{"id":131947,"date":"2025-03-17T10:05:00","date_gmt":"2025-03-17T08:05:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.javacodegeeks.com\/?p=131947"},"modified":"2025-03-13T14:04:22","modified_gmt":"2025-03-13T12:04:22","slug":"how-to-perform-load-testing-using-k6","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.javacodegeeks.com\/how-to-perform-load-testing-using-k6.html","title":{"rendered":"How to Perform Load Testing Using k6"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.javacodegeeks.com\/what-is-load-testing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Load testing<\/a> is a critical part of ensuring that your application can handle the expected traffic and perform well under stress. The <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/grafana\/k6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">k6<\/a> framework is a modern, open-source tool designed for load testing. It is developer-friendly, highly extensible, and allows you to write tests in JavaScript. In this article, we will explore the process of setting up k6, conducting load tests, and analyzing performance metrics.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. Setting Up k6<\/h2>\n<p>Before we can start writing and executing load tests, we need to install k6 on our system. k6 supports multiple installation methods, including package managers and Docker, making it accessible for different platforms.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1.1 Installing k6 On macOS (using Homebrew)<\/h3>\n<p>If you are using macOS, you can install k6 easily with Homebrew:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"brush:bash\">\nbrew install k6\n<\/pre>\n<p>After installation, verify that k6 is installed correctly by running:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"brush:bash\">\nk6 version\n<\/pre>\n<p>If the installation is successful, k6 will output its version number.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Writing a Basic Load Test Script<\/h2>\n<p>Once k6 is installed, we can write our first load test script. k6 scripts are written in JavaScript and allow us to simulate multiple virtual users (VUs) making HTTP requests to test an application&#8217;s performance. Let&#8217;s create a simple test script to send HTTP requests to a sample API. Create a new test script named <code>basic-test.js<\/code>:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"brush:javascript\">\nimport http from 'k6\/http';\nimport { check, sleep } from 'k6';\n\n\/\/ Define the test configuration\nexport const options = {\n  vus: 10, \/\/ Virtual Users\n  duration: '30s' \/\/ Test duration\n};\n\n\/\/ Main test function\nexport default function () {\n  \/\/ Make an HTTP GET request\n  const response = http.get('https:\/\/test-api.k6.io\/public\/crocodiles\/');\n\n  \/\/ Check if the response status is 200\n  check(response, {\n    'is status 200': (r) =&gt; r.status === 200,\n  });\n\n  \/\/ Simulate user think time\n  sleep(1);\n}\n<\/pre>\n<p>This k6 script is designed to perform a basic load test on the API endpoint <code>https:\/\/test-api.k6.io\/public\/crocodiles\/<\/code>. It defines a test scenario where <strong>10 virtual users (VUs)<\/strong> concurrently send HTTP GET requests to the specified endpoint for a duration of <strong>30 seconds<\/strong>. Each virtual user executes the <code>default<\/code> function, which makes a request, checks the response status, and then pauses for <strong>1 second<\/strong> before repeating the process.<\/p>\n<p>The <strong><code>check()<\/code><\/strong> function validates whether the HTTP response status is <strong>200 (OK)<\/strong>, ensuring that the server is responding correctly. The <strong><code>sleep(1)<\/code><\/strong> function simulates real-world behavior by introducing a brief pause between requests to mimic a user&#8217;s &#8220;think time&#8221; before sending another request.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Running the Load Test<\/h2>\n<p>Now that we have our test script, we can execute the load test using the following command:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"brush:bash\">\nk6 run basic-test.js\n<\/pre>\n<p>k6 will generate a real-time output summarizing the test execution. The output typically includes:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Test Progress<\/strong> \u2013 Displays the number of active virtual users and the test duration.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Summary Statistics<\/strong> \u2013 Includes request count, average response time, and HTTP status code checks.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Example Output<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre class=\"brush:plain\">\n     execution: local\n        script: basic-test.js\n        output: -\n\n     scenarios: (100.00%) 1 scenario, 10 max VUs, 1m0s max duration (incl. graceful stop):\n              * default: 10 looping VUs for 30s (gracefulStop: 30s)\n\n\n     \u2713 is status 200\n\n     checks.........................: 100.00% 208 out of 208\n     data_received..................: 217 kB  7.0 kB\/s\n     data_sent......................: 28 kB   915 B\/s\n     http_req_blocked...............: avg=185.76ms min=12\u00b5s     med=18\u00b5s     max=3.96s    p(90)=27\u00b5s    p(95)=286.14\u00b5s\n     http_req_connecting............: avg=11.57ms  min=0s       med=0s       max=253.06ms p(90)=0s      p(95)=0s      \n     http_req_duration..............: avg=276.31ms min=212.71ms med=249.61ms max=909.83ms p(90)=353.3ms p(95)=438.63ms\n       { expected_response:true }...: avg=276.31ms min=212.71ms med=249.61ms max=909.83ms p(90)=353.3ms p(95)=438.63ms\n     http_req_failed................: 0.00%   0 