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Figure from:The Potential use of Natural Ventilation in Office Buildings in Tokyo.

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Figure 1.1: Tange Kenzo’ Plan of Tokyo, 1960. (Source: www.tcp-ip.or.jp)
Figure 1.1: Tange Kenzo’ Plan of Tokyo, 1960. (Source: www.tcp-ip.or.jp)
Figure 1.3: Railway network and stations. (source: Okata et al. 2005) Figure 1.2: Expansion of densely inhabited district. (source: Okata et al. 2005)
Figure 1.3: Railway network and stations. (source: Okata et al. 2005) Figure 1.2: Expansion of densely inhabited district. (source: Okata et al. 2005)
Aim of the project.
Aim of the project.
in order to answer the research questions, we will first review several litera- ure topics to put ourselves in the context of the working environment, on a slobal scale at first before narrowing the reading to the specificities of Japan, with an introduction on its defining features. Following, a context research will deeply look into challenges and opportunities of the urban, cultural and climate context with detailed observations and analysis of the small scale ouilding typology. Inspired by studies of principles and precedents, passive lesign strategies will be quantified to set various levels of interventions ap- dlicable on the problematic typology.
in order to answer the research questions, we will first review several litera- ure topics to put ourselves in the context of the working environment, on a slobal scale at first before narrowing the reading to the specificities of Japan, with an introduction on its defining features. Following, a context research will deeply look into challenges and opportunities of the urban, cultural and climate context with detailed observations and analysis of the small scale ouilding typology. Inspired by studies of principles and precedents, passive lesign strategies will be quantified to set various levels of interventions ap- dlicable on the problematic typology.
Figure 1.6: Shinjuku, the world busiest railway station with more than two million passengers every day. It also shows the greatest microclimatic anomalies of megalopolis. (Source: Picture from the author).
Figure 1.6: Shinjuku, the world busiest railway station with more than two million passengers every day. It also shows the greatest microclimatic anomalies of megalopolis. (Source: Picture from the author).
Figure 1.7: Rumoured to be the world’s busiest, this intersection in front of Shibuya Station is reflecting the intensity of the transit and commercial complexes. (Source: Picture from the author).
Figure 1.7: Rumoured to be the world’s busiest, this intersection in front of Shibuya Station is reflecting the intensity of the transit and commercial complexes. (Source: Picture from the author).
2-2 EXISTENCE & SPATIALITY, VERNACULAR AND THE OFFICE BLDG BAAe AEN D needa td tl Se ey ee eee eer Space is socially constructed based on values and the social production of meanings. Henry Lefebvre (1974)
2-2 EXISTENCE & SPATIALITY, VERNACULAR AND THE OFFICE BLDG BAAe AEN D needa td tl Se ey ee eee eer Space is socially constructed based on values and the social production of meanings. Henry Lefebvre (1974)
Figure 2.1: Japanese workers bowing to customers (Source: Wigham A. J., 2015) With an ageing population and limited workforce, Japan’s younger genera- tions may be expected to follow the same trend. If such strong cultural and economical factors are inherent to the salaryman, society and the employee himself may have a role to play in providing a better work environment: a more natural and desirable workplace that enhance environmental and human values to engage employees for their blossoming and well-being.
Figure 2.1: Japanese workers bowing to customers (Source: Wigham A. J., 2015) With an ageing population and limited workforce, Japan’s younger genera- tions may be expected to follow the same trend. If such strong cultural and economical factors are inherent to the salaryman, society and the employee himself may have a role to play in providing a better work environment: a more natural and desirable workplace that enhance environmental and human values to engage employees for their blossoming and well-being.
Figure 2.4: Entrance stone at the boundary of the Ginkakuji Temple. (Source: google). Figure 2.3: The passage by the very narrow nijiri-guchi, the most important kekkai of the tea ceremony. Villa Katsura, Shokintei tAAE. (Source: google).
Figure 2.4: Entrance stone at the boundary of the Ginkakuji Temple. (Source: google). Figure 2.3: The passage by the very narrow nijiri-guchi, the most important kekkai of the tea ceremony. Villa Katsura, Shokintei tAAE. (Source: google).
Figure 2.2: Picture of a counter, a simple grating device in wood, of about 30 to 40cm high. (Source: google).
Figure 2.2: Picture of a counter, a simple grating device in wood, of about 30 to 40cm high. (Source: google).
Figure 2.6: Traditional misu blinds, made of bamboo. (Source: google image). Figure 2.5: Picture of a traditional Japanese window. (Source: google image).
Figure 2.6: Traditional misu blinds, made of bamboo. (Source: google image). Figure 2.5: Picture of a traditional Japanese window. (Source: google image).
Figure 2.8: Traditional shdjis diffusing the daylight. (Source: google image). Figure 2.7: Traditional fusuma doors. (Source: google image).
Figure 2.8: Traditional shdjis diffusing the daylight. (Source: google image). Figure 2.7: Traditional fusuma doors. (Source: google image).
Figure 2.12: Plean view, Villa Katsura. (Source: google image).
Figure 2.12: Plean view, Villa Katsura. (Source: google image).
Figure 2.10: Interior to exterior views of the Villa Katsura. (Source: google image).
Figure 2.10: Interior to exterior views of the Villa Katsura. (Source: google image).
Figure 2.9: Bird’s eye view of the Ise Grand Shrine. (Source: google image).
Figure 2.9: Bird’s eye view of the Ise Grand Shrine. (Source: google image).
Figure 2.11: Pleasure path and service path, Villa Katsura. (Source: google) image.
Figure 2.11: Pleasure path and service path, Villa Katsura. (Source: google) image.
Figure 2.13: Antonin Raymond, summer studio, 1933. Exterior with meadow and pond, plan and section. (Source: http://sites.psu.edu/sitescapturedalive/).
Figure 2.13: Antonin Raymond, summer studio, 1933. Exterior with meadow and pond, plan and section. (Source: http://sites.psu.edu/sitescapturedalive/).
Figure 2.14: Antonin Raymond, summer studio, 1933. Raymond’s son, by the swimming pool above the runnel. (Source: http://sites.psu.edu/sitescapturedalive/).
Figure 2.14: Antonin Raymond, summer studio, 1933. Raymond’s son, by the swimming pool above the runnel. (Source: http://sites.psu.edu/sitescapturedalive/).
Figure 2.15: Antonin Raymond, summer studio, 1933. Interior, living room and dining table. (Source: http://sites.psu.edu/sitescapturedalive/).
Figure 2.15: Antonin Raymond, summer studio, 1933. Interior, living room and dining table. (Source: http://sites.psu.edu/sitescapturedalive/).
Figure 2.16: Antonin Raymond, summer studio, 1933. Interior. (Source: http://sites.psu.edu/sitescapturedalive/).
Figure 2.16: Antonin Raymond, summer studio, 1933. Interior. (Source: http://sites.psu.edu/sitescapturedalive/).
Table 2.18: Mean and standard deviation of the indoor and outdoor thermal variables in NV and AC modes, in India and Japan. 10 22... TY 1... 24 22 ANTAN
Table 2.18: Mean and standard deviation of the indoor and outdoor thermal variables in NV and AC modes, in India and Japan. 10 22... TY 1... 24 22 ANTAN
Figure 2.17: Normalised performance vs. temperatures. (Source: Seppanen et al., 2006).
Figure 2.17: Normalised performance vs. temperatures. (Source: Seppanen et al., 2006).
Adaptive opportunities.
Adaptive opportunities.
