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Figure from:Regional systems of innovation in the Arab region

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Figure 16- GERD as % of GDP, Share of World R&D Expenditures (GERD) and Share of World Researchers — Figure 16 - GERD as % of GDP, Share of World R&D Expenditures (GERD) and Share of World Researchers

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Figure 2: Life expectancy, literacy rate and gross enrolment ratios in the Arab region (2010-2011) mixed oil economies, diversified economies and primary export economies respectively- see Figures 3-4.

Source: Adapted from UNDP (2011)

Sources: Adapted from the World Bank (2002): World Economic Outlook (2002) and the World Bank (2012) World Development Indicators Database (2012)

Figure 6: Distribution of tertiary education student graduates by fields in the Arab and World countries (2010)

Figure 7: Distribution of tertiary education student graduates by fields in the Arab and World countries (2010-2011) Figure 8: Distribution of total tertiary education student gross graduation ratio, first degree in the Arab and World countries (2005-2011)

Figure 9: Relative distribution of tertiary education students by level of higher education Arab and World countries (1999-2000)

Source: Adapted from the UNDP - AHDR (2003) Figure 10: Distribution of tertiary education student graduates by fields in the Arab region (2010- 2011)

Sources: Adapted from the UNDP (2002; 2003; 2004) Figure 11: Distribution of total tertiary education student gross graduation ratio, first degree in the in the Arab region (2005-2011)

We observe enormous variation between Arab resources oil based economies, mixed oil economies,

Figures: 17-18- Distribution of total R&D expenditures, researchers and publications in the Arab region (1996-2009)

Figure 20: Sectoral Distribution of researchers in R&D institutions in selected Arab countries (2005- 2009) (%) 1996 and the share of public, university and private sectors in total FTE researchers accounts for

Figures 23-24 Average Distribution of total number of patent applications by residents and nor residents in the Arab region (2005-2010) (%)

ource: International Telecommunication Union, 2012, accessed 16 January 2013.”°

Despite, the increasing importance of networking between regional and international institutions as

Figures 29-32: Scientific publications and international cooperation in the Arab countries (2002- 9008) 5’ For instance, “Zahlan, (1999a), explains the very limited cooperation as indicated by the number of joint publications and co-authorship amongst scientists in both the Arab Gulf and Mediterranean countries. Particularly, there is no significant cooperation amongst the Gulf countries scientists; for instance, figures indicate that scientific cooperation amongst Gulf countries accounts for less than 2 percent of their worldwide cooperation. Zahlan, (1999a) finds that in 1990, co-authorship within the Gulf countries was only 1.4 per cent of all co- authored papers; this increased to 3 per cent in 1995. The limited regional cooperation also holds for the Mediterranean countries. For instance, Zahlan (1999a) finds that “in 1995, of total publications of scientists in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia, very surprisingly only 11% of the co-authored publication involved scientists from two Maghreb countries*’ and only one (of the 11) did not involve an OECD partner. In addition there is limited scientific cooperation and co-authorship of scientists between both Arab Gulf and Mediterranean countries and between them and other Arab countries. The Gulf countries cooperation with Arab scientists tends to be limited to fewer number of Arab countries, e.g., Egypt is the major partner, according to Zahlan (1999a), joint co-authorship with non Gulf Arab countries merely reflects the fact that Gulf countries universities employ professors from other Arab universities. The limited cooperation with other Arab scientists also holds for the Mediterranean countries, for instance, Zahlan (1999a) finds that the cooperation between Maghreb countries and other Arab scientists accounts only for 3% and 3.5% of total joint published papers in 1990 and 1995 respectively. (Zahlan, 1999a: p. 15)” (Nour (2005). per cent respectively in 2008- see Figures 29-32. °”

Figure: 33- Net Foreign Direct Investment Inflow (as % of GDP) in the Arab and world region (1990- 2008) ? See United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)-Arab Human Development Report (AHDR) (2003). pp. 5-6, 109-113. 3 Comparator countries include Argentina, Brazil, China, Chile, Czech, Greece, Ireland, Malaysia, Mexico, Portugal, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea and Turkey. “ Because of the significance of high- technology exports, many studies used high-technology exports to define the degree of ‘ompetitiveness in the technological market. ® See Arab Planning Institute "Competitiveness Report" (2012), Arab Planning institute, Kuwait, 2012. © Rasiah (2002) defines basic technology infrastructure (BII) as weighted proxies representing basic education (enrolment n primary schools), health (physicians per thousand people) and communications (main telephone lines per thousand people). And defines high technology infrastructure (HII) as weighted proxies represents R&D investment in Gross National Investment and R&D scientists and engineers per million people. Rasiah (2002) argues that BII is an essential but not sufficient condition for economies to achieve technological capabilities, the incidence of economies generating innovation is higher when they also have the high technology support institutions, the lower BII the lower the capacity and resources for high echnology development.

Figure 36: Composite Competitiveness Index, current and intangible Competitiveness Indices in the Arab and comparator countries (2011)

Sources: Adapted from Arab Planning Institute - Arab Competitiveness Report (2012), Table 1, p. 28.

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