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Figure from:Successful Plant Growth-Promoting Microbes: Inoculation Methods and Abiotic Factors

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FIGURE 2 | Inoculation methods on plant growth-promoting microbes in host plant.

Figure 2 | Inoculation methods on plant growth-promoting microbes in host plant.

Related Figures (5)

FIGURE 1 | Beneficial microbes improve plant growth by enhancing the availability of nutrients, the regulation of phytohormones, and increasing plant tolerance against stresses. PGPM act as biofertilizer, increasing macro and micronutrient availability. They increase the concentrations of auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, ACC-deaminase, and reduce ethylene levels. Beneficial microbes also produce volatile metabolites (VOC), that may induce disease resistance and abiotic stress tolerance. In addition, PGPM mitigate stress by increasing exopolysaccharides, osmoregulants (such as glycinebetaine—GB), and antioxidants (including catalase— CAT, superoxide dismutase—SOD, ascorbate—AsA and glutathione—GSH), reducing the reactive oxygen species— ROS and oxidative stress. Thus, PGPM promote the increase of leaf area, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rates, seed germination, seedling vigor, plant height, root development and biomass production of plants.
FIGURE 1 | Beneficial microbes improve plant growth by enhancing the availability of nutrients, the regulation of phytohormones, and increasing plant tolerance against stresses. PGPM act as biofertilizer, increasing macro and micronutrient availability. They increase the concentrations of auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, ACC-deaminase, and reduce ethylene levels. Beneficial microbes also produce volatile metabolites (VOC), that may induce disease resistance and abiotic stress tolerance. In addition, PGPM mitigate stress by increasing exopolysaccharides, osmoregulants (such as glycinebetaine—GB), and antioxidants (including catalase— CAT, superoxide dismutase—SOD, ascorbate—AsA and glutathione—GSH), reducing the reactive oxygen species— ROS and oxidative stress. Thus, PGPM promote the increase of leaf area, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rates, seed germination, seedling vigor, plant height, root development and biomass production of plants.
FIGURE 3 | Abiotic factors can cause stresses that impacts the plant metabolism, modifying root exudates compositions. This can affect the rhizosphere microbior and plant-microbe interactions and, consequently, impair the potential benefit of plant growth-promoting microbes (PGPM) to host plant.
FIGURE 3 | Abiotic factors can cause stresses that impacts the plant metabolism, modifying root exudates compositions. This can affect the rhizosphere microbior and plant-microbe interactions and, consequently, impair the potential benefit of plant growth-promoting microbes (PGPM) to host plant.
TABLE 2 | Continued
TABLE 2 | Continued