Figure 2.20: Adaptive opportunity and stress. (source: Baker, 2014) As an example from Table 2.19, an architectural office has shaded opena- ble windows, cold drinks available and a free dress code and seating is on open mesh metal chairs. The opportunities are all available except number 5. Number 7 is in conflict with the ventilation and view so we can reduce it to 0.5. The total increment is of 8°K. Taking a common neutral temperature for offices of 21°C +/-2.5°C gives an upper limit of 23.5°C on which we can add the 8°K that provides an absolute maximum of 31.5°C. Se Ee ee OE, ee BO, EM eae er eee During the twentieth century, thermal comfort was seen by engineers as a fixed neutral state which had to be maintained constant over predetermined periods by the means of pre-regulated appliances. Buildings became by such practice dependent on non-renewable energy sources and this approach is now well known to be not only costly, but also unsatisfactory. It is common- y acknowledged today in the field that occupants seeks diversified envi- ronments and achieve comfort through a dynamic process of physiological and behavioural adaptation: simple algorithms determine lower and upper imits of thermal acceptability as a function of the outdoor temperature. This modern approach has broadened the range of environmental condition perceived as acceptable, which allows more precise estimates of the ther- mal loads of buildings, followed by reduced burden on conventional energy sources such as fossil fuels. At the present time, further research involve var- ious parameters to characterise physiological and behavioural patterns, as well as adaptive opportunities, in a dynamic model for use as a design tool. Adaptive opportunities in a office buildings can be resumed by the follow- ings: openable windows, adjustable blinds, locally controllable fans, local thermal controls, workspace flexibility, shallow plan, good views, appro- priate surface finishes, daylight and task lighting backup. From Fig. 2.20 we can see that when adaptive opportunities is zero, any departure from the neutral zone causes stress. As an example from Table 2.19, an architectural office has shaded opena- ble windows, cold drinks available and a free dress code and seating is on open mesh metal chairs. The opportunities are all available except number 5. Number 7 is in conflict with the ventilation and view so we can reduce it to 0.5. The total increment is of 8°K. Taking a common neutral temperature for offices of 21°C +/-2.5°C gives an upper limit of 23.5°C on which we can add the &8oK that nronvidee an ahenhite mayvimi1m of 21 507” Creating atmosphere. Are Tate nine re TPE ral ial. aia Numerous of the vernacular features, from the spatiality symbols to the art of the Japanese Gardens (nihon teien H Ale) as well as from the Japanese habitats, can be extracted, redesigned as implemented in todays context to recreate the atmosphere of well being, increasing comfort of the senses. The shishi-odoshi ($2 L) that refers to devices made to scare away birds and beast damaging agricultures, is commonly a synonymous of the s6zu, a type of fountain used in gardens consisted of a segmented tube of bamboo pivoted to one side of its balance point, hitting a rock on one end once the tube gets filled by a trickle of water. The sharp sound (intended to star- tle animals) repeats in cycle creating an harmonious pleasant back noise. A shishi-odoshi like system could be designed as a building feature in the ur- ban environment to cover up street noises in naturally ventilated buildings. Interior finishes also could be selected with care to the local customs and tra- ditions. Balconies could be used as small gardens connecting the occupants to the outdoor in naturally ventilated buildings, giving them an extra reason to interact with their surroundings.
Figure 2.20: Adaptive opportunity and stress. (source: Baker, 2014) As an example from Table 2.19, an architectural office has shaded opena- ble windows, cold drinks available and a free dress code and seating is on open mesh metal chairs. The opportunities are all available except number 5. Number 7 is in conflict with the ventilation and view so we can reduce it to 0.5. The total increment is of 8°K. Taking a common neutral temperature for offices of 21°C +/-2.5°C gives an upper limit of 23.5°C on which we can add the 8°K that provides an absolute maximum of 31.5°C. Se Ee ee OE, ee BO, EM eae er eee During the twentieth century, thermal comfort was seen by engineers as a fixed neutral state which had to be maintained constant over predetermined periods by the means of pre-regulated appliances. Buildings became by such practice dependent on non-renewable energy sources and this approach is now well known to be not only costly, but also unsatisfactory. It is common- y acknowledged today in the field that occupants seeks diversified envi- ronments and achieve comfort through a dynamic process of physiological and behavioural adaptation: simple algorithms determine lower and upper imits of thermal acceptability as a function of the outdoor temperature. This modern approach has broadened the range of environmental condition perceived as acceptable, which allows more precise estimates of the ther- mal loads of buildings, followed by reduced burden on conventional energy sources such as fossil fuels. At the present time, further research involve var- ious parameters to characterise physiological and behavioural patterns, as well as adaptive opportunities, in a dynamic model for use as a design tool. Adaptive opportunities in a office buildings can be resumed by the follow- ings: openable windows, adjustable blinds, locally controllable fans, local thermal controls, workspace flexibility, shallow plan, good views, appro- priate surface finishes, daylight and task lighting backup. From Fig. 2.20 we can see that when adaptive opportunities is zero, any departure from the neutral zone causes stress. As an example from Table 2.19, an architectural office has shaded opena- ble windows, cold drinks available and a free dress code and seating is on open mesh metal chairs. The opportunities are all available except number 5. Number 7 is in conflict with the ventilation and view so we can reduce it to 0.5. The total increment is of 8°K. Taking a common neutral temperature for offices of 21°C +/-2.5°C gives an upper limit of 23.5°C on which we can add the &8oK that nronvidee an ahenhite mayvimi1m of 21 507” Creating atmosphere. Are Tate nine re TPE ral ial. aia Numerous of the vernacular features, from the spatiality symbols to the art of the Japanese Gardens (nihon teien H Ale) as well as from the Japanese habitats, can be extracted, redesigned as implemented in todays context to recreate the atmosphere of well being, increasing comfort of the senses. The shishi-odoshi ($2 L) that refers to devices made to scare away birds and beast damaging agricultures, is commonly a synonymous of the s6zu, a type of fountain used in gardens consisted of a segmented tube of bamboo pivoted to one side of its balance point, hitting a rock on one end once the tube gets filled by a trickle of water. The sharp sound (intended to star- tle animals) repeats in cycle creating an harmonious pleasant back noise. A shishi-odoshi like system could be designed as a building feature in the ur- ban environment to cover up street noises in naturally ventilated buildings. Interior finishes also could be selected with care to the local customs and tra- ditions. Balconies could be used as small gardens connecting the occupants to the outdoor in naturally ventilated buildings, giving them an extra reason to interact with their surroundings.
Figure 2.21: A shishi-odoshi. (source: the author).
Figure 2.21: A shishi-odoshi. (source: the author).
Figure 3.1: Map of the Yotsuya district, Tokyo. The Shinjuku-dori avenue and its surrounding of small scale office buildings and residentials. (Source: QGIS, Illustrator).
Figure 3.1: Map of the Yotsuya district, Tokyo. The Shinjuku-dori avenue and its surrounding of small scale office buildings and residentials. (Source: QGIS, Illustrator).
Figure 3.2: Artistic view of the Yotsuya district, Tokyo. The Shinjuku-dori avenue and its surrounding of small scale office buildings and residentials. (Source: author, after Google Maps and QGIS data).
Figure 3.2: Artistic view of the Yotsuya district, Tokyo. The Shinjuku-dori avenue and its surrounding of small scale office buildings and residentials. (Source: author, after Google Maps and QGIS data).
Illustration 3.3: Perspective view view of the Yotsuya district, Tokyo. (Source: author, after Apple Maps).
Illustration 3.3: Perspective view view of the Yotsuya district, Tokyo. (Source: author, after Apple Maps).
Figure 3.4: Plan view of the Yotsuya district, Tokyo. The Shinjuku-dori avenue and its surrounding of small scale office buildings and residentials. (Source: author, after Apple Maps).
