Figure 1. Magnetic resonance images (sagittal slices) showing the structures of interest in this review: (a) the hippocampus and the amygdala; (b) the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and the rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC); and (c) the insular cortex. Studies of Pavlovian fear conditioning in non-humans have highlighted the importance of the amygdala in the acquisition of fear conditioning (LeDoux, 2000; LeDoux et al, 1990; Pare et al, 2004; Sananes and Davis, 1992). Similarly, functional neuroimaging studies in humans have reported amygdala activation during fear conditioning (Alvarez et al, 2008; Barrett and Armony, 2009; Buchel et al, 1998, 1999; Cheng et al, 2003, 2006; Gottfried and Dolan, 2004; Knight et al, 2004, 2005; LaBar et al, 1998: Milad et al, 2007b; Morris and Dolan, 2004; Pine et al, 2001: Tabbert et al, 2006), even when the CS is presented below perceptual thresholds (Critchley et al, 2002; Knight et al, Table 1 Summary of the Direction of Functional Neuroimaging Findings in Anxiety Disorders rACC = rostral anterior cingulate cortex; dACC = dorsal anterior cingulate cortex T =increased function in the disorder (relative to control groups). | =decreased function in the disorder (relative to control groups). Tl = mixed findings. * = based on a very small number of studies. — =too little information available.