out of 208\n     http_req_receiving.............: avg=514.95\u00b5s min=106\u00b5s    med=209\u00b5s    max=16.41ms  p(90)=752.9\u00b5s p(95)=1.28ms  \n     http_req_sending...............: avg=97.15\u00b5s  min=37\u00b5s     med=58\u00b5s     max=2.06ms   p(90)=125.3\u00b5s p(95)=185.89\u00b5s\n     http_req_tls_handshaking.......: avg=38.94ms  min=0s       med=0s       max=903.19ms p(90)=0s      p(95)=0s      \n     http_req_waiting...............: avg=275.69ms min=212.43ms med=249.14ms max=909.62ms p(90)=353ms   p(95)=438.31ms\n     http_reqs......................: 208     6.716055\/s\n     iteration_duration.............: avg=1.47s    min=1.21s    med=1.25s    max=5.41s    p(90)=1.43s   p(95)=1.87s   \n     iterations.....................: 208     6.716055\/s\n     vus............................: 10      min=10         max=10\n     vus_max........................: 10      min=10         max=10\n\n\nrunning (0m31.0s), 00\/10 VUs, 208 complete and 0 interrupted iterations\ndefault \u2713 [======================================] 10 VUs  30s\n<\/pre>\n<p>This output provides real-time progress, including the number of virtual users and completed test iterations.<div style=\"display:inline-block; margin: 15px 0;\"> <div id=\"adngin-JavaCodeGeeks_incontent_video-0\" style=\"display:inline-block;\"><\/div> <\/div><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. Configuring Load Testing Scenarios<\/h2>\n<p>k6 allows us to simulate different types of load scenarios using configuration options.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4.1 Ramp-up and Ramp-down Scenario<\/h3>\n<p>We can simulate a gradual increase and decrease in traffic using <strong>stages<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"brush:javascript\">\nimport http from 'k6\/http';\nimport { check, sleep } from 'k6';\n\nexport const options = {\n  stages: [\n    { duration: '10s', target: 20 },\n    { duration: '30s', target: 50 },\n    { duration: '10s', target: 0 },\n  ],\n};\n\nexport default function () {\n  let response = http.get('https:\/\/test-api.k6.io\/public\/crocodiles\/');\n  \n  check(response, {\n    'status is 200': (r) =&gt; r.status === 200,\n  });\n\n  sleep(1);\n}\n\n<\/pre>\n<p>Unlike a constant load test, this script gradually increases and decreases the number of virtual users (VUs) over time, simulating real-world traffic patterns. The test consists of three phases: an initial ramp-up phase, a steady-state phase, and a ramp-down phase.<\/p>\n<p>The <strong><code>options<\/code><\/strong> section defines the test&#8217;s load pattern using the <code>stages<\/code> configuration. Each stage specifies a <strong>duration<\/strong> and a <strong>target number of virtual users<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The first stage (<code>{ duration: '10s', target: 20 }<\/code>) increases the number of VUs from 0 to 20 over <strong>10 seconds<\/strong>, simulating a gradual influx of users.<\/li>\n<li>The second stage (<code>{ duration: '30s', target: 50 }<\/code>) maintains a high load of <strong>50 virtual users<\/strong> for <strong>30 seconds<\/strong>, representing peak traffic.<\/li>\n<li>The final stage (<code>{ duration: '10s', target: 0 }<\/code>) gradually reduces the number of VUs back to <strong>0<\/strong> over <strong>10 seconds<\/strong>, simulating users leaving the application.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>This test helps analyze how an application handles increasing user load, whether it can sustain peak traffic, and how smoothly it recovers when load decreases. <\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4.2 Stress Testing with k6<\/h3>\n<p>Stress testing helps identify breaking points and performance bottlenecks by simulating heavy user loads. Below is an example of a heavy load simulation.<\/p>\n<pre class=\"brush:javascript\">\nexport const options = {\n  vus: 100, \n  duration: '1m', \n};\n\n<\/pre>\n<p>This test simulates 100 concurrent users for 1 minute to push the system to its limits.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4.3 Threshold-Based Performance Test<\/h3>\n<p>In this test scenario, we set a performance threshold to ensure that <strong>95% of all HTTP requests complete within 100 milliseconds<\/strong>. This helps evaluate the API&#8217;s response time under load and ensures it meets performance expectations. If the threshold is not met, k6 will mark the test as failed, indicating potential performance bottlenecks.<\/p>\n<pre class=\"brush:javascript\">\nimport http from 'k6\/http';\nimport { check, sleep } from 'k6';\n\nexport const options = {\n  thresholds: {\n    http_req_duration: ['p(95)&lt;100'], \/\/ 95% of requests should be below 100ms\n  },\n};\n\nexport default function () {\n  let response = http.get('https:\/\/test-api.k6.io\/public\/crocodiles\/');\n\n  check(response, {\n    'status is 200': (r) =&gt; r.status === 200,\n  });\n\n  sleep(1);\n}\n\n\n<\/pre>\n<p>In this test, we define <strong>thresholds<\/strong> within the <code>options<\/code> object to measure API response times. The key threshold condition <strong><code>p(95)&lt;100<\/code><\/strong> ensures that 95% of HTTP requests complete in under 100ms. If the response times exceed this limit, the test will fail, signaling performance degradation.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4.4 Testing Multiple Endpoints<\/h3>\n<p>In real-world applications, an API consists of multiple endpoints, such as user authentication, fetching data, and submitting forms. To evaluate overall system performance, we can modify our k6 script to test multiple endpoints within the same load test.