Figure 3.4: Plan view of the Yotsuya district, Tokyo. The Shinjuku-dori avenue and its surrounding of small scale office buildings and residentials. (Source: author, after Apple Maps).
Figure 3.5: Perspective view of the Yotsuya district, Tokyo. The Shinjuku-dori avenue and its surrounding of small scale office buildings and residentials. (Source: author, after Apple Maps).
Figure 3.5: Perspective view of the Yotsuya district, Tokyo. The Shinjuku-dori avenue and its surrounding of small scale office buildings and residentials. (Source: author, after Apple Maps).
Figure 3.6: Paid annual leave, how it compares. Minimum entitlement based on a five-day week. (Source: author, Mc Curry, 2015).
Figure 3.6: Paid annual leave, how it compares. Minimum entitlement based on a five-day week. (Source: author, Mc Curry, 2015).
Figure 3.7: ‘The i increase in comfort temperature for diffferent air speeds. This relationship allows building professionals to predict the temperature which will be comfortable in free-running buildings by using the monthly mean outdoor temperature from meteorological records. For the Tokyo con- text as shown the buildings must be warmer than t he outdoor air in winter and cooler in summer by amounts that should be possible to achieve by passive means. A comfort zone within temperature generally are acceptable can be used to extend 2-3°C under and above this 0 In the warm and humid season, air movement wil ptimum temperature. be an important factor in determining comfort. Humphreys (1970) suggests a theoretical analysis where air velocity above 0.1 m/s and fairly constant can be equivalent to raise the comfort temperature as shown jin Fic. 3.7.
Figure 3.7: ‘The i increase in comfort temperature for diffferent air speeds. This relationship allows building professionals to predict the temperature which will be comfortable in free-running buildings by using the monthly mean outdoor temperature from meteorological records. For the Tokyo con- text as shown the buildings must be warmer than t he outdoor air in winter and cooler in summer by amounts that should be possible to achieve by passive means. A comfort zone within temperature generally are acceptable can be used to extend 2-3°C under and above this 0 In the warm and humid season, air movement wil ptimum temperature. be an important factor in determining comfort. Humphreys (1970) suggests a theoretical analysis where air velocity above 0.1 m/s and fairly constant can be equivalent to raise the comfort temperature as shown jin Fic. 3.7.
Table 3.8: Range and mean value for the 3-tiles of outdoor relative humidit (RHO) and water pressure (pa). {Cosas Naa] 930A)
Table 3.8: Range and mean value for the 3-tiles of outdoor relative humidit (RHO) and water pressure (pa). {Cosas Naa] 930A)
Figure 3.9: The effect of mean outdoor relative humidity (RHO) on comfort at differ. ent values of outdoor mean temperature. Subjects in free-running buildings in a warm climate desire a lower comfort temperature if the humidity is high (3, RH>75%) thar if it is low (1, RH<64%) but the difference from the overall comfort temperature (tota population) line is only about 1°C. (Source: Nical 92004)
Figure 3.9: The effect of mean outdoor relative humidity (RHO) on comfort at differ. ent values of outdoor mean temperature. Subjects in free-running buildings in a warm climate desire a lower comfort temperature if the humidity is high (3, RH>75%) thar if it is low (1, RH<64%) but the difference from the overall comfort temperature (tota population) line is only about 1°C. (Source: Nical 92004)
Figure 3.10: Wind rose showing prevailing winds in Tokyo. (Source: meteonorm for weather data, grasshopper for plotting
Figure 3.10: Wind rose showing prevailing winds in Tokyo. (Source: meteonorm for weather data, grasshopper for plotting
The cold season is characterised by monthly mean temperatures betweer 5.5°C to 8.0°C with daily highs of 15°C and lows of -5°C. with daily fluctu: ations of 6-9°C. Regarding comfort, no days are within the comfort range Average global radiation during this period reaches 2.7 kWh/m2 (2.5kWh, m2 for January) and the average diffuse radiation is of 1.4 kWh/m2 (1. kWh/ m2 for January ). West and East global radiation are significant before lunch between and between 16:00-18:00. Wind speeds are on average of 2.7 m/s and the wind share can seem quite well distributed, however, applying conditions to know the prevailing winc direction when outdoor temperature is above 20°C, relative humidity be tween 30% and 75% and air velocities above 2 m/s, we can see in Fig. 3.1¢ that winds from North to North-East are largely predominant. Such charac teristics should be reminded when dealing with comfort natural ventilatior strategies. Figure 3.11: Sky domes for the winter season in Tokyo showing total radiation, diffused radiation and direct radiation in kWh/m2. (Source: meteonorm for weather data, grasshopper for plotting).
The cold season is characterised by monthly mean temperatures betweer 5.5°C to 8.0°C with daily highs of 15°C and lows of -5°C. with daily fluctu: ations of 6-9°C. Regarding comfort, no days are within the comfort range Average global radiation during this period reaches 2.7 kWh/m2 (2.5kWh, m2 for January) and the average diffuse radiation is of 1.4 kWh/m2 (1. kWh/ m2 for January ). West and East global radiation are significant before lunch between and between 16:00-18:00. Wind speeds are on average of 2.7 m/s and the wind share can seem quite well distributed, however, applying conditions to know the prevailing winc direction when outdoor temperature is above 20°C, relative humidity be tween 30% and 75% and air velocities above 2 m/s, we can see in Fig. 3.1¢ that winds from North to North-East are largely predominant. Such charac teristics should be reminded when dealing with comfort natural ventilatior strategies. Figure 3.11: Sky domes for the winter season in Tokyo showing total radiation, diffused radiation and direct radiation in kWh/m2. (Source: meteonorm for weather data, grasshopper for plotting).
Figure 3.12: Radiation roses for the winter season in Tokyo showing total radiation, diffused radiation and direct radiation in kWh/mz2. (Source: meteonorm for weather data, grasshopper for plotting).
Figure 3.12: Radiation roses for the winter season in Tokyo showing total radiation, diffused radiation and direct radiation in kWh/mz2. (Source: meteonorm for weather data, grasshopper for plotting).
—_— ee eS Figure 3.13: Wind roses for the winter season in Tokyo showing wind velocities above 2 m/s, for air temperature above 206 °C, relative humidity be- tween 30% and 75% for the working hours of 08:00 to 20:00. (Source: meteonorm for weather data, grasshopper for plotting).
—_— ee eS Figure 3.13: Wind roses for the winter season in Tokyo showing wind velocities above 2 m/s, for air temperature above 206 °C, relative humidity be- tween 30% and 75% for the working hours of 08:00 to 20:00. (Source: meteonorm for weather data, grasshopper for plotting).
Figure 3.14: Sky domes for the warm-humid season in Tokyo showing total radiation, diffused radiation and direct radiation in kWh/m2. (Source: meteonorm for weather data, grasshopper for plotting).
Figure 3.14: Sky domes for the warm-humid season in Tokyo showing total radiation, diffused radiation and direct radiation in kWh/m2. (Source: meteonorm for weather data, grasshopper for plotting).
Figure 3.15: Radiation roses for the warm-humid season in Tokyo showing total radiation, diffused radiation and direct radiation in kWh/m2. (Source: meteonorm for weather data, grasshopper for plotting).
Figure 3.15: Radiation roses for the warm-humid season in Tokyo showing total radiation, diffused radiation and direct radiation in kWh/m2. (Source: meteonorm for weather data, grasshopper for plotting).
Figure 3.16: Wind roses for the warm humid season in Tokyo showing wind velocities above 2 m/s, for air temperature above 20°C, relative humidity between 30% and 75% for the working hours of 08:00 to 20:00. (Source: meteonorm for weather data, grasshopper for plotting).
