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Yellowstone landmark's weird movement finally explained
This landmark has been 'pulsing' up and down for two decades.
A swath of Yellowstone National Park larger than Chicago has been rising and falling in erratic jitters over the past 20 years, and it's all because of some wayward magma, a new study finds.
This magma has been so active, it's responsible for lifting up the area around Norris Geyser Basin at Yellowstone a total of 5 inches (almost 13 centimeters) since 2000.
The finding sheds light on the enigmatic magmatic system that lies beneath Yellowstone. Researchers first discovered Yellowstone's magma system about 40 years ago in a pivotal study published in 1979 in the journal Science study; in the years since, scientists have learned that Yellowstone's magma system causes the ground to not only rise but also fall.
"That discovery motivated our quest to understand the cause(s) of uplift and subsidence [sinking] near Norris," Daniel Dzurisin, a co-researcher of the new study and a retired research geologist with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Cascades Volcano Observatory in Vancouver, Washington, told Live Science in an email.
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The Norris Geyser Basin isn't one to sit still. From 1996 to 2004, an area extending about 18 miles (29 kilometers) rose 4.7 inches (12 cm). Then, from 2005 to 2013, it sank 2.8 inches (7 cm), National Geographic reported. After that, the land rose again at a rate of 5.9 inches (15 cm) a year between late 2013 and early 2014, the most rapid rate of uplift ever documented at Yellowstone.
A magnitude-4.9 earthquake struck the basin in March 2014, and the land rose and fell like a slow-motion Jack-in-the-box until early 2019. After all of this incredible movement, the basin is now about 5 inches above where it was 20 years ago.
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So, what caused all this commotion?
To find out, the researchers used a combination of GPS and satellite data to map and track Earth-changing events at Norris and the Yellowstone caldera (a volcanic crater) over time, Dzurisin said.
"There are about two dozen GPS stations in the park that operate continuously, providing very precise information about ground movements in three dimensions at those locations," Dzurisin said. Meanwhile, the satellite sensed whether the land had moved toward or away from the satellite, which allowed it to produce "a complete map of ground movements over very large areas," Dzurisin said.
Together, the GPS and satellite data showed the culprits for the tumultuous movement at Norris Geyser Basin. First, the data revealed an intrusion of magma about 10 miles (16 km) underground that caused the 1996 to 2001 uplift.
The two recent Earth-moving events in 2013-2014 and again in 2016, can be explained by fluids that bubbled out from the intruded magma. In late 2013, these fluids accumulated into a sealed, underground reservoir that ruptured when the 2014 earthquake hit. Once the reservoir broke, the fluids escaped, causing sinking above the old reservoir as the fluids flowed westward and upward along the region's underground faults and fractures. In 2016, these fluids escaped again and accumulated closer to the Earth's surface.
As these fluids became stuck underground and pressure built up, the ground above them rose, and when the fluids got expelled and moved to a new location, the ground above where they once were sank, National Geographic reported.
The study is the first to identify a complete cycle of magma intrusion, as well as fluids escaping, traveling upward and then accumulating elsewhere, he said.
Furthermore, it's possible that the escape of these fluids to just below the Earth's surface might be related to the increased activity at Steamboat Geyser — located in the Norris basin — starting in early 2018, Dzurisin said.
In 2018, Steamboat erupted 32 times, surpassing its record of 29 eruptions in 1964, the researchers wrote in the study. In 2019, it had erupted 48 times, according to USGS. As of April 10, 2020, the geyser has erupted 11 times.
The study was published online Jan. 28 in the Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth.
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Originally published on Live Science.
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Laura is the managing editor at Live Science. She also runs the archaeology section and the Life's Little Mysteries series. Her work has appeared in The New York Times, Scholastic, Popular Science and Spectrum, a site on autism research. She has won multiple awards from the Society of Professional Journalists and the Washington Newspaper Publishers Association for her reporting at a weekly newspaper near Seattle. Laura holds a bachelor's degree in English literature and psychology from Washington University in St. Louis and a master's degree in science writing from NYU.