teaching English as a foreign Language in Primary Education

Özet. Psikometri alanında önemli bir yere sahip olan madde yanlılığı ve değişen madde fonksiyonu (DMF) kavramlarının birbirinin yerine kullanıldığı durumlar söz konusudur. Oysa bunlar farklı kavramlardır. Madde yanlılığı, testteki bir maddenin testi alan belirli bir alt grubun lehine ya da aleyhine olması anlamına gelmekte iken; DMF madde parametrelerinin testi alan belirli bir alt grupta diğerine göre farklılaşma durumunu ifade etmektedir. DMF analizi, madde yanlılığı araştırmalarında yürütülen istatistiksel bir süreçtir. Bir testte yanlılık gösterme olasılığı bulunan maddeleri tespit edebilmek için pek çok DMF belirleme tekniği geliştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, madde yanlılığı ve DMF kavramlarının ayrımını ortaya koymak ve özellikle ikili puanlanan maddeler için geliştirilmiş olan DMF belirleme tekniklerini sınıflamak için alan yazındaki bilgilerden hareketle bir diyagram sunmaktır. Çalışmada ayrıca DMF analizleri için uygun DMF belirleme tekniğini seçmek için dikkat edilmesi gereken ayrıntılara değinilmiştir.

Abstract. In the field of psychometrics, there are instances where the concepts of item bias and differential item functioning (DIF) are used interchangeably. However, these are distinct concepts. Item bias refers to the situation where an item in a test is more favorable or unfavorable to a specific subgroup of individuals taking the test, while DIF refers to the variation in item parameters between subgroups of test-takers. DIF analysis is a statistical process used in research on item bias. Various techniques for DIF detection have been developed to detect items that may exhibit bias in a test. The aim of this study is to clarify the distinction between item bias and DIF, and to present a diagram based on the literature that classifies the techniques developed for identifying DIF, particularly for dichotomously scored items. The study also discusses the important details to consider when selecting an appropriate DIF detection technique for DIF analyses.

ABSTRACT
Sholikah, Siti Maratus. 2024. The Effectiveness of Using PQRST (Preview, Question, Read, State, Test) Strategy on The Student’s Reading Comprehension Ability of The First Grade at MA Ma’arif Ponggok Blitar. Essay
Keyword: Effectiveness, PQRST (Preview, Question, Read, State, Test) Strategy, Reading Comprehension, Descriptive text.
Reading comprehension is a capability of someone to get the meaning from what they read. Most of students usually feel difficult and get bored as long as doing reading comprehension acivity in exploring descriptive text. Therefor, to help students interested in comprehending the whole content of descriptive text easily like looking for main idea, massage and the important informations, strategy is needed to improve student’s reading comprehension. It is PQRST (Preview, Question, Read, State, Test) Strategy that was proposed by Rune Peterson. PQRST (Preview, Question, Read, State, Test) Strategy  can be one of the ways in developing students’ reading comprehension. And The main goal of PQRST Strategy is to help students to advance their reading comprehension.
The formulation of research problem: is there significant difference in the student’s reading comprehension scores before and after being taught by using PQRST (Preview, Question, Read, State, Test) Strategy? The objective of research is to identify the significant difference on the student’s reading comprehension ability before and after being taught by using PQRST (Preview, Question, Read, State, Test) Strategy.
The researcher determines this study as quantitative approach in the form of pre-experimental design that involves one only group pre-test and post-test. The population is all of the students which consist of 64 students. For the sample is class of X MIA A consists of 20 students that are selected by purposive sampling. Then, The instrument in this research is reading comprehension test by using objective test that consists of twenty five multiple choices about descriptive text. To measure the result of pre-test and post-test used Paired sample t-test in SPSS 16.0. Whether effective or not.
The result showed that difference between the scores of pre-test and post-test. The mean score of post-test (18.90) is higher than the mean score of pre-test (15.05). The significance value is smaller than the significance level (0.000<0.05). It means alternative hypothesis (Ha) is accepted and the null hypothesis (Ho) is rejected. so, there is significant difference of student’s ability in reading comprehension before and after being taught using PQRST (Preview, Question, Read, State, Test) Strategy. So, it can be concluded that PQRST (Preview, Question, Read, State, Test) Strategy is effective on the first grade students reading comprehension ability in exploring descripive text at MA Ma’arif Ponggok Blitar.

Pronunciation is essential in delivering speech. However, pronouncing English word is difficult since the students speak Indonesian as their native language. The common problems might be caused by the differences between sound systems of the languages, especially in /g/ sound. This study objective to find how well the students' mastery in pronouncing /g/ sound and common problems faced by them. This study highlighting two research problems; (1) how well the fourth semester students do in pronouncing /g/ sound and (2) what problems are faced by them in pronouncing /g/ sound. It is a descriptive qualitative study using triangulation data involving twenty-five students of fourth semester students of English Language Education Program Faculty of Cultural Studies Universitas Brawijaya. The instruments were adapted and adopted from [1] and developed by the researcher. The instruments are pronunciation test, recorder, assessment rubric, and questionnaire. Data analysis were done statistically and descriptively. The result of this study were (1) mostly the students' mastery in pronouncing /g/ sound in all positions are good (81.5%) with the following details; excellent (pronouncing silent /g/ before /n/ at the end of