Figure 3.16: Wind roses for the warm humid season in Tokyo showing wind velocities above 2 m/s, for air temperature above 20°C, relative humidity between 30% and 75% for the working hours of 08:00 to 20:00. (Source: meteonorm for weather data, grasshopper for plotting).
Figure 3.18: Psychometric chart for the warm humid season with suggested boundaries of outdoor tem- perature and humidity within which indoor comfort during occupancy hours can be provided by natural ventilation assuming an air speed of 2 m/s. (Source: Meteonorm for weather data, Psychometric Chart - 2010.xls for plotting). Comfort ventilation is applicable in Tokyo in the mid seasons and summ« when the outdoor maximum temperature does not exceed 30°C, if assun ing indoor air speed of 1.5 to 2.0 m/s: after the equation Tc = 0.534To + 12.9 and the acceptable comfort zone « +2°C (acclimation) -1°C (for high humidity levels) and +2°C with sufficier indoor air speed, we have in August 0.534 * 27.6°C + 12.9 = 27.6, adding 1° and 2°C we have a maximum outdoor temperature of 30.6°C or reasonab] 30°C where comfort ventilation is in theory applicable. Figure 3.18 shows the suggested boundaries (in green) of the outdoor ten perature and humidity within which indoor comfort an be provided by na ural ventilation, during the day in the warm humid season, with an indoc air speed of about 2 m/s. The orange dots represent hours of occupanc (08:00 to 20:00) in the warm humid season (June to September included). W can see that during that period, comfort by ventilation can be achievable i a large amount of occupied hours: -either the humidity levels are to high but the temperatures are within con fort. Lower ventilation rate and mechanical dehumidifier (widely availab! in Japan) could help in reducing the indoor humidity. -or the outdoor temperature is above 30°C. Closing the building’s envelor and using mechanical cooling can be a solution for the few working hou1 ait at the camfart hnawndariec
Figure 3.18: Psychometric chart for the warm humid season with suggested boundaries of outdoor tem- perature and humidity within which indoor comfort during occupancy hours can be provided by natural ventilation assuming an air speed of 2 m/s. (Source: Meteonorm for weather data, Psychometric Chart - 2010.xls for plotting). Comfort ventilation is applicable in Tokyo in the mid seasons and summ« when the outdoor maximum temperature does not exceed 30°C, if assun ing indoor air speed of 1.5 to 2.0 m/s: after the equation Tc = 0.534To + 12.9 and the acceptable comfort zone « +2°C (acclimation) -1°C (for high humidity levels) and +2°C with sufficier indoor air speed, we have in August 0.534 * 27.6°C + 12.9 = 27.6, adding 1° and 2°C we have a maximum outdoor temperature of 30.6°C or reasonab] 30°C where comfort ventilation is in theory applicable. Figure 3.18 shows the suggested boundaries (in green) of the outdoor ten perature and humidity within which indoor comfort an be provided by na ural ventilation, during the day in the warm humid season, with an indoc air speed of about 2 m/s. The orange dots represent hours of occupanc (08:00 to 20:00) in the warm humid season (June to September included). W can see that during that period, comfort by ventilation can be achievable i a large amount of occupied hours: -either the humidity levels are to high but the temperatures are within con fort. Lower ventilation rate and mechanical dehumidifier (widely availab! in Japan) could help in reducing the indoor humidity. -or the outdoor temperature is above 30°C. Closing the building’s envelor and using mechanical cooling can be a solution for the few working hou1 ait at the camfart hnawndariec
Figure 3.19: Psychometric chart for the mid seasons with suggested boundaries of outdoor temperature and humidity within which indoor comfort can be provided during occupancy hours by natural ventila- tion assuming an air speed of 2 m/s. (Source: Meteonorm for weather data, Psychometric Chart - 2010.xls for plotting). Regarding the mid seasons, Fig. 3.19 only a few hours, approximately 41 hours out of 1196, show humidity levels beyond comfort. During those brief hours out of the ordinary time, adaptive opportunities can extend the boundaries of the comfort zone and thus, no mechanical systems are needed for the mid seasons. For the time where outdoor temperatures are to low, space heating or passive internal and solar gains control is suggested.
Figure 3.19: Psychometric chart for the mid seasons with suggested boundaries of outdoor temperature and humidity within which indoor comfort can be provided during occupancy hours by natural ventila- tion assuming an air speed of 2 m/s. (Source: Meteonorm for weather data, Psychometric Chart - 2010.xls for plotting). Regarding the mid seasons, Fig. 3.19 only a few hours, approximately 41 hours out of 1196, show humidity levels beyond comfort. During those brief hours out of the ordinary time, adaptive opportunities can extend the boundaries of the comfort zone and thus, no mechanical systems are needed for the mid seasons. For the time where outdoor temperatures are to low, space heating or passive internal and solar gains control is suggested.
Figure 3.20: Effect of fly screens on indoor air speed, percent of outdoor air speed at the same level. (Source: Givoni, 1994) Fly screens.
Figure 3.20: Effect of fly screens on indoor air speed, percent of outdoor air speed at the same level. (Source: Givoni, 1994) Fly screens.
WITH A LARGE MAJORITY COMPOSED OF A RC STRUC- TURE, THEY SHOW SIMILAR CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES WHICH ALLOWS ~~ SIMPLE REFURBISHMENT SYSTEMS TO BE DESIGNED, THE PRESENT TREND OF PROVIDING OCCUPANTS WITH CLEAN WHITE INDOOR FINISHES IS REFLECTED IN THE USE OF GYPSUM BOARDS WHICH ARE FAST AND EASY TO ASSEMBLE. THE EXTERIOR FINISHES, ON THE COUNTRARY ARE EFFECTIVE TO SHOW SIN- GULARITY: TILES APPLIED ON MORTAR IS THE MOST POPULAR CHOICE. GREAT VARIATIONS IN COLOURS AND ROUGHNESS AVAILA- BLE! Re BS oe Se
WITH A LARGE MAJORITY COMPOSED OF A RC STRUC- TURE, THEY SHOW SIMILAR CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES WHICH ALLOWS ~~ SIMPLE REFURBISHMENT SYSTEMS TO BE DESIGNED, THE PRESENT TREND OF PROVIDING OCCUPANTS WITH CLEAN WHITE INDOOR FINISHES IS REFLECTED IN THE USE OF GYPSUM BOARDS WHICH ARE FAST AND EASY TO ASSEMBLE. THE EXTERIOR FINISHES, ON THE COUNTRARY ARE EFFECTIVE TO SHOW SIN- GULARITY: TILES APPLIED ON MORTAR IS THE MOST POPULAR CHOICE. GREAT VARIATIONS IN COLOURS AND ROUGHNESS AVAILA- BLE! Re BS oe Se
SPACE FOR OFFICE USE: 50Z,
SPACE FOR OFFICE USE: 50Z,
Figure 3.21: Building facades of the Yotsuya district on the Shinjuku-Dori avenue. (Source: the author).
Figure 3.21: Building facades of the Yotsuya district on the Shinjuku-Dori avenue. (Source: the author).
Figure 3.22: Building facades of the Yotsuya district on the Shinjuku-Dori avenue. (Source: the author).
Figure 3.22: Building facades of the Yotsuya district on the Shinjuku-Dori avenue. (Source: the author).
Figure 3.24: Building facades of the Yotsuya district on the Shinjuku-Dori avenue. (Source: the author).
Figure 3.24: Building facades of the Yotsuya district on the Shinjuku-Dori avenue. (Source: the author).
