Figure 2 Being a single parent makes providing for a family’s basic needs even more challenging, but the cost of living is significantly less in Worcester than in Boston. Housing costs are 40 per- cent lower than in Boston, and Ms. Miller spends significantly less on child care because a license-exempt provider cares for her children at home while she is at work. This care costs about one-third of the cost of center-based care. Her transportation costs, on the other hand, are somewhat higher than the Taylors’ because she needs a car to commute to work, while public transportation is available in Boston.