Oracle INSTEAD OF trigger example\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>We&#8217;ll use the <code>customers<\/code> and <code>contacts<\/code> tables from the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oracletutorial.com\/getting-started\/oracle-sample-database\/\">sample database<\/a> for the demonstration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"354\" height=\"165\" src=\"https:\/\/www.oracletutorial.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/contacts_customers_tables.png\" alt=\"PL\/SQL SELECT INTO example\" class=\"wp-image-641\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.oracletutorial.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/contacts_customers_tables.png 354w, https:\/\/www.oracletutorial.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/contacts_customers_tables-300x140.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 354px) 100vw, 354px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>First, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oracletutorial.com\/oracle-view\/oracle-create-view\/\">create a view<\/a> based on the <code>customers<\/code> and <code>contacts<\/code> tables:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-2\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">CREATE<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">VIEW<\/span> vw_customers <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">AS<\/span>\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span> \n        <span class=\"hljs-type\">name<\/span>, \n        address, \n        website, \n        credit_limit, \n        first_name, \n        last_name, \n        email, \n        phone\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span> \n        customers\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">INNER<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">JOIN<\/span> contacts <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">USING<\/span> (customer_id);<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-2\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>Next, attempt to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oracletutorial.com\/oracle-basics\/oracle-insert\/\">insert<\/a> a new customer and contact into the underlying tables via the view <code>vw_customers<\/code>:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-3\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">INSERT<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">INTO<\/span> \n    vw_customers(\n        <span class=\"hljs-type\">name<\/span>, \n        address, \n        website, \n        credit_limit, \n        first_name, \n        last_name, \n        email, \n        phone\n    )\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">VALUES<\/span>(\n    <span class=\"hljs-string\">'Lam Research'<\/span>,\n    <span class=\"hljs-string\">'Fremont, California, USA'<\/span>, \n    <span class=\"hljs-string\">'https:\/\/www.lamresearch.com\/'<\/span>,\n    <span class=\"hljs-number\">2000<\/span>,\n    <span class=\"hljs-string\">'John'<\/span>,\n    <span class=\"hljs-string\">'Smith'<\/span>,\n    <span class=\"hljs-string\">'john.smith@lamresearch.com'<\/span>,\n    <span class=\"hljs-string\">'+1-510-572-0200'<\/span>\n);\n<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-3\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>Oracle issued the following error:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-4\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SQL<\/span> Error: ORA<span class=\"hljs-number\">-01779<\/span>: cannot modify a <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">column<\/span> which maps <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">to<\/span> a non key-preserved <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">table<\/span>\n<span class=\"hljs-number\">01779.<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-number\">00000<\/span> -  \"cannot modify a column which maps to a non key-preserved table\"\n*Cause:    An attempt was made <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">to<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">insert<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">or<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">update<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">columns<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">of<\/span> a <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">join<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">view<\/span> which\n        map <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">to<\/span> a non-key-preserved <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">table<\/span>.\n*Action:   Modify the underlying base <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">tables<\/span> directly.\n<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-4\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>Then, create an <code>INSTEAD OF<\/code> trigger on the view <code>vw_customers<\/code>:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-5\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">CREATE<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">OR REPLACE<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">TRIGGER<\/span> new_customer_trg\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">INSTEAD<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">OF<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">INSERT<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">ON<\/span> vw_customers\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FOR<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">EACH<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">ROW<\/span>\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">DECLARE<\/span>\n    l_customer_id NUMBER;\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">BEGIN<\/span>\n    <span class=\"hljs-comment\">-- insert a new customer first<\/span>\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">INSERT<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">INTO<\/span> customers(<span