Regarding the DA, we can notice a quite better daylight penetration in the last two cases than in the 40% ratio case. No significant differences can be seen between the 70% and 90% ratios. Looking at UDI levels under 100 Lux, there is again a great difference in the daylight penetration in the middle of the plan, the light levels are also more gradual with less contrast. The narrow plan also shows good results. Focusing on UDI levels above 2000 Lux, glare risks can be noticed in all case near windows. This is an issue that causes occupants near the windows to use blinds that limits daylight penetration for other occupants. Those results show that for an unobstructed floor with 70% glazing ratio or more, depending on the building and its windows orientation, the occupant can potentially work for about 60% of the year by daylight alone in more than two third of the floor area.
Regarding the DA, we can notice a quite better daylight penetration in the last two cases than in the 40% ratio case. No significant differences can be seen between the 70% and 90% ratios. Looking at UDI levels under 100 Lux, there is again a great difference in the daylight penetration in the middle of the plan, the light levels are also more gradual with less contrast. The narrow plan also shows good results. Focusing on UDI levels above 2000 Lux, glare risks can be noticed in all case near windows. This is an issue that causes occupants near the windows to use blinds that limits daylight penetration for other occupants. Those results show that for an unobstructed floor with 70% glazing ratio or more, depending on the building and its windows orientation, the occupant can potentially work for about 60% of the year by daylight alone in more than two third of the floor area.
Figure 3.31: Annual sunpath and shadow ranges for July. (Source: Ecotect Analysis 2011).
Figure 3.31: Annual sunpath and shadow ranges for July. (Source: Ecotect Analysis 2011).
Figure 3.32: South and East insolation levels, July daily average. (source: Ecotect Analysis 2011) Using the software Ecotect Analysis 2011, studies of received solar radiation on different orientation of facade walls show quite high levels of insola- tion in the working hours of July. Depending on the urban block and build- ings orientation, different facades should be prioritised when considering designing windows and shading devices. Southern facades receive in July between 08:00 and 20:00 over 2.5 kWh on daily average, if not obstructed. The Northern facades also receive considerable amount of radiation due to the high solar angle and accounted diffuse radiation. This will help us in estimating incident solar radiation on facade windows for the first thermal analysis.
Figure 3.32: South and East insolation levels, July daily average. (source: Ecotect Analysis 2011) Using the software Ecotect Analysis 2011, studies of received solar radiation on different orientation of facade walls show quite high levels of insola- tion in the working hours of July. Depending on the urban block and build- ings orientation, different facades should be prioritised when considering designing windows and shading devices. Southern facades receive in July between 08:00 and 20:00 over 2.5 kWh on daily average, if not obstructed. The Northern facades also receive considerable amount of radiation due to the high solar angle and accounted diffuse radiation. This will help us in estimating incident solar radiation on facade windows for the first thermal analysis.
Figure 3.35: AC energy per month for 100 m2 (kWh). (Source: Meteonorm and Grasshopper). Simulation using the plug-in Ladybug on Grasshopper for Rhino 3D provide us with data allowing AC energy production estimation from photovoltaics panels. For a rooftop covered with an area of 100 m2, about 14123 kWh per year can be produce in Tokyo with an angle of 30° with an average daily of 77.5 kWh.
Figure 3.35: AC energy per month for 100 m2 (kWh). (Source: Meteonorm and Grasshopper). Simulation using the plug-in Ladybug on Grasshopper for Rhino 3D provide us with data allowing AC energy production estimation from photovoltaics panels. For a rooftop covered with an area of 100 m2, about 14123 kWh per year can be produce in Tokyo with an angle of 30° with an average daily of 77.5 kWh.
Figure 3.36: Daily AC energy per month for 100 m2 (kWh) (Source: Meteonorm and Grasshopper).
Figure 3.36: Daily AC energy per month for 100 m2 (kWh) (Source: Meteonorm and Grasshopper).
Figure 3.37: edsl-TAS geometry. (Source: edsl-TAS). In July, heat losses through the envelope are minimal, and solar gains not to neglect. Infiltration and ventilation on the other hand increase the in- door temperature on warm sunny days. Therefor, the cooling loads differ between the two zones mainly due to the different solar gains, as other pa- rameters are stabile. From the weekly typical week results, we can see the rapid increase in indoor temperature as the sun rises and occupants arrive. Appropriated shading would likely reduce the hourly cooling loads. Also, a thermostat scheduled to less hours could also help in very hot days in pro- viding comfortable conditions with less energy consumption. Natural ven- tilation when outdoor temperatures are under 30cC and air-conditioning for higher temperatures is an adaptive and suitable approach. The night hours and the weekend situation also helps in understanding the performances: the envelope prevents temperature fluctuations; adapted use of the thermal mass and night ventilation, even if not enough to provide indoor comfort (because of the still relatively high night temperatures, the high night hu- midity levels and lower wind velocities) could still reduce the indoor tem- perature by around 7°C, thus reducing the cooling loads.
Figure 3.37: edsl-TAS geometry. (Source: edsl-TAS). In July, heat losses through the envelope are minimal, and solar gains not to neglect. Infiltration and ventilation on the other hand increase the in- door temperature on warm sunny days. Therefor, the cooling loads differ between the two zones mainly due to the different solar gains, as other pa- rameters are stabile. From the weekly typical week results, we can see the rapid increase in indoor temperature as the sun rises and occupants arrive. Appropriated shading would likely reduce the hourly cooling loads. Also, a thermostat scheduled to less hours could also help in very hot days in pro- viding comfortable conditions with less energy consumption. Natural ven- tilation when outdoor temperatures are under 30cC and air-conditioning for higher temperatures is an adaptive and suitable approach. The night hours and the weekend situation also helps in understanding the performances: the envelope prevents temperature fluctuations; adapted use of the thermal mass and night ventilation, even if not enough to provide indoor comfort (because of the still relatively high night temperatures, the high night hu- midity levels and lower wind velocities) could still reduce the indoor tem- perature by around 7°C, thus reducing the cooling loads.
Winter cold week, external temperature and humidity, zone 1 and 2 temperature, solar radiations and cooling loads. Vinter sunny day, 9, external temperature and hu- lidity, zone 1 and 2 temperature, solar radiations nd cooling loads. Winter sunny day heat transfer breakdown.
Winter cold week, external temperature and humidity, zone 1 and 2 temperature, solar radiations and cooling loads. Vinter sunny day, 9, external temperature and hu- lidity, zone 1 and 2 temperature, solar radiations nd cooling loads. Winter sunny day heat transfer breakdown.
Winter cloudy day heat transfer breakdown.
Winter cloudy day heat transfer breakdown.
Winter cloudy day, 23, external temperature and hu- midity, zone 1 and 2 temperature, solar radiations and cooling loads.
Winter cloudy day, 23, external temperature and hu- midity, zone 1 and 2 temperature, solar radiations and cooling loads.
Summer warm week, external temperature and humidity, zone 1 and 2 temperature, solar radiations and cooling loads. Summer sunny day, 212, external temperature and humidity, zone 1 and 2 temperature, solar radiations and cooling loads. Summer sunny day, heat transfer breakdown.
Summer warm week, external temperature and humidity, zone 1 and 2 temperature, solar radiations and cooling loads. Summer sunny day, 212, external temperature and humidity, zone 1 and 2 temperature, solar radiations and cooling loads. Summer sunny day, heat transfer breakdown.
Summer cloudy day, heat transfer breakdown.
Summer cloudy day, heat transfer breakdown.