<\/p>\n<pre class=\"brush:javascript\">\nimport http from 'k6\/http';\nimport { check, sleep } from 'k6';\n\nexport const options = {\n  vus: 10,\n  duration: '30s',\n};\n\nexport default function () {\n  let responses = [\n    http.get('https:\/\/test-api.k6.io\/public\/crocodiles\/'),\n    http.get('https:\/\/test-api.k6.io\/user\/login\/'),\n    http.get('https:\/\/test-api.k6.io\/posts\/')\n  ];\n\n  check(responses[0], { 'Crocodile API is OK': (r) =&gt; r.status === 200 });\n  check(responses[1], { 'Login API is OK': (r) =&gt; r.status === 200 });\n  check(responses[2], { 'Posts API is OK': (r) =&gt; r.status === 200 });\n\n  sleep(1);\n}\n\n<\/pre>\n<p>In this script, we send HTTP requests to three different API endpoints <strong>within a single test iteration<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Fetching a list of crocodiles (<code>\/public\/crocodiles\/<\/code>).<\/li>\n<li>Testing user login (<code>\/user\/login\/<\/code>).<\/li>\n<li>Retrieving posts (<code>\/posts\/<\/code>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>By running this script, we can evaluate the performance of multiple endpoints at once, helping us identify any API endpoints that may be slower or prone to failures under load.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. Analyzing Performance Metrics<\/h2>\n<p>k6 provides detailed metrics to help us analyze the performance of our application. Once a load test is executed using k6, the framework generates detailed performance metrics that help assess how well the system handles the load. We can identify performance bottlenecks by analyzing these key metrics, optimize server response times, and improve application scalability. Key metrics include:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>HTTP Request Duration<\/strong>: Time taken to complete an HTTP request.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Requests per Second (RPS)<\/strong>: Number of requests made per second.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Checks<\/strong>: Success rate of validations.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Virtual Users (VUs)<\/strong>: Number of simulated users.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Example Metrics:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong><code>http_req_duration<\/code><\/strong>: Average request duration was 50.12ms.<\/li>\n<li><strong><code>http_reqs<\/code><\/strong>: 300 requests were made at a rate of 9.96 requests per second.<\/li>\n<li><strong><code>checks<\/code><\/strong>: 100% of the checks passed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>When running a test, k6 displays real-time statistics in the command line. However, for deeper analysis, we can export the results as a JSON report using:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"brush:bash\">\nk6 run --out json=test-results.json basic-test.js\n<\/pre>\n<p>This command saves the test results in JSON format, making it easier to visualize and analyze with external tools like <a href=\"https:\/\/www.javacodegeeks.com\/2016\/12\/kubernetes-monitoring-heapster-influxdb-grafana.html\">Grafana<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6. Conclusion<\/h2>\n<p>In this article, we explored how to execute load tests using the k6 framework, covering the entire process from setting up k6 to writing and executing test scripts. We demonstrated different testing scenarios, including constant load testing, ramp-up and ramp-down load testing, and threshold-based performance testing. We also analyzed performance metrics using k6&#8217;s real-time output and JSON reports, helping identify response times, failure rates, and overall system behavior under load.<\/p>\n<p>Additionally, we extended our testing approach to handle multiple API endpoints within a single test, simulating real-world usage patterns. In conclusion, k6 is a powerful tool for executing load tests and analyzing application performance. By setting up k6, writing test scripts, and analyzing results using built-in metrics, we can ensure applications are scalable and resilient under load.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7. Download the Source Code<\/h2>\n<p>This article explored load testing using the k6 framework.<\/p>\n<div class=\"download\"><strong>Download<\/strong><br \/>\nYou can download the full source code of this example here: <a href=\"https:\/\/examples.javacodegeeks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/jacoco-parent-project.zip\"><strong>k6 framework load testing<\/strong><\/a>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Load testing is a critical part of ensuring that your application can handle the expected traffic and perform well under stress. The k6 framework is a modern, open-source tool designed for load testing. It is developer-friendly, highly extensible, and allows you to write tests in JavaScript. In this article, we will explore the process of &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":128888,"featured_media":20900,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1879],"tags":[3518,3554,3555],"class_list":["post-131947","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-javascript","tag-k6","tag-loadtesting","tag-performancetesting"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>How to Perform Load Testing Using k6 - Java Code Geeks<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn k6 framework load testing, from setup to execution, and analyze performance metrics to ensure application scalability and reliability.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.javacodegeeks.com\/how-to-perform-load-testing-using-k6.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"How to Perform Load Testing Using k6 - 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