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Figure from:Absolute Poverty: When Necessity Displaces Desire

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TABLE 5—CPF Diet: VITAMINS AND MINERALS RELATIVE TO RDA (Percent) i - — ee The second change is an increase in the number of foods from 2.40 on average it the CPF diet to 5.00. The increase is due mainly to the addition of an animal produc and a vegetable. Animal products enter the solution as a consequence of requiring vitamin B12. The linear programming solution generally implies eit available fish (usually mackerel) in coastal districts or milk in inlan her the cheapes d regions. Mea in any form rarely appears in the solution to a linear program. The appearance o: vegetables (most commonly cabbage) or cassava is due to the vi ment. The B12 and C requirements are independent of the others, amin C requir so adding thes« requirements to the program has scant impact on the rest of the diet. Qualitatively the pattern of food consumption is similar in the CPF and reduced basic model. The same grains are generally consumed in the same regions. Total food consumptior rises because of the introduction of animal protein and vegetables. hw: danaranum + treteal Band anemunenemeemn kas annthee pevrenTintinws feet kere

Table 5 —CPF Diet: VITAMINS AND MINERALS RELATIVE TO RDA (Percent) i - — ee The second change is an increase in the number of foods from 2.40 on average it the CPF diet to 5.00. The increase is due mainly to the addition of an animal produc and a vegetable. Animal products enter the solution as a consequence of requiring vitamin B12. The linear programming solution generally implies eit available fish (usually mackerel) in coastal districts or milk in inlan her the cheapes d regions. Mea in any form rarely appears in the solution to a linear program. The appearance o: vegetables (most commonly cabbage) or cassava is due to the vi ment. The B12 and C requirements are independent of the others, amin C requir so adding thes« requirements to the program has scant impact on the rest of the diet. Qualitatively the pattern of food consumption is similar in the CPF and reduced basic model. The same grains are generally consumed in the same regions. Total food consumptior rises because of the introduction of animal protein and vegetables. hw: danaranum + treteal Band anemunenemeemn kas annthee pevrenTintinws feet kere

Related Figures (14)