Zone 1: Tc= 2763 kWh 1.35 Tons of co2 - Cooling: 1869 kWh, 0.91Ton Zone 2: Tc= 1311 kWh 0.63 Ton of co2 - Cooling: 864 kWh, 0.42 Ton
Zone 1: Tc= 2763 kWh 1.35 Tons of co2 - Cooling: 1869 kWh, 0.91Ton Zone 2: Tc= 1311 kWh 0.63 Ton of co2 - Cooling: 864 kWh, 0.42 Ton
Summer cloudy day, 206, external temperature and humidity, zone 1 and 2 temperature, solar radiations and cooling loads.
Summer cloudy day, 206, external temperature and humidity, zone 1 and 2 temperature, solar radiations and cooling loads.
Figure 4.3: Traditional joint, “column - four beams”. (Source: Amino. 2004). in recent projects we see various adaptation of the traditional Japanese joint systems. Configurations allowing continuous beams to penetrate columns centre such as layering planks to create columns and beams fastened by bolts or metal elements where the bending moment disappears, without any sophisticated joint manufacture can enable a ductile structure (Fig. 4.4 and 4.5). Even if the form, materiality and joints do not follow the tradition, structural design can be inspired by traditional concepts. Figure 4.2: Kita House, 19th « Ishikawa. (Source: Amino, 2004).
Figure 4.3: Traditional joint, “column - four beams”. (Source: Amino. 2004). in recent projects we see various adaptation of the traditional Japanese joint systems. Configurations allowing continuous beams to penetrate columns centre such as layering planks to create columns and beams fastened by bolts or metal elements where the bending moment disappears, without any sophisticated joint manufacture can enable a ductile structure (Fig. 4.4 and 4.5). Even if the form, materiality and joints do not follow the tradition, structural design can be inspired by traditional concepts. Figure 4.2: Kita House, 19th « Ishikawa. (Source: Amino, 2004).
Figure 4.5: Structural details, house in nailed planks post-beam. (Source: Amino, 2004). The contrasted perspective of the Japanese tradition and modernity allows the reflection about local architecture and, the coexistence of inevitable glob- al standardisation and local tradition. The objective approach widening out knowledge should be continued. Technical and architectural development must be reversible and accumula- ern aad cimoles wat Geeaxvzordnhla and ermnlantiing Figure 4.4: Structural details, house in nailed planks post-beam. (Source: Amino, 2004).
Figure 4.5: Structural details, house in nailed planks post-beam. (Source: Amino, 2004). The contrasted perspective of the Japanese tradition and modernity allows the reflection about local architecture and, the coexistence of inevitable glob- al standardisation and local tradition. The objective approach widening out knowledge should be continued. Technical and architectural development must be reversible and accumula- ern aad cimoles wat Geeaxvzordnhla and ermnlantiing Figure 4.4: Structural details, house in nailed planks post-beam. (Source: Amino, 2004).
Figure 4.6: Tea pavilion, La Tour de Pelz, Switzerland, architect; Amino Yoshiaki. (Source: Amino, 2004). Figure 4.7: Joint details for free standing columns, Tea Pavilion. (Source: Amino, 2004). Overview.
Figure 4.6: Tea pavilion, La Tour de Pelz, Switzerland, architect; Amino Yoshiaki. (Source: Amino, 2004). Figure 4.7: Joint details for free standing columns, Tea Pavilion. (Source: Amino, 2004). Overview.
All ventilation systems, air-conditioning and equipments send data feed- back to BEMS (Building Energy Management System). Also, solar panels are placed on the rooftop and natural ventilation combined with natural lighting reduces by 20% the energy loads, while all systems together reduce the loads by 35%. Figure 4.10: Sekisui House Kudan Building, floor plan. (Source: Kajima Kensetsu, 2003) Environment consideration techniques.
All ventilation systems, air-conditioning and equipments send data feed- back to BEMS (Building Energy Management System). Also, solar panels are placed on the rooftop and natural ventilation combined with natural lighting reduces by 20% the energy loads, while all systems together reduce the loads by 35%. Figure 4.10: Sekisui House Kudan Building, floor plan. (Source: Kajima Kensetsu, 2003) Environment consideration techniques.
Figure 4.8: Sekisui House Kudan Building in central To- kyo. (Source: Kajima Kensetsu, 2003).
Figure 4.8: Sekisui House Kudan Building in central To- kyo. (Source: Kajima Kensetsu, 2003).
Figure 4.9: Sekisui House Kudan Building, interior view of the office space. (Source: Kajima Kensetsu, 2003). Outside air enters through the double skin, crosses the office spaces (Fig. 4.9, 4.10 and 4.12) and exits by stack effect through the void eco-shaft and top-light. Air flow is controlled by computers, which adjust the movable windows. Humidity and air velocity is controlled by sensors, and the need for artificial lighting and air-conditioning is regulated. Low-E glass is said to allow the light in but not the external heat.
Figure 4.9: Sekisui House Kudan Building, interior view of the office space. (Source: Kajima Kensetsu, 2003). Outside air enters through the double skin, crosses the office spaces (Fig. 4.9, 4.10 and 4.12) and exits by stack effect through the void eco-shaft and top-light. Air flow is controlled by computers, which adjust the movable windows. Humidity and air velocity is controlled by sensors, and the need for artificial lighting and air-conditioning is regulated. Low-E glass is said to allow the light in but not the external heat.
Critical analysis. The building focuses on reducing energy loads by a double skin facade, a stack effect system and a computer control of the systems. Research is on reducing the cooling equipment use instead of erasing it. There is poor con- sideration to the type of office work and occupancy, the flexibility level of the occupants is close to zero and the one of the buildings very low. Looking at the energy breakdown from the study reveals a reduction of the air-con- ditioning use for cooling although the use for heating is higher than on the base case. More than 35% of reduction is surely achievable with a deeper application of the sustainable environmental design principles. Figure 4.11: Energy loads breakdown in MJ/m2.year, with and without the use of systems: -Blue: mechanical heating -Green: mechanical cooling -Orange: hot water -Yellow: lighting -Grey: others (source: Kajima Kensetsu, 2003)
Critical analysis. The building focuses on reducing energy loads by a double skin facade, a stack effect system and a computer control of the systems. Research is on reducing the cooling equipment use instead of erasing it. There is poor con- sideration to the type of office work and occupancy, the flexibility level of the occupants is close to zero and the one of the buildings very low. Looking at the energy breakdown from the study reveals a reduction of the air-con- ditioning use for cooling although the use for heating is higher than on the base case. More than 35% of reduction is surely achievable with a deeper application of the sustainable environmental design principles. Figure 4.11: Energy loads breakdown in MJ/m2.year, with and without the use of systems: -Blue: mechanical heating -Green: mechanical cooling -Orange: hot water -Yellow: lighting -Grey: others (source: Kajima Kensetsu, 2003)
Figure 4.12: Sekisui House Kudan Building, section plan. (source: Kajima Kensetsu, 2003)
Figure 4.12: Sekisui House Kudan Building, section plan. (source: Kajima Kensetsu, 2003)
rent Figure 4.13: Street view of the building facade nid- (Source: Kono Design). ane
rent Figure 4.13: Street view of the building facade nid- (Source: Kono Design). ane
Figure 4.15: Meeting room view. (Source: Kono Design).
Figure 4.15: Meeting room view. (Source: Kono Design).
Speaking about the structure, balconies shade and insulate the interior al- lowing 30% of energy use reduction: internal gains due to the very high use of artificial lighting is not mentioned in reviews. The computer controlled lighting system, the automatic irrigation system and the intelligent climate control system (controlling temperatures, humid- ( ity levels and air velocities) are set to provide comfort for occupants during working hours and to allow plants to grow in night hours. Figure 4.14: Employees harvesting (Source: Kono Design).
