Giant birds camping out in caves and rock shelters thousands of years ago left behind enormous feces, reaching nearly half a foot in length. The preserved poop reveals what the now-extinct birds munched on so long ago.
The fossilized feces — more than 1,500 pieces — were discovered beneath cave floors and rock shelters in remote areas across southern New Zealand. The feces primarily came from species of the extinct giant moa, flightless birds that weighed up to 550 pounds (250 kg) and stood at nearly 10 feet (three meters).
The researchers analyzed some of the feces thought to belong to moa due to the large size, picking through the defecated material for bits of plants, seeds and leafy material. DNA analyses found some of the feces came from at least four moa species, including the South Island giant moa (Dinornis robustus), upland moa (Megalapteryx didinus), heavy-footed moa (Pachyornis elephantopus) and stout-legged moa (Euryapteryx gravis).
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The researchers suggest all moa were probably eating a variety of plants, dominated by herbs and sub-shrubs (shrubs less than about 3 feet, or 1 meter, tall).
"Surprisingly for such large birds, over half the plants we detected in the feces were under 30 centimeters (1 foot) in height," said study researcher Jamie Wood of the University of Otago in New Zealand. "This suggests that some moa grazed on tiny herbs, in contrast to the current view of them as mainly shrub and tree browsers."
He added, "We also found many plant species that are currently threatened or rare, suggesting that the extinction of the moa has impacted their ability to reproduce or disperse."
Feces recovered in the same area likely came from other extinct birds, including the South Island goose (Cnemiornis calcitrans) and Finsch's duck (Chenonetta finschi).
"When animals shelter in caves and rock shelters, they leave feces which can survive for thousands of years if dried out," said study researcher Alan Cooper of the University of Adelaide in Australia. "Given the arid conditions, Australia should probably have similar deposits from the extinct giant marsupials. A key question for us is, 'Where has all the Australian poo gone?'"
The research is published in the December issue of the journal Quaternary Science Reviews.
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