class=\"hljs-type\">name<\/span>, address, website, credit_limit)\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">VALUES<\/span>(:<span class=\"hljs-built_in\">NEW<\/span>.NAME, :<span class=\"hljs-built_in\">NEW<\/span>.address, :<span class=\"hljs-built_in\">NEW<\/span>.website, :<span class=\"hljs-built_in\">NEW<\/span>.credit_limit)\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">RETURNING<\/span> customer_id <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">INTO<\/span> l_customer_id;\n    \n    <span class=\"hljs-comment\">-- insert the contact<\/span>\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">INSERT<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">INTO<\/span> contacts(first_name, last_name, email, phone, customer_id)\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">VALUES<\/span>(:<span class=\"hljs-built_in\">NEW<\/span>.first_name, :<span class=\"hljs-built_in\">NEW<\/span>.last_name, :<span class=\"hljs-built_in\">NEW<\/span>.email, :<span class=\"hljs-built_in\">NEW<\/span>.phone, l_customer_id);\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">END<\/span>;\n<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-5\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>In this trigger, we inserted a new customer, get customer id, and use that id to insert a new contact.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>After that, execute the following statement again:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-6\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">INSERT<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">INTO<\/span> \n        vw_customers(\n            <span class=\"hljs-type\">name<\/span>, \n            address, \n            website, \n            credit_limit, \n            first_name, \n            last_name, \n            email, \n            phone\n        )\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">VALUES<\/span>(\n        <span class=\"hljs-string\">'Lam Research'<\/span>,\n        <span class=\"hljs-string\">'Fremont, California, USA'<\/span>, \n        <span class=\"hljs-string\">'https:\/\/www.lamresearch.com\/'<\/span>,\n        <span class=\"hljs-number\">2000<\/span>,\n        <span class=\"hljs-string\">'John'<\/span>,\n        <span class=\"hljs-string\">'Smith'<\/span>,\n        <span class=\"hljs-string\">'john.smith@lamresearch.com'<\/span>,\n        <span class=\"hljs-string\">'+1-510-572-0200'<\/span>\n    );\n<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-6\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>This picture illustrates the <code>INSTEAD OF<\/code> trigger:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"650\" height=\"369\" src=\"https:\/\/www.oracletutorial.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Oracle-Instead-Of-Trigger.png\" alt=\"Oracle Instead Of Trigger\" class=\"wp-image-2923\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.oracletutorial.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Oracle-Instead-Of-Trigger.png 650w, https:\/\/www.oracletutorial.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Oracle-Instead-Of-Trigger-300x170.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 650px) 100vw, 650px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Finally, verify data from the <code>customers<\/code> table:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-7\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span> * <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span> customers \n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">ORDER<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">BY<\/span> customer_id <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">DESC<\/span>\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FETCH FIRST<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">ROWS<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">ONLY<\/span>;<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-7\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>Here is the output:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"643\" height=\"37\" src=\"https:\/\/www.oracletutorial.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Oracle-Instead-Of-Trigger-example.png\" alt=\"Oracle Instead Of Trigger example\" class=\"wp-image-2925\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.oracletutorial.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Oracle-Instead-Of-Trigger-example.png 643w, https:\/\/www.oracletutorial.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Oracle-Instead-Of-Trigger-example-300x17.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 643px) 100vw, 643px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The output indicates that the trigger inserted the new customer into the <code>customers<\/code> table successfully.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This statement returns the contact of the new customer:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"625\" height=\"34\" src=\"https:\/\/www.oracletutorial.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Oracle-Instead-Of-Trigger-example-table.png\" alt=\"Oracle Instead Of Trigger example table\" class=\"wp-image-2926\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.oracletutorial.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Oracle-Instead-Of-Trigger-example-table.png 625w, https:\/\/www.oracletutorial.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Oracle-Instead-Of-Trigger-example-table-300x16.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 625px) 100vw, 625px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='summary'>Summary <a href=\"#summary\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"summary\" title=\"Anchor for Summary\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Use an Oracle <code>INSTEAD OF<\/code> trigger to insert data into the base tables via a non-updatable view.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"helpful-block-content\" data-title=\"\">\n\t<header>\n\t\t<div class=\"wth-question\">Was this tutorial 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