TaBLE 1—1,700 CALortE Mopet Diets (Kilograms per Person per Year)
TaBLE 1—1,700 CALortE Mopet Diets (Kilograms per Person per Year)
Source: Author’s calculations TABLE 2—TOTAL WEIGHT OF LINEAR PROGRAMMING Diets (Kilograms per Person per Year)
Source: Author’s calculations TABLE 2—TOTAL WEIGHT OF LINEAR PROGRAMMING Diets (Kilograms per Person per Year)
Source: Author’s calculations TABLE 3—NUMBER OF ITEMS IN LINEAR PROGRAMMING DIETS
Source: Author’s calculations TABLE 3—NUMBER OF ITEMS IN LINEAR PROGRAMMING DIETS
TaBLE 4—CPF Diets (Kilograms per Person per Year) Source: Author’s calculations
TaBLE 4—CPF Diets (Kilograms per Person per Year) Source: Author’s calculations
TABLE 6—Basic Diets (Kilograms per Person per Year) diet, most solutions meet the calorie, protein, and fat constraints exactly. The aver- age degree of overshooting is only a few percentage points. Overshooting is more widespread with the basic diet. Three of the solutions overshoot calories, and the average excess is 7 percent. Virtually all of the diets overshoot protein, and the aver- age excess is 32 percent. Most solutions meet the fat requirement exactly, but the requirement is nonetheless exceeded by an average of 13 percent.
TABLE 6—Basic Diets (Kilograms per Person per Year) diet, most solutions meet the calorie, protein, and fat constraints exactly. The aver- age degree of overshooting is only a few percentage points. Overshooting is more widespread with the basic diet. Three of the solutions overshoot calories, and the average excess is 7 percent. Virtually all of the diets overshoot protein, and the aver- age excess is 32 percent. Most solutions meet the fat requirement exactly, but the requirement is nonetheless exceeded by an average of 13 percent.
TABLE 7—FULL Course Diets (Kilograms per Person per Year) the income band defining the poverty line in each country in 2011. This informatior is only available for a few countries and never for 2011. The most widely availab information is average consumption as summarized by the UN FAO Food Balances Sheets. I use the balances for 1961, the earliest year available, when many peop in developing countries were undoubtedly poor. The first paper to measure poverty globally was Ahluwalia, Carter, and Chenery (1979), which set the poverty line at consumption of the forty-fifth percentile in India in the 1970s. This was not far o average consumption in 1961. € € 5
TABLE 7—FULL Course Diets (Kilograms per Person per Year) the income band defining the poverty line in each country in 2011. This informatior is only available for a few countries and never for 2011. The most widely availab information is average consumption as summarized by the UN FAO Food Balances Sheets. I use the balances for 1961, the earliest year available, when many peop in developing countries were undoubtedly poor. The first paper to measure poverty globally was Ahluwalia, Carter, and Chenery (1979), which set the poverty line at consumption of the forty-fifth percentile in India in the 1970s. This was not far o average consumption in 1961. € € 5
TABLE 8—LP PREDICTIONS COMPARED TO 1961 AVERAGE CONSUMPTION (Kilograms per Person per Year) Source: Author’s calculations
TABLE 8—LP PREDICTIONS COMPARED TO 1961 AVERAGE CONSUMPTION (Kilograms per Person per Year) Source: Author’s calculations
Note: Clothing, footwear, and bedding expressed in cotton cloth equivalents, meters. Sources: Prokopovich (1909) and Shirras (1923) TABLE 9—NONFOOD CONSUMPTION PER HEAD AMONG WORKERS IN BOMBAY AND ST. PETERSBURG Note: Clothing, footwear, and bedding expressed in cotton cloth equivalents, meters.
Note: Clothing, footwear, and bedding expressed in cotton cloth equivalents, meters. Sources: Prokopovich (1909) and Shirras (1923) TABLE 9—NONFOOD CONSUMPTION PER HEAD AMONG WORKERS IN BOMBAY AND ST. PETERSBURG Note: Clothing, footwear, and bedding expressed in cotton cloth equivalents, meters.
TABLE 10—HousING RENTS when the workers were indubitably poor. Both surveys show average spending on clothing, footwear, bedding, fuel, and lighting. The Bombay survey breaks all cat- egories down by income bands, and the St. Petersburg survey does the same for clothing, footwear, and bedding. In Bombay the range 30-40 rupees/month was the lowest income band with a large number of workers as was 300-400 rubles/ year in St. Petersburg. I assume these low-income workers were at similar levels of deprivation, so that differences in their expenditures represent responses to climate and not to real income or price differences,!'® For fuel and lighting, the averages for all workers provide a less nuanced basis of comparison.
TABLE 10—HousING RENTS when the workers were indubitably poor. Both surveys show average spending on clothing, footwear, bedding, fuel, and lighting. The Bombay survey breaks all cat- egories down by income bands, and the St. Petersburg survey does the same for clothing, footwear, and bedding. In Bombay the range 30-40 rupees/month was the lowest income band with a large number of workers as was 300-400 rubles/ year in St. Petersburg. I assume these low-income workers were at similar levels of deprivation, so that differences in their expenditures represent responses to climate and not to real income or price differences,!'® For fuel and lighting, the averages for all workers provide a less nuanced basis of comparison.
Source: Author’s calculations TABLE | 1—LINEAR PROGRAM POVERTY LINES CONVERTED TO US DOLLARS PER Day AT PPP
Source: Author’s calculations TABLE | 1—LINEAR PROGRAM POVERTY LINES CONVERTED TO US DOLLARS PER Day AT PPP
TABLE 12—EXPENDITURE BREAKDOWN OF Basic NEEDS POVERTY LINE (Percent) he OECD countries exceed those of the non-OECD countries for any diet in view of he much higher cost of housing in developed countries? and the relative coldness of the climate. The CPF line at $1.84 comes closest to the WBPL for developing countries. The CPF model could be regarded as micro-foundations for the World Bank’s line. However, since people eating a CPF diet suffer many nutritional defi- ciencies, it is not a good poverty line. Instead, the line implied by the basic diet is preferable. Henceforth, I will confine discussion of the BNPL to the version using he basic diet.
TABLE 12—EXPENDITURE BREAKDOWN OF Basic NEEDS POVERTY LINE (Percent) he OECD countries exceed those of the non-OECD countries for any diet in view of he much higher cost of housing in developed countries? and the relative coldness of the climate. The CPF line at $1.84 comes closest to the WBPL for developing countries. The CPF model could be regarded as micro-foundations for the World Bank’s line. However, since people eating a CPF diet suffer many nutritional defi- ciencies, it is not a good poverty line. Instead, the line implied by the basic diet is preferable. Henceforth, I will confine discussion of the BNPL to the version using he basic diet.
Source: Author’s calculations TABLE 13—-EXPENDITURES BY CATEGORY IN US DOLLARS AT MARKET AND PPP EXCHANGE RATES
Source: Author’s calculations TABLE 13—-EXPENDITURES BY CATEGORY IN US DOLLARS AT MARKET AND PPP EXCHANGE RATES
Notes: PovcalNet does not generate poverty estimates for Algeria, Egypt, or Myanmar. The figures for the United Kingdom, United States, and France were computed from the 2010 household surveys in the Luxembourg Income Survey Cross-National Data Centre (http://www. lisdatacenter.org/). TABLE 14—HEAD COUNT POVERTY RATES
Notes: PovcalNet does not generate poverty estimates for Algeria, Egypt, or Myanmar. The figures for the United Kingdom, United States, and France were computed from the 2010 household surveys in the Luxembourg Income Survey Cross-National Data Centre (http://www. lisdatacenter.org/). TABLE 14—HEAD COUNT POVERTY RATES
TABLE 15—LINEAR PROGRAMMING PPP RELATIVE TO INDIVIDUAL CONSUMPTION PPP
TABLE 15—LINEAR PROGRAMMING PPP RELATIVE TO INDIVIDUAL CONSUMPTION PPP