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Figure from:Save the Tabique Construction

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Fig. 8 Building details of the pavements. a Detail 1. b Detail 2. J main beam, // peripheral beam, /// flooring boards, /V exterior tabique wall, V secondary beam (at the flooring level), VI ceiling boards, VII secondary beams (at the ceiling level), VII partition tabique wall, A ceil- ing board direction, B flooring board direction, C top tabique wall finishing, D secondary beam arrangement considering double stickiness underneath walls. Additionally, Fig. 8a is related to another building detail of the adopted sup- port solution of a timber pavement on a stone masonry wall. The main beams (I, Fig. 8a) are supported similarly as detail 1 of Fig. 7a. On those beams and or the stone masonry wall, a peripheral timber beam is placed (I, Fig. 8a). On the peripheral timber beam, an exterior tabique wall was placed (IV, Fig. 8a). These timber elements are connected to each other by nails. In that figure, the flooring boards are also highlighted (III, Fig. 8a). Meanwhile, Fig. 8b shows the main structural system of other timber pavement of a tabique building. The main beam (I, Fig. 8b), the secondary beams which support the flooring boards (V, Fig. 8b). the ceiling boards (VI, Fig. 8b), the secondary beams which support the ceiling boards (VII, Fig. 8b) and the top of a partition tabique wall (VIII, Fig. 8b) are identified. In this particular case, the direction of the ceiling boards (A, Fig. 8b) and the direction of the flooring board (B, Fig. 8b) are perpendicular to each other. This fact explains that the respective secondary beams are also perpendic- ular to each other. Another interesting technical aspect is related to the fact that the secondary beams which support the ceiling boards are much sparser than the ones that support the flooring board. This aspect has to do with the loading — Figure 8 Building details of the pavements. a Detail 1. b Detail 2. J main beam, // peripheral beam, /// flooring boards, /V exterior tabique wall, V secondary beam (at the flooring level), VI ceiling boards, VII secondary beams (at the ceiling level), VII partition tabique wall, A ceil- ing board direction, B flooring board direction, C top tabique wall finishing, D secondary beam arrangement considering double stickiness underneath walls. Additionally, Fig. 8a is related to another building detail of the adopted sup- port solution of a timber pavement on a stone masonry wall. The main beams (I, Fig. 8a) are supported similarly as detail 1 of Fig. 7a. On those beams and or the stone masonry wall, a peripheral timber beam is placed (I, Fig. 8a). On the peripheral timber beam, an exterior tabique wall was placed (IV, Fig. 8a). These timber elements are connected to each other by nails. In that figure, the flooring boards are also highlighted (III, Fig. 8a). Meanwhile, Fig. 8b shows the main structural system of other timber pavement of a tabique building. The main beam (I, Fig. 8b), the secondary beams which support the flooring boards (V, Fig. 8b). the ceiling boards (VI, Fig. 8b), the secondary beams which support the ceiling boards (VII, Fig. 8b) and the top of a partition tabique wall (VIII, Fig. 8b) are identified. In this particular case, the direction of the ceiling boards (A, Fig. 8b) and the direction of the flooring board (B, Fig. 8b) are perpendicular to each other. This fact explains that the respective secondary beams are also perpendic- ular to each other. Another interesting technical aspect is related to the fact that the secondary beams which support the ceiling boards are much sparser than the ones that support the flooring board. This aspect has to do with the loading

Related Figures (14)

Fig. 1 Examples of tabique dwellings. a Portuguese (exterior view). b Turkish (interior view)

solution. Furthermore, based on the field work already done, this typology seems to be essentially applied on exterior walls. A modular orthogonal double faced timber structural system, typology 4 (Fig. 2d), has also been found occasionally and locally on exterior walls. Fe , ee, ee, re, ef 2 en ae UTNIDET SUUCLUTAL syst€lll, LYPOIOSY & Us. 20), Uds disQ DOCH LOUTIG OCCdslONdaly and locally on exterior walls. On the other hand, the building details presented in Fig. 3 are exemplificative of the fact that the typology 1 building solution may be subdivided into two sub- typologies (i.e. typologies 1.1 and 1.2). In typology 1.1, Fig. 3a, the timber ele- ments (vertical and horizontal) are previously prepared in order to have a regular geometrical parameterization. Meanwhile, in typology 1.2, Fig. 3b, this building technical aspect seems not to have been taken into consideration. In this case, a rough irregular shape pattern is noticed in the timber elements. Location and affordability are perhaps the main reasons that justify this differentiation. In fact, typology 1.2 has been essentially detected in certain isolated rural areas of Tras- os-Montes e Alto Douro region. The fact that different types of local wood spe- cies and different types of timber finishing requirements have been noticed in the building process of tabique components may indicate that this building technique may have and additional attribute which is versatility. Related to partition tabique walls, typology 1 has been essentially the mostly verif§#ed ane amnno the ectidyv cacee analyveed in thie recearch work QGQmall thiclk—