Speaking about the structure, balconies shade and insulate the interior al- lowing 30% of energy use reduction: internal gains due to the very high use of artificial lighting is not mentioned in reviews. The computer controlled lighting system, the automatic irrigation system and the intelligent climate control system (controlling temperatures, humid- ( ity levels and air velocities) are set to provide comfort for occupants during working hours and to allow plants to grow in night hours. Figure 4.14: Employees harvesting (Source: Kono Design).
Figure 5.2: N-S orientation, 90% glazing ratio and light shelves, UDI -100 lux. (Source: Radiance on Grasshopper). Figure 5.1: N-S orientation, 90% glazing ratio and light shelves, DA +300 lux. (Source: Radiance on Grasshopper).
Figure 5.2: N-S orientation, 90% glazing ratio and light shelves, UDI -100 lux. (Source: Radiance on Grasshopper). Figure 5.1: N-S orientation, 90% glazing ratio and light shelves, DA +300 lux. (Source: Radiance on Grasshopper).
Figure 5.3: N-S orientation, 90% glazing ratio and light shelves, UDI +2000 lux. (Source: Radiance on Grasshopper).
Figure 5.3: N-S orientation, 90% glazing ratio and light shelves, UDI +2000 lux. (Source: Radiance on Grasshopper).
a IR I aaa ‘he following strategies are developed to improve daylighting condition: vith the following consideration: artificial lighting heat gains could be reduced by adequate design of the yuildings openings. artificial and daylighting qualities could be improved by limiting glare anc oftening the contrasts of different lux levels. nternal blinds, which are the most widely used shading devices in Tokyo yrevent occupants from the outside view, decreases the daylight penetratior ind result in internal solar heat gains as well as artificial lighting use als« esponsible for a large amount of heat. The first strategy introduced here is the use of light shelves which allow views, prevent unwanted solar penetration and which is well suited for d t eep plans. Figure 5.1-5.3 show the daylight autonomy and UDI levels for a glazing ratio of 90%. Compared with the analysis of 3-2 Daylighting anal- ysis, 90% glazing ratio, we can observe a better daylight penetration into he deep plans. The UDI values above 2000 lux show reduced glare risks near the openings, as direct solar exposure is avoided. Finally, the DA shows a more gradual variation between different levels. Natural daylighting is t herefor available for a longer time in the year, and better distributed.
a IR I aaa ‘he following strategies are developed to improve daylighting condition: vith the following consideration: artificial lighting heat gains could be reduced by adequate design of the yuildings openings. artificial and daylighting qualities could be improved by limiting glare anc oftening the contrasts of different lux levels. nternal blinds, which are the most widely used shading devices in Tokyo yrevent occupants from the outside view, decreases the daylight penetratior ind result in internal solar heat gains as well as artificial lighting use als« esponsible for a large amount of heat. The first strategy introduced here is the use of light shelves which allow views, prevent unwanted solar penetration and which is well suited for d t eep plans. Figure 5.1-5.3 show the daylight autonomy and UDI levels for a glazing ratio of 90%. Compared with the analysis of 3-2 Daylighting anal- ysis, 90% glazing ratio, we can observe a better daylight penetration into he deep plans. The UDI values above 2000 lux show reduced glare risks near the openings, as direct solar exposure is avoided. Finally, the DA shows a more gradual variation between different levels. Natural daylighting is t herefor available for a longer time in the year, and better distributed.
The second strategy is inspired by the vernacular tradition. The indoor use of a rice paper layer on sliding panels, shoji, is tested to improve the light uniformity and quality: smooth diffused light and projecting shadows help to create an architectural atmosphere well appreciated.
The second strategy is inspired by the vernacular tradition. The indoor use of a rice paper layer on sliding panels, shoji, is tested to improve the light uniformity and quality: smooth diffused light and projecting shadows help to create an architectural atmosphere well appreciated.
Figure 5.6: N-S orientation, 90% glazing ratio and shoji, UDI +2000 lux. (Source: Radiance on Grasshopper).
Figure 5.6: N-S orientation, 90% glazing ratio and shoji, UDI +2000 lux. (Source: Radiance on Grasshopper).
Figure 5.4: N-S orientation, 90% glazing ratio and shoji, DA +300 lux. (Source: Radiance on Grasshopper).
Figure 5.4: N-S orientation, 90% glazing ratio and shoji, DA +300 lux. (Source: Radiance on Grasshopper).
Figure 5.5: N-S orientation, 90% glazing rati and shoji, UDI -100 lux. (Source: Radiance on Grasshopper).
Figure 5.5: N-S orientation, 90% glazing rati and shoji, UDI -100 lux. (Source: Radiance on Grasshopper).
Figure 5.8: N-S orientation, 90% glazing ratio light shelves and shoji, UDI -100 lux. (Source: Radiance on Grasshopper). Figure 5.7: N-S orientation, 90% glazing ratio light shelves and shoji, DA +300 lux. (Source: Radiance on Grasshopper).
Figure 5.8: N-S orientation, 90% glazing ratio light shelves and shoji, UDI -100 lux. (Source: Radiance on Grasshopper). Figure 5.7: N-S orientation, 90% glazing ratio light shelves and shoji, DA +300 lux. (Source: Radiance on Grasshopper).
Figure 5.9: N-S orientation, 90% glazing ratio light shelves and shoji, UDI +2000 lux. (Source: Radiance on Grasshopper).
Figure 5.9: N-S orientation, 90% glazing ratio light shelves and shoji, UDI +2000 lux. (Source: Radiance on Grasshopper).
Daylight parametric studies: shoji and light shelves. Finally the two strategies are tested together to give the the best results. The UDI -100 results show very good illuminance levels in two third of the floor space, and opening the shojis can allow even more penetration. The UDI +2000 shows reduced glare risks, and more gradient light levels. As this option is customisable and provide good conditions for about 70% of the working hours in the year, it is favourable.
Daylight parametric studies: shoji and light shelves. Finally the two strategies are tested together to give the the best results. The UDI -100 results show very good illuminance levels in two third of the floor space, and opening the shojis can allow even more penetration. The UDI +2000 shows reduced glare risks, and more gradient light levels. As this option is customisable and provide good conditions for about 70% of the working hours in the year, it is favourable.
Figure 5.10: Summer warm week, external temperatures, global and diffused radiation, solar gains base case and shade. (Source: edsl-TAS, Illustrator). However, the shading elements must be designed for the mid and warm humid seasons, as solar gains may be desirable in cold winter days.
Figure 5.10: Summer warm week, external temperatures, global and diffused radiation, solar gains base case and shade. (Source: edsl-TAS, Illustrator). However, the shading elements must be designed for the mid and warm humid seasons, as solar gains may be desirable in cold winter days.
Figure 5.11: Summer warm week, base case zone 1 and 2 cooling loads, shaded zone 1 and 2 cooling loads. (Source: edsl-TAS, Illustrator).
Figure 5.11: Summer warm week, base case zone 1 and 2 cooling loads, shaded zone 1 and 2 cooling loads. (Source: edsl-TAS, Illustrator).
Figure 5.12: Summer warm week, external temperatures, zone 1 base case and night ventilation temperatures, global and diffused radiation. (Source: edsl-TAS, Illustrator). Thermal parametric studies: night ventilation.
Figure 5.12: Summer warm week, external temperatures, zone 1 base case and night ventilation temperatures, global and diffused radiation. (Source: edsl-TAS, Illustrator). Thermal parametric studies: night ventilation.
Figure 5.13: Summer warm week, zone 1 and 2 base case and night ventilation cooling loads. (Source: edsl-TAS, Illustrator).
Figure 5.13: Summer warm week, zone 1 and 2 base case and night ventilation cooling loads. (Source: edsl-TAS, Illustrator).
Figure 5.14: Summer warm week, external temperatures, zone 1 and 2 temperature base case without air-conditioning, zone | and 2 temperature with natural ventilation (maximum indoor air velocity 5 m/s), zone 1 and 2 ventilation rate. (Source: edsl-TAS, Illustrator).
Figure 5.14: Summer warm week, external temperatures, zone 1 and 2 temperature base case without air-conditioning, zone | and 2 temperature with natural ventilation (maximum indoor air velocity 5 m/s), zone 1 and 2 ventilation rate. (Source: edsl-TAS, Illustrator).
Figure 5.15: Summer warm week, zone 1 and 2 base case and natural ventilation cooling loads. (Source: edsl-TAS, Illustrator).
Figure 5.15: Summer warm week, zone 1 and 2 base case and natural ventilation cooling loads. (Source: edsl-TAS, Illustrator).
Figure 5.16: Summer warm week, average cooling loads and co2 emissions for the various strategies (Source: edsl-TAS, Illustrator). The co2 emission levels vary in relation with the cooling loads, for the warm week we can see the reduction of almost 50% of co2 emissions from the firs and last cases. However, when analysing frequencies of hours above 30°C, we see little dif- ferences between the strategies, unless the three are applied all-together. In facts, there is with the last case a reduction of 77% and 78% of days with at least one hour above 30°C: air-conditioning is required for at least one hour for 52 and 55 days of the year (174 and 197 days less than the base case), and the cooling loads per hour are greatly reduced.
Figure 5.16: Summer warm week, average cooling loads and co2 emissions for the various strategies (Source: edsl-TAS, Illustrator). The co2 emission levels vary in relation with the cooling loads, for the warm week we can see the reduction of almost 50% of co2 emissions from the firs and last cases. However, when analysing frequencies of hours above 30°C, we see little dif- ferences between the strategies, unless the three are applied all-together. In facts, there is with the last case a reduction of 77% and 78% of days with at least one hour above 30°C: air-conditioning is required for at least one hour for 52 and 55 days of the year (174 and 197 days less than the base case), and the cooling loads per hour are greatly reduced.
Figure 5.17: Summer warm week, percentage of the year and numbers of hours with indoor temperatures above 30°C without mechanical cooling. (Source: edsl-TAS, Illustrator).
Figure 5.17: Summer warm week, percentage of the year and numbers of hours with indoor temperatures above 30°C without mechanical cooling. (Source: edsl-TAS, Illustrator).
Figure 5.18: Reduction of CO2 emissions from cooling loads, warm week, averaged from zone 1 and 2 (%) (Source: edsl-TAS, Illustrator).
Figure 5.18: Reduction of CO2 emissions from cooling loads, warm week, averaged from zone 1 and 2 (%) (Source: edsl-TAS, Illustrator).
Figure 5.21: N-S orientation, 90% glazing ratio UDI 100-2000 lux without (top) and with lightshelves. (Source: Radiance on Grasshopper). Figure 5.20: Reduction of CO2 emissions from cooling loads, warmest week, averaged from zone 1 and 2 (%) (Source: edsl-TAS, Illustrator). The cooling loads and resulting CO2 emissions for the warmest weeks with temperature above 30°C can be reduced by 43% in average, depending on the office floor surroundings, glazing ratio, etc. The yearly number of days with at least one hour above 30°C (indoor) can be reduced by about 78%, considerably reducing the annual emissions.
Figure 5.21: N-S orientation, 90% glazing ratio UDI 100-2000 lux without (top) and with lightshelves. (Source: Radiance on Grasshopper). Figure 5.20: Reduction of CO2 emissions from cooling loads, warmest week, averaged from zone 1 and 2 (%) (Source: edsl-TAS, Illustrator). The cooling loads and resulting CO2 emissions for the warmest weeks with temperature above 30°C can be reduced by 43% in average, depending on the office floor surroundings, glazing ratio, etc. The yearly number of days with at least one hour above 30°C (indoor) can be reduced by about 78%, considerably reducing the annual emissions.
Architectural Association School of Architecture -hotovoltaic panels may also be placed on rooftops to comply with the Cope ind Trade program initiative of the government.
Architectural Association School of Architecture -hotovoltaic panels may also be placed on rooftops to comply with the Cope ind Trade program initiative of the government.
Figure 5.21: Example lifetime diagram of a building elements for analysis during the conceptual phase. (Source: the author). “Maybe it just needs a little time to develop.” (Dobelli, 2014)
Figure 5.21: Example lifetime diagram of a building elements for analysis during the conceptual phase. (Source: the author). “Maybe it just needs a little time to develop.” (Dobelli, 2014)
The following settings are examples that can be adapted and combined in order to create an office landscape that enables and empowers its occupants by providing choice and fostering community.
The following settings are examples that can be adapted and combined in order to create an office landscape that enables and empowers its occupants by providing choice and fostering community.
Figure 6.2: Environmental matrix showing different conditions to be given to the office spaces (example). (Source: the author).
Figure 6.2: Environmental matrix showing different conditions to be given to the office spaces (example). (Source: the author).
Figure 6.3: Office setting example taking into consideration the environmental matrix. (Source: the author).
Figure 6.3: Office setting example taking into consideration the environmental matrix. (Source: the author).
Natural daylighting may be compromised but as it is not taken into consid: eration in the present time it is not considered to be an issue: the artificia lighting use will not increase by any shading device use. Of course, external fins, vertical or horizontal depending on the orientation can also be used. -installing traditional or modern shading devices on all the sun exposed glazed elements, on the facade external side, but operable from the indoor.
Natural daylighting may be compromised but as it is not taken into consid: eration in the present time it is not considered to be an issue: the artificia lighting use will not increase by any shading device use. Of course, external fins, vertical or horizontal depending on the orientation can also be used. -installing traditional or modern shading devices on all the sun exposed glazed elements, on the facade external side, but operable from the indoor.
Figure 6.4: Interior view of the office space with the light-shelves and shoji panels, 6 modules. (Source: Kuzmin, 3DSmax).
Figure 6.4: Interior view of the office space with the light-shelves and shoji panels, 6 modules. (Source: Kuzmin, 3DSmax).
Figure 6.6: Exploded view of the light-shelves facades with shoji panels, -wood fences -sudare blinds -glazing -shoji panels -timber structure -light-shelves on beams. fieaseres Kein 2 enawl -placing light-shelves and sudare blinds.
Figure 6.6: Exploded view of the light-shelves facades with shoji panels, -wood fences -sudare blinds -glazing -shoji panels -timber structure -light-shelves on beams. fieaseres Kein 2 enawl -placing light-shelves and sudare blinds.
Figure 6.9: Left page, refurbished building facade with light-shelves, 6 modules, blended in the scenery.
Figure 6.9: Left page, refurbished building facade with light-shelves, 6 modules, blended in the scenery.
Figure 6.13: Right page, refurbished building facade with balconies, 6 modules, blended in the scenery (Source: Kuzmin, 3DSmax).
Figure 6.13: Right page, refurbished building facade with balconies, 6 modules, blended in the scenery (Source: Kuzmin, 3DSmax).
TAS Internal Conditions sheet for inputs, zone 2, 100m2.
TAS Internal Conditions sheet for inputs, zone 2, 100m2.
Architectural Association School of Architecture
Architectural Association School of Architecture
North-South orientation, 70% glazing ratio, DA
North-South orientation, 70% glazing ratio, DA
North-South orientation, 70% glazing ratio, UDI +2000
North-South orientation, 70% glazing ratio, UDI +2000
North-South orientation, 70% glazing ratio, UDI 100-2000
North-South orientation, 70% glazing ratio, UDI 100-2000