Figure 3. Venn diagram of Smart Grid Technologies Figure 4. Grid modernisation (Madrigal e¢ a/, 2017) PV: Photovoltaic; DSM: Demand side management; AMI: Advanced metering infrastructure; DA: Distribution automation; TOU: Time of use; RTP: Real-time pricing; CPP: Critical peak pricing; DLC: Direct load control; RES: Renewable. Fioure 5. Smart Grid Vision and Its Pillars (Madrioal e¢ g/. 2017) Figure 7. Smart Grid Outage Management System (Folly, 2013) Additionally, Ayan & Turkay (2017) investigated the energy demand profiles for residential sector and cartied-out overview of smart plugs and smart thermostats that are currently in market and how consumers/users can use them effectively. Simulations were cartied-out to show the effect of controlling deferrable loads in the residential sector and how efficient the smart plugs and thermostats can manage the use of energy over manual and programmable plugs and also, the efficient use of a combi boiler at nome. The results of the simulations showed that some residential loads were shifted from peak hours to off-peak hours for thirty 30) days through the use of smart plugs and thermostats; and there was a reduction in peak demand up to 33.24% and also, the result showed how combi boiler can be used economical efficiently. ly and Figure 8. Demand Response Management System (Madrigal e¢ a/,, 2017) Sakthivel & Winston (2014) presented a methodology for optimal operation of smart grid to minimise the power flow fluctuations and the DC controllable loads in residential houses. Various optimization techniques were applied to minimise power flow fluctuations in smart grid and the neural network optimization technique which determines the operation method of controllable loads in order to suppress interconnection point; power flow fluctuation based on information obtained by the communications infrastructure that was applied. The power consumption in smart grid was smoothed by achieving the neutral network, which suppresses the impact of PV against the power system. Consequently, high quality power supply is expected and reduced cost by cooperative control in smart grid. + 44 47 Dolezilek & Schweitzer (2011) described the practical application of smart grid technologies as applicable to power systems. The focus of the paper was on distribution level protection and automation techniques, which was illustrated with real world scenarios. The widely use of distribution automation systems (DASs) and intelligent electronics devices (IEDs) in electric power systems as the building blocks of a smarter and more reliable grid is also widely expatiated in the paper. The paper then described various smart grid technologies applied by various utility companies such as AEP, PSE & P and Xcel Energy whick apply these technologies in different ways to meet their reliability goals; especially Xcel Energy which places additional focus on leveraging smart technologies to better inform its customers and reduce overall carbor emissions. Finally, the measurable benefits of each application demonstrate a tangible return on investment via documented business decision-making information. But the article didn’t explain the security challenges that may arise with the use of these technologies. Figure 9 illustrates monitoring and control of smart grid in power systems. Figure 9. Vision for Data Monitoring and Control (McGranaghan & Uluski, 2012) Figure 10. Design Issues for a Smart Meter System (Deputu ef a/., 2011) Figure 11. Maintenance Issues for Smart Meter System (Deputu ef a/., 2011) Figure 12. Challenges with Data Transfer for Smart Meter-System (Deputu ef a/,, 2011) Figure 10 was described as a diagram that illustrated several major design issues and constrains including the extent of technology to be included; this technology might include the kind of billing, control systems related software and other metering technology, the physical safety aspect such as positioning of the smart meter and physical strength of the structure that houses the smart meter components. He went on to say that, after deploying the required infrastructure, the next major encounter would be maintaining all the components of the network in case of any failure which Figure 11 illustrated. Besides these issues, dealing with the data transfer in the network could be another major issue which Figure 12 described.
