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Sleep spindles appear during what stage?
Sleep spindles typically appear during stage 2 of non-REM sleep. They are brief bursts of brain activity that help in the consolidation of memories and are associated with the transition from light to deeper sleep.
How many hours of REM sleep do humans get a night?
On average, adults spend around 1.5 to 2 hours in REM (rapid eye movement) sleep each night, which is about 20-25% of total sleep time. REM sleep is important for cognitive function, memory consolidation, and emotional regulation.
What are the names of the stages of sleep?
During sleep, we usually pass through five phases of sleep. These stages progress in a cycle from stage 1 to rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep, then the cycle starts over again with stage 1. We spend almost 50 percent of our total sleep time in stage 2 sleep, about 20 percent in REM sleep, and the remaining 30 percent in the other stages. Infants, by contrast, spend about half of their sleep time in REM sleep. During stage 1, which is light sleep, we drift in and out of sleep and can be awakened easily. Our eyes move very slowly and muscle activity slows. People awakened from stage 1 sleep often remember fragmented visual images. Many also experience sudden muscle contractions called hypnic myoclonia, often preceded by a sensation of starting to fall. These sudden movements are similar to the "jump" we make when startled. When we enter stage 2 sleep, our eye movements stop and our brain waves (fluctuations of electrical activity that can be measured by electrodes) become slower, with occasional bursts of rapid waves called sleep spindles. In stage 3, extremely slow brain waves called delta waves begin to appear, interspersed with smaller, faster waves. By stage 4, the brain produces delta waves almost exclusively. It is very difficult to wake someone during stages 3 and 4, which together are called deep sleep. There is no eye movement or muscle activity. People awakened during deep sleep do not adjust immediately and often feel groggy and disoriented for several minutes after they wake up. Some children experience bedwetting, night terrors, or sleepwalking during deep sleep. When we switch into REM sleep, our breathing becomes more rapid, irregular, and shallow, our eyes jerk rapidly in various directions, and our limb muscles become temporarily paralyzed. Our heart rate increases, our blood pressure rises, and males develop penile erections. When people awaken during REM sleep, they often describe bizarre and illogical tales - dreams. The first REM sleep period usually occurs about 70 to 90 minutes after we fall asleep. A complete sleep cycle takes 90 to 110 minutes on average. The first sleep cycles each night contain relatively short REM periods and long periods of deep sleep. As the night progresses, REM sleep periods increase in length while deep sleep decreases. By morning, people spend nearly all their sleep time in stages 1, 2, and REM. People awakened after sleeping more than a few minutes are usually unable to recall the last few minutes before they fell asleep. This sleep-related form of amnesia is the reason people often forget telephone calls or conversations they've had in the middle of the night. It also explains why we often do not remember our alarms ringing in the morning if we go right back to sleep after turning them off1.1. http://healthjournal.upmc.com/0205/SleepPhases.htm
What does the abbreviation REM stand for in sleep research?
Restless eye movement
What part of the brain affects sleep dreams and respiration?
The brainstem, specifically the pons and medulla oblongata, play a crucial role in regulating respiration during sleep. The limbic system and prefrontal cortex are involved in the generation and processing of dreams during the rapid eye movement (REM) stage of sleep.
