{"id":1805,"date":"2018-01-08T16:24:56","date_gmt":"2018-01-08T09:24:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/oracletutorial.com\/?page_id=1805"},"modified":"2025-05-22T00:49:04","modified_gmt":"2025-05-22T07:49:04","slug":"plsql-cursor-variables","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.oracletutorial.com\/plsql-tutorial\/plsql-cursor-variables\/","title":{"rendered":"PL\/SQL Cursor Variables with REF CURSOR"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Summary<\/strong>: In this tutorial, you will learn about PL\/SQL cursor variables and how to manage cursor variables using <code>REF CURSOR<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='introduction-to-plsql-cursor-variables'>Introduction to PL\/SQL cursor variables <a href=\"#introduction-to-plsql-cursor-variables\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"introduction-to-plsql-cursor-variables\" title=\"Anchor for Introduction to PL\/SQL cursor variables\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In PL\/SQL, a <code>REF CURSOR<\/code> is short for reference cursor, which is a pointer to a query&#8217;s result.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A <code>REF CURSOR<\/code> allows to dynamimcally opens and fetches data from a query at runtime. Typically, you use the <code>REF CURSOR<\/code> to return query results from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oracletutorial.com\/python-oracle\/calling-pl-sql-stored-functions-in-python\/\">functions<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oracletutorial.com\/plsql-tutorial\/plsql-procedure\/\">stored procedures<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To declare a referencce cursor variable, you use the <code>REF CURSOR<\/code> as the data type. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>PL\/SQL supports two kinds of <code>REF CURSOR<\/code> types: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Strong typed reference cursor ties to a specific query structure.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Weak typed referencce cursor can point to any query.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>For example, the following shows how to define a strong <code>REF CURSOR:<\/code><\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-1\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">DECLARE<\/span>\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">TYPE<\/span> customer_t <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">IS<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">REF<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">CURSOR<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">RETURN<\/span> customers<span class=\"hljs-meta\">%ROWTYPE<\/span>;\n    c_customer customer_t;<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-1\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>This form of cursor variable is called <strong>strong typed<\/strong> <code>REF CURSOR<\/code> because the cursor variable is always associated with a specific record structure, which is <code>customers<\/code> in this ccase.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"note\">Note that we use the customers table from the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oracletutorial.com\/getting-started\/oracle-sample-database\/\">sample database<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Here&#8217;s is an example of a <strong>weak typed<\/strong> <code>REF CURSOR<\/code> declaration that is not associated with any specific structure:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-2\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">DECLARE<\/span>\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">TYPE<\/span> customer_t <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">IS<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">REF<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">CURSOR<\/span>;\n    c_customer customer_t;\n<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-2\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>Starting from Oracle 9i, you can use <code>SYS_REFCURSOR<\/code>, which is a predefined weak typed <code>REF CURSOR<\/code>, to declare a weak <code>REF CURSOR<\/code> as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-3\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">DECLARE<\/span>\n    c_customer SYS_REFCURSOR;\n<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-3\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='plsql-cursor-variable-examples'>PL\/SQL cursor variable examples <a href=\"#plsql-cursor-variable-examples\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"plsql-cursor-variable-examples\" title=\"Anchor for PL\/SQL cursor variable examples\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>We&#8217;ll use the <code>customers<\/code> table from the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oracletutorial.com\/getting-started\/oracle-sample-database\/\">sample database<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"144\" height=\"145\" src=\"https:\/\/www.oracletutorial.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/customers-table.png\" alt=\"customers table\" class=\"wp-image-298\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>First, define a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oracletutorial.com\/plsql-tutorial\/plsql-function\/\">function<\/a> that gets all direct reports of a manager based on the manager id from the <code>employees<\/code> table in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oracletutorial.com\/getting-started\/oracle-sample-database\/\">sample database<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-4\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">CREATE<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">OR REPLACE<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FUNCTION<\/span> get_direct_reports(\n      in_manager_id <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">IN<\/span> employees.manager_id<span class=\"hljs-meta\">%TYPE<\/span>)\n   <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">RETURN<\/span> SYS_REFCURSOR\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">AS<\/span>\n   c_direct_reports SYS_REFCURSOR;\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">BEGIN<\/span>\n\n   <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">OPEN<\/span> c_direct_reports <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FOR<\/span> \n   <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span> \n      employee_id, \n      first_name, \n      last_name, \n      email\n   <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span> \n      employees \n   <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">WHERE<\/span> \n      manager_id = in_manager_id \n   <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">ORDER<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">BY<\/span> \n         first_name,   \n         last_name;\n\n   <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">RETURN<\/span> c_direct_reports;\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">END<\/span>;\n<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-4\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oracletutorial.com\/plsql-tutorial\/plsql-function\/\">function<\/a> returns a weak typed <code>REF CURSOR<\/code> variable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Second, call the <code>get_direct_reports<\/code>() function and processes the cursor variable to display the manager&#8217;s direct reports with the id of 46 using an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oracletutorial.com\/plsql-tutorial\/plsql-anonymous-block\/\">anonymous block<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-5\" data-shcb-language-name=\"PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"pgsql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-pgsql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">DECLARE<\/span>\n   c_direct_reports SYS_REFCURSOR;\n   l_employee_id employees.employee_id<span class=\"hljs-meta\">%TYPE<\/span>;\n   l_first_name  employees.first_name<span class=\"hljs-meta\">%TYPE<\/span>;\n   l_last_name   employees.last_name<span class=\"hljs-meta\">%TYPE<\/span>;\n   l_email       employees.email<span class=\"hljs-meta\">%TYPE<\/span>;\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">BEGIN<\/span>\n   <span class=\"hljs-comment\">-- get the ref cursor from function<\/span>\n   c_direct_reports := get_direct_reports(<span class=\"hljs-number\">46<\/span>); \n   \n   <span class=\"hljs-comment\">-- process each employee<\/span>\n   <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">LOOP<\/span>\n      <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FETCH<\/span>\n         c_direct_reports\n      <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">INTO<\/span>\n         l_employee_id,\n         l_first_name,\n         l_last_name,\n         l_email;\n      <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">EXIT<\/span>\n   <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">WHEN<\/span> c_direct_reports%notfound;\n      dbms_output.put_line(l_first_name || <span class=\"hljs-string\">' '<\/span> || l_last_name || <span class=\"hljs-string\">' - '<\/span> ||    l_email );\n   <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">END<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">LOOP<\/span>;\n   <span class=\"hljs-comment\">-- close the cursor<\/span>\n   <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">CLOSE<\/span> c_direct_reports;\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">END<\/span>;\n\/<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-5\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">PostgreSQL SQL dialect and PL\/pgSQL<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">pgsql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id='summary'>Summary <a href=\"#summary\" class=\"anchor\" id=\"summary\" title=\"Anchor for Summary\">#<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Use reference cursors (<code>REF CURSOR<\/code>) to return result sets from fuctions or stored procedures.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"helpful-block-content\" data-title=\"\">\n\t<header>\n\t\t<div class=\"wth-question\">Was this tutorial helpful?<\/div>\n\t\t<div 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