Fig. 3. Typologies 1.1 and 1.2. a Typology 1.1. b Typology 1.2 evident, that exterior tabique walls have a fundamental role in the overall struc- tural system of a building since they are the main vertical structural elements, in < certain floor of the building. However, partition walls also have an important con- tribution to the stability of the building because they allow a connection of the main structural elements. They may work as a bracing system of the main struc- tural elements. For instance, Fig. 4 presents a partition wall which is basically supported by a timber beam. On the other hand, it is also linked to the truss of the roof’s structural system and leaned on the orthogonal exterior granite masonry walls. The flooring and the wood ceiling boards are also transversally connected tc the partition wall at its bottom and top levels. TO etlieeeoe: =6g tee | Leshan datnsle AAMmawMe sta blacs expalla hee hae

Fig.5 Incorporation of organic products into the filling material. a Wood waste. b Corn cob attack. The wood has even maintained its original radiance. Additionally, expedite fire resistance tests were also already performed in tabique wall samples and the obtained results indicate that the traditiona adopted fil ing material may also have refractory abilities preventing the wood combustion. Meanwhile, different types of organic products have been found in the Fig. 5a) and corn cob [7] (II, Fig. 5b) are porated products. These results have inspi research work focused on evaluating the sustainable building material. Interesting t filling layer. some exam potential of Straw, wood waste [6] (I. ples of these organic incor- red this research team to do a parallel corn cob as an alternative hermal insu ble material properties similar to cork [9, obtained. ation ability [8] and possi- 0] are some of the conclusions already

is not expected. In upper floors, ceiling flooring is likely to be applied resulting in having additional secondary timber beams placed at the bottom level of the timber beam. The boards of the flooring (IV, Fig. 6) and of the ceiling flooring are supported continuously on different secondary timber beams. The pavement pre- sented in Fig. 6b does not include secondary beams and some main timber beams are reinforced by an external steel reinforcement system (V, Fig. 6). According to [11-13], this type of pavement may be considered as a load-sharing system. This consideration may also be applied to the structural timber system of tabique walls.

Fig. 7 Current applied support solution building details of the main timber beams. a Detail 1. b Detail 2. ¢ Detail 3 vy eesave In order to complement the above information, Fig. 7 shows three frequently applied support solution building details of the main timber beam of the pave- ments. At the pavement roof level, the support detail of the main timber beams may be done similarly as the building detail shown in Fig. 7a. On the other hand, at the pavements of intermediate floor levels, a frequently applied solution con- sists in considering hollows in the stone masonry wall, Fig. 7b. In both cases, the

Fig. 9 Other typical metal connectors found in the survey. a Example |. b Example 2 combinations that act on these boards. In the ceiling board case, the self-weight is basically the only load acting on it. In contrast, in the flooring board case, dead and live loads have to be considered. These boards may be intercalated placed on the main beam and according to detail D of Fig. 8b. Furthermore, the building detail C of Fig. 8b concerning the connection between a partition tabique wall and a pavement complements the information given in Sect. 4.1. In this case, a floor- ing board is strategically placed on the top of the partition wall. The partition wall connects the main beams at its ends. The ceiling and the flooring boards and the respective secondary beams are also connected to this wall at its top and assuring the referred transversal support on both sides.

Fig. 10 Typical roof structural solution of tabique buildings. a Truss. b General view. / purling. IT board, IIT rafter

Fig. 11 Roof depending pathological effect. a Portuguese tabique dwelling. b Progressive fail- ure of the roof. / broken tile, // missing tile, /// deterioration of the finishing, /V cracking of the filling, V lost of filling, VJ wood degradation In [4], degradation bipolar focus is suggested concerning vulnerability of tabique buildings. The roof and the ground floor are identified as the main susceptible dete- rioration focuses. The rain water infiltration and the direct contact between timber element and the ground are also identified in [4] as the main degradation causes. The existence of a broken ceramic tile (I, Fig. 1la) or a missing ceramic tile (II, Fig. lla), are sufficient non-structural roof building defects able to trigger a pro- gressive degradation collapse of the building if a maintenance process does not take place, Fig. 11b. In [14], an attempt at assessing the structural vulnerability of traditional Portuguese roofs is done, in which different vulnerable structural failure

Fig. 12 Ground depending pathological effect. a Deteriorated fagade. b Biological attack effect ee eee ene eae ee eee ee ee ne ne eee ee) II IN II OE OOP IEE NII IDES Meanwhile, direct contact between tabique components and the ground is another undesirable building condition which may contribute to a premature material decay, in particular, wood biodegradation [4]. Insect attack such as ter- mite attack will be much more likely to happen. Figure 12a presents a tabique Portuguese dwelling that exemplifies this fact. In this case, the combined effect of direct contact with ground and water impact is also featured. The degradation scales of Fig. 12 indicate that the intensity of the material degradation increases from the bottom to the top of the exterior tabique wall. In particular, it is more evident in the vertical elements of the timber structural system. This pathological

Fig. 13 Some rehabilitation technical aspects. a Corrugated plate application. b Collapsed rain obstacle (/). ec Wood decaying

Fig. 14 Two examples of regularly maintained tabique buildings. a Example 1 (exterior view). b Example 2 (interior view)

Fig. 15 Von-Mises stress distribution in a timber structural system of a traditional Portuguese dwelling (kPa) [19]

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