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Miniature human organs made by 3D printing could create a "body on a chip" that enables better drug testing. That futuristic idea has become a new bioprinting project backed by $24 million from the U.S. Department of Defense.
The 2-inch "body on a chip" would represent a realistic testing ground for understanding how the human body might react to dangerous diseases, chemical warfare agents and new drugs intended to defend against biological or chemical attacks. Such technology could speed up drug development by replacing less-ideal animal testing or the simpler testing done on human cells in petri dishes — and perhaps save millions or even billions of dollars from being wasted on dead-end drug candidates that fail in human clinical trials.
"The question is whether can you have a better system to test these drugs, so that you can bypass cell testing and animal testing by going straight to miniature organs," said Tony Atala, director of the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine in Winston-Salem, N.C.
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Atala's group has pioneered 3D printing methods that aim to build human organs with layer upon layer of cells. Their bioprinting methods lay down the cell layers along with artificial scaffolding to keep an organ's structure intact as it takes shape — a technique that has allowed the group to make tiny, less complex versions of full-size human organs. [See Photos of the 3D-Printed 'Body on a Chip' System]
"We're printing miniature solid organs: miniature livers, hearts, lungs and vascular structures (blood vessels)," Atala told LiveScience.
Developed by scientists at Brigham and Women's Hospital, this system of pumps and fluid channels houses miniature tissues samples that can be exposed to toxins as well as potential treatments. The ultimate goal is to evaluate heart, lung, liver and blood vessel tissue.
(Image credit: WIFM.)
The tiny organs intended for the "body on a chip" project don't represent fully functional hearts, livers and kidneys. Instead, they represent small chunks of human tissue from such organs connected together by a system of fluid channels that circulate blood substitute to keep the cells alive — all placed on a 2-inch (5 centimeters) chip with sensors to monitor everything.
Having an artificial circulatory system means researchers can introduce biological or chemical agents into the "blood" to see how it affects the different organs. The system's sensors would measure the temperature, oxygen levels, pH (how acidic or basic a fluid is) and other factors affecting the "body on a chip."
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The Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine is leading the $24-million effort funded by the Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center, Pacific (SSC Pacific), on behalf of Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA).
But the group of experts building the "body on a chip" also hails from Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, the University of Michigan, the U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Morgan State University in Baltimore, and the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Together, they hope to create a drug development tool for the 21st century that helps modern medicine rapidly respond to fast-moving pandemics or bioterrorism attacks.
"We will know not just how a drug affects one organ, but how a drug affects major body systems together in a chip," Atala said.
Jeremy has written for publications such as Popular Science, Scientific American Mind and Reader's Digest Asia. He obtained his masters degree in science journalism from New York University, and completed his undergraduate education in the history and sociology of science at the University of Pennsylvania.
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