Figure from:Chapter 5: The Impact of Distributed Generation and Electric Vehicles 109 Chapter 5: The Impact of Distributed Generation and Electric Vehicles 5.1 DISTRIBUTED GENERATION

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Table 5.1 Theoretical Benefits of Distributed Generation Source: U.S. Department of Energy, The Potential Benefits of Distributed Generation and Rate-Related Issues that May Impede Their Expansion: A Study Pursuant to Section 1817 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (Washington, DC, 2007); and P. Chiradeja and R. Ramakumar, “An Approach to Quantify the Technical Benefits of Distributed Generation,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 19, no. 4 (2004): 764-773. — Table 5 1 Theoretical Benefits of Distributed Generation Source: U.S. Department of Energy, The Potential Benefits of Distributed Generation and Rate-Related Issues that May Impede Their Expansion: A Study Pursuant to Section 1817 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (Washington, DC, 2007); and P. Chiradeja and R. Ramakumar, “An Approach to Quantify the Technical Benefits of Distributed Generation,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 19, no. 4 (2004): 764-773.

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Note: The voltage scales on these plots are in a normalized measure called per-unit (pu). The normalizing constant is the nominal voltage of the line, 13.8 kV in this case. The line is operating at approximately 1.026 pu, which is 14.2 kV. Figure 5.1 illustrates the significant difference in feeder voltage with and without voltage Source: ©2010 IEEE. Reprinted, with permission, from R. A. Walling and K. Clark, “Grid Support Functions Implemented in Utility-Scale PV Systems,” paper presented at the Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition, 2010 IEEE Power & Energy Society, New Orleans, LA, April 19-22, 2010.

Source: Tesla Motors Inc., “Roadster Features and Specifications,” http://www.teslamotors.com/roadster/specs; Nissan Motors Company Ltd., “Nissan Electric Leaf Car: 100% Electric. Zero Gas. Zero Tailpipe,” http://www.nissanusa.com/leaf-electric-car/; J. Wiesenfelder, “Cars.Com Field Trial: Mobile EV Quick-Charging,” Kicking Tires, July 26, 2011, http://blogs.cars.com/kickingtires/2011/07/carscom- field-trial-mobile-ev-quick-charging-.htm]l; General Motors Company, “2011 Chevrolet Volt,’ http://www.gm.com/content/gmcom/ home/vehicles/browseByBrand/baseball_cards/chevrolet/volt.html; General Motors Company, “Chevrolet Volt’s 240V Home Charging Unit Priced at $490,” press release, October 6, 2010, Detroit, MI, http://gm-volt.com/2010/10/06/gm-announces-chevrolet-volt-240v- charger-pricing-and-installation-service-provider; Toyota Motor Sales, USA, Inc., “Toyota Introduces 2012 Prius Plug-in Hybrid,” press release, September 16, 2011, Richmond, CA, http://pressroom.toyota.com/releases/toyotat+introduces+2012+prius+plug-in+hybrid.htm. Table 5.2 Representative Electric Vehicles Available in the United States by 2012 Note: “Battery Size” gives the energy storage capacity of the battery in kilowatt-hours. This parameter also provides a relative physical size of the battery—for a given battery chemistry, e.g., lithium-ion, the battery size is directly proportional to capacity. “Onboard Charger” is the power capability of the charger which is integral to the car. This is the rate at which the battery can be charged by the internal charger. “Quick Charger” is the power capability of an external (optional) charger. The quick charger can provide a more rapid charge than the internal charger, as shown by the “Charging Time” data.

Source: Projection data from Committee on Assessment of Resource Needs for Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technologies and National Research Council, Transitions to Alternative Transportation Technologies—Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2010); Daily Compilation of Presidential Documents 2011 DCPD No. 00047, p. 3 January 25, 2011); and U.S. Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Outlook 2011 (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Energy, 2011). EVs will not initially be a concern for every utility. Varying geographic density of electric vehicles will mean that some utilities or region: The impact of EVs on the electrical system depends on their market penetration. Several past and ongoing studies attempt to estimate

Figure 5.3 Power Requirement of a Single Home in the San Francisco Bay Area with and without Electric Vehicle Charging Source: Data from D. Bowermaster, “Plug-in Electric Vehicles and Their Impact: An Integrated, Multi-Stakeholder Approach,” presentation at Environmental Quality Policy Committee Meeting, League of California Cities, Sacramento, CA, January 21, 2011, http://www.cacities.org/resource_files/29491.PGEPEVIntro(2011-01-18).pdf.

Source: J. LeBrun, DTE Energy, “Plug-in Electric Vehicle Overview,” presentation at A Tale of Three Cities, webcast hosted by Intelligent Utility, January 6, 2011. Figure 5.4 Impact of Three PHEVs on Transformer Loading Electrical Vehicle Charging