{"id":6225,"date":"2017-07-09T19:43:03","date_gmt":"2017-07-10T02:43:03","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.mysqltutorial.org\/?page_id=6225"},"modified":"2023-10-16T19:15:12","modified_gmt":"2023-10-17T02:15:12","slug":"mysql-timestampdiff","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.mysqltutorial.org\/mysql-date-functions\/mysql-timestampdiff\/","title":{"rendered":"MySQL TIMESTAMPDIFF() Function"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>\u00a0Summary<\/strong>: in this tutorial, you will learn how to use the MySQL <code>TIMESTAMPDIFF()<\/code> function to calculate the difference between two <code>DATE<\/code> or <code>DATETIME<\/code> values.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Introduction to MySQL TIMESTAMPDIFF() function<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The <code>TIMESTAMPDIFF()<\/code> function returns the difference between two datetime expressions in years, months, days, hours, minutes, or seconds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Here&#8217;s the syntax of the <code>TIMESTAMPDIFF<\/code> function:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-1\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\">TIMESTAMPDIFF(unit, <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">begin<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">end<\/span>);<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-1\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>In this syntax:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>begin. This is a datetime expression <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>end<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The <code>TIMESTAMPDIFF<\/code> function returns the result of <code>begin - end<\/code>, where <code>begin<\/code> and <code>end<\/code> are <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mysqltutorial.org\/mysql-basics\/mysql-date\/\"><code>DATE<\/code><\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mysqltutorial.org\/mysql-basics\/mysql-datetime\/\"><code>DATETIME<\/code><\/a> expressions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The <code>TIMESTAMPDIFF<\/code> function allows its arguments to have mixed types e.g., <code>begin<\/code> is a <code>DATE<\/code> value and <code>end<\/code> is a <code>DATETIME<\/code> value. In case you use a <code>DATE<\/code> value, the <code>TIMESTAMPDIFF<\/code> function treats it as a <code>DATETIME<\/code> value whose time part is <code>'00:00:00'<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The <code>unit<\/code> argument determines the unit of the result of <code>(end - begin)<\/code> represented as an integer. The following are valid units:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>MICROSECOND<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>SECOND<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>MINUTE<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>HOUR<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>DAY<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>WEEK<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>MONTH<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>QUARTER<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>YEAR<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">MySQL TIMESTAMPDIFF() function examples<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Let&#8217;s take some examples of using the <code>TIMESTAMPDIFF()<\/code> function.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1) Simple TIMESTAMPDIFF() function examples<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The following example returns a difference between <code>2010-01-01<\/code> and <code>2010-06-01<\/code>\u00a0in months:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-2\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span> \n  <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">TIMESTAMPDIFF<\/span>(\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">MONTH<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-string\">'2010-01-01'<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-string\">'2010-06-01'<\/span>\n  ) <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">result<\/span>;<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-2\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>Output:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-3\" data-shcb-language-name=\"JavaScript\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"javascript\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-javascript\">+--------+\n| result |\n+--------+\n|      <span class=\"hljs-number\">5<\/span> |\n+--------+\n<span class=\"hljs-number\">1<\/span> row <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">in<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">set<\/span> (0.00 sec)<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-3\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">JavaScript<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">javascript<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>If you want to get the difference in days, you need to change the unit argument from <code>MONTH<\/code> to <code>DAY<\/code> as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-4\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span> \n  <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">TIMESTAMPDIFF<\/span>(<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">DAY<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-string\">'2010-01-01'<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-string\">'2010-06-01'<\/span>) <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">result<\/span>;\n<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-4\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>Output:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-5\" data-shcb-language-name=\"JavaScript\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"javascript\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-javascript\">+--------+\r\n| result |\r\n+--------+\r\n|    <span class=\"hljs-number\">151<\/span> |\r\n+--------+\r\n<span class=\"hljs-number\">1<\/span> row <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">in<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">set<\/span> (0.00 sec)<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-5\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">JavaScript<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">javascript<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>The following statement returns a difference of two <code>DATETIME<\/code> values in minutes:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-6\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span> \n  <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">TIMESTAMPDIFF<\/span>(\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">MINUTE<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-string\">'2010-01-01 10:00:00'<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-string\">'2010-01-01 10:45:00'<\/span>\n  ) <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">result<\/span>;\n<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-6\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>Output:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-7\" data-shcb-language-name=\"JavaScript\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"javascript\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-javascript\">+--------+\r\n| result |\r\n+--------+\r\n|     <span class=\"hljs-number\">45<\/span> |\r\n+--------+\r\n<span class=\"hljs-number\">1<\/span> row <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">in<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">set<\/span> (0.00 sec)<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-7\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">JavaScript<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">javascript<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>Note that the <code>TIMESTAMPDIFF<\/code> only considers the time part that is relevant to the <code>unit<\/code> argument. For example:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-8\" data-shcb-language-name=\"JavaScript\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"javascript\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-javascript\">SELECT \n  TIMESTAMPDIFF(\n    MINUTE, <span class=\"hljs-string\">'2010-01-01 10:00:00'<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-string\">'2010-01-01 10:45:59'<\/span>\n  ) result;<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-8\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">JavaScript<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">javascript<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>Output:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-9\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\">+<span class=\"hljs-comment\">--------+<\/span>\n| result |\n+<span class=\"hljs-comment\">--------+<\/span>\n|     45 |\n+<span class=\"hljs-comment\">--------+<\/span>\n1 row in <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">set<\/span> (<span class=\"hljs-number\">0.00<\/span> sec)<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-9\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>The difference should be 45 minutes 59 seconds. However, we use\u00a0the <code>unit<\/code> argument as <code>MINUTE<\/code>, therefore, the function returns only 45 minutes and ignores the 59 seconds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If you use <code>SECOND<\/code> instead of <code>MINUTE<\/code>, then the <code>TIMESTAMPDIFF<\/code> function will consider the <code>SECOND<\/code> part as shown in the following example:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-10\" data-shcb-language-name=\"JavaScript\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"javascript\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-javascript\">SELECT \n  TIMESTAMPDIFF(\n    SECOND, <span class=\"hljs-string\">'2010-01-01 10:00:00'<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-string\">'2010-01-01 10:45:59'<\/span>\n  ) result;<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-10\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">JavaScript<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">javascript<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>Output:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-11\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\">+<span class=\"hljs-comment\">--------+<\/span>\n| result |\n+<span class=\"hljs-comment\">--------+<\/span>\n|   2759 |\n+<span class=\"hljs-comment\">--------+<\/span>\n1 row in <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">set<\/span> (<span class=\"hljs-number\">0.00<\/span> sec)<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-11\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>45 minutes 59 second = 45 x 60 + 59 (seconds) = 2759 seconds<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2) Calculating ages using the TIMESTAMPDIFF() function<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>First, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mysqltutorial.org\/mysql-basics\/mysql-create-table\/\">create a new table<\/a> named <code>persons<\/code> for the demonstration.<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-12\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">CREATE<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">TABLE<\/span> persons (\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">id<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-built_in\">INT<\/span> AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">KEY<\/span>,\n    full_name <span class=\"hljs-built_in\">VARCHAR<\/span>(<span class=\"hljs-number\">255<\/span>) <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">NOT<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-literal\">NULL<\/span>,\n    date_of_birth <span class=\"hljs-built_in\">DATE<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">NOT<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-literal\">NULL<\/span>\n);<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-12\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>Second, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mysqltutorial.org\/mysql-basics\/mysql-insert\/\">insert some rows<\/a> into the <code>persons<\/code> table:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-13\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">INSERT<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">INTO<\/span> persons(full_name, date_of_birth)\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">VALUES<\/span>(<span class=\"hljs-string\">'John Doe'<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-string\">'1990-01-01'<\/span>),\n      (<span class=\"hljs-string\">'David Taylor'<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-string\">'1989-06-06'<\/span>),\n      (<span class=\"hljs-string\">'Peter Drucker'<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-string\">'1985-03-02'<\/span>),\n      (<span class=\"hljs-string\">'Lily Smith'<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-string\">'1992-05-05'<\/span>),\n      (<span class=\"hljs-string\">'Mary William'<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-string\">'1995-12-01'<\/span>);<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-13\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>Third, use the <code>TIMESTAMPDIFF<\/code> to calculate the ages of each person in the \u00a0<code>persons<\/code> table:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-14\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span> \n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">id<\/span>,\n    full_name,\n    date_of_birth,\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">TIMESTAMPDIFF<\/span>(<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">YEAR<\/span>,\n        date_of_birth,\n        <span class=\"hljs-string\">'2017-01-01'<\/span>) age\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span>\n    persons;<\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-14\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<p>Output:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"269\" height=\"122\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mysqltutorial.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/MySQL-TIMESTAMPDIFF-function.png\" alt=\"MySQL TIMESTAMPDIFF function\" class=\"wp-image-6226\" title=\"MySQL TIMESTAMPDIFF function\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>In this statement, we calculated the ages on\u00a0<code>January 1st 2017<\/code>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If you want to calculate the current ages, you can replace the literal value <code>2017-01-01<\/code> by the <code><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mysqltutorial.org\/mysql-date-functions\/mysql-now-function\/\">NOW<\/a><\/code>\u00a0function as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\" aria-describedby=\"shcb-language-15\" data-shcb-language-name=\"SQL (Structured Query Language)\" data-shcb-language-slug=\"sql\"><span><code class=\"hljs language-sql\"><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">SELECT<\/span> \n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">id<\/span>,\n    full_name,\n    date_of_birth,\n    <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">TIMESTAMPDIFF<\/span>(<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">YEAR<\/span>,\n        date_of_birth,\n        <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">NOW<\/span>()) age\n<span class=\"hljs-keyword\">FROM<\/span>\n    persons; <\/code><\/span><small class=\"shcb-language\" id=\"shcb-language-15\"><span class=\"shcb-language__label\">Code language:<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__name\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/span> <span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">(<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__slug\">sql<\/span><span class=\"shcb-language__paren\">)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Summary<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Use the <code>TIMESTAMPDIFF()<\/code> function to calculate the difference between two <code>DATE<\/code> or <code>DATETIME<\/code> values.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"helpful-block-content\" data-title=\"\">\n\t<header>\n\t\t<div class=\"wth-question\">Was this tutorial helpful? <\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"wth-thumbs\">\n\t\t\t<button\n\t\t\t\tdata-post=\"6225\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-post-url=\"https:\/\/www.mysqltutorial.org\/mysql-date-functions\/mysql-timestampdiff\/\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-post-title=\"MySQL TIMESTAMPDIFF() Function\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-response=\"1\"\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"wth-btn-rounded wth-yes-btn\"\n\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t<svg\n\t\t\t\t\txmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"\n\t\t\t\t\tviewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"\n\t\t\t\t\tfill=\"none\"\n\t\t\t\t\tstroke=\"currentColor\"\n\t\t\t\t\tstroke-width=\"2\"\n\t\t\t\t\tstroke-linecap=\"round\"\n\t\t\t\t\tstroke-linejoin=\"round\"\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"feather feather-thumbs-up block w-full h-full\"\n\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t<path\n\t\t\t\t\t\td=\"M14 9V5a3 3 0 0 0-3-3l-4 9v11h11.28a2 2 0 0 0 2-1.7l1.38-9a2 2 0 0 0-2-2.3zM7 22H4a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-7a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h3\"\n\t\t\t\t\t><\/path>\n\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<span 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class=\"wth-form-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wth-title\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<textarea class=\"wth-message\"><\/textarea>\n\n\t\t\t<button class=\"btn btn-primary wth-btn-submit\">Send<\/button>\n\t\t\t<button class=\"btn wth-btn-cancel\">Cancel<\/button>\n\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a0Summary: in this tutorial, you will learn how to use the MySQL TIMESTAMPDIFF() function to calculate the difference between two DATE or DATETIME values. Introduction to MySQL TIMESTAMPDIFF() function The TIMESTAMPDIFF() function returns the difference between two datetime expressions in years, months, days, hours, minutes, or seconds. 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