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Figure from:SECOND ORDER SCIENCE: LOGIC, STRATEGIES, METHODS

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Figure 4: Interaction between ideas and society. 26. Figure 4 shows what George Soros (1987) calls a “shoelace model.” It depicts the interaction between ideas and society (Umpleby 1989). On the left side are listed Adan Smith, Karl Marx, John Maynard Keynes, and Milton Friedman. In each case, when th« ideas are accepted and acted upon, society changes — the growth of industry, the rise of labor unions, and larger government. New ideas lead to new social structures, and new social problems lead to new ideas. There is a co-evolution of theories and social svstems. social problems lead to new ideas. There is a co-evolution of theories and social

Figure 4 Interaction between ideas and society. 26. Figure 4 shows what George Soros (1987) calls a “shoelace model.” It depicts the interaction between ideas and society (Umpleby 1989). On the left side are listed Adan Smith, Karl Marx, John Maynard Keynes, and Milton Friedman. In each case, when th« ideas are accepted and acted upon, society changes — the growth of industry, the rise of labor unions, and larger government. New ideas lead to new social structures, and new social problems lead to new ideas. There is a co-evolution of theories and social svstems. social problems lead to new ideas. There is a co-evolution of theories and social

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Figure 2: Questions to guide the construction of knowledge of management. then we can ask: Should knowledge be organized as theories or as methods (Umpleby 2002)? The practice of management requires a large amount of procedural knowledge: If you want a particular result, do this. Baking a cake or writing a business plan or conducting a planning activity are similar in that one follows a well-defined procedure. Management and other professions, such as law and medicine, emphasize procedural knowledge because practitioners both observe and participate. So if second-order science is accepted, management scholars may spend less time trying to find reliable linear causal relationships and more time developing and improving methods to guide actions in organizations.
Figure 2: Questions to guide the construction of knowledge of management. then we can ask: Should knowledge be organized as theories or as methods (Umpleby 2002)? The practice of management requires a large amount of procedural knowledge: If you want a particular result, do this. Baking a cake or writing a business plan or conducting a planning activity are similar in that one follows a well-defined procedure. Management and other professions, such as law and medicine, emphasize procedural knowledge because practitioners both observe and participate. So if second-order science is accepted, management scholars may spend less time trying to find reliable linear causal relationships and more time developing and improving methods to guide actions in organizations.
Figure 3: The influence cycle causes swings between pro-market and pro-government positions. 25. If we were to decide that it is time for second-order science, for example second- order economics, how do we make the transition? Scientists need methods. They need tools to work with. A carpenter has a saw and a hammer and nails. Scientists have laboratory experiments, statistical methods, computer simulations, microscopes and telescopes. How would scientists practice second-order science? As Kaletsky suggested in economics there is an influence cycle. One can model cycles in economics, like cred cycles, with positive and negative feedback loops. In the influence cycle (cf. Figure 3), if the party in power wants to emphasize markets, then the government could deregulate business activity. Or the party in power may choose not to enforce the rules that are on the books. In a democracy the people have a chance to influence the amount government regulation.
Figure 3: The influence cycle causes swings between pro-market and pro-government positions. 25. If we were to decide that it is time for second-order science, for example second- order economics, how do we make the transition? Scientists need methods. They need tools to work with. A carpenter has a saw and a hammer and nails. Scientists have laboratory experiments, statistical methods, computer simulations, microscopes and telescopes. How would scientists practice second-order science? As Kaletsky suggested in economics there is an influence cycle. One can model cycles in economics, like cred cycles, with positive and negative feedback loops. In the influence cycle (cf. Figure 3), if the party in power wants to emphasize markets, then the government could deregulate business activity. Or the party in power may choose not to enforce the rules that are on the books. In a democracy the people have a chance to influence the amount government regulation.
Figure 5: Social change can be described using ideas, groups, events, and variables. evolution that encompasses both biological and social systems. An organism with new features either survives or it does not. If so, then there is a new pattern, usually a small change from the old pattern. In the case of social systems, one can identify ideas, groups, events, and variables. When social scientists study social systems, they analyze what is happening (variables) and propose a new course of action (ideas). If the idea is adopted (groups), a new product may be invented or a bill may be passed in the legislature (event). Then the consequences are studied and a new idea is proposed. This is a multidisciplinary approach to understanding change in social systems. It provides a richer, more comprehensive description of a social system than any single discipline because it uses the modes of thinking in several disciplines.
Figure 5: Social change can be described using ideas, groups, events, and variables. evolution that encompasses both biological and social systems. An organism with new features either survives or it does not. If so, then there is a new pattern, usually a small change from the old pattern. In the case of social systems, one can identify ideas, groups, events, and variables. When social scientists study social systems, they analyze what is happening (variables) and propose a new course of action (ideas). If the idea is adopted (groups), a new product may be invented or a bill may be passed in the legislature (event). Then the consequences are studied and a new idea is proposed. This is a multidisciplinary approach to understanding change in social systems. It provides a richer, more comprehensive description of a social system than any single discipline because it uses the modes of thinking in several disciplines.
Figure 6: Miiller’s epigenetic theory provides a general theory of evolution.
Figure 6: Miiller’s epigenetic theory provides a general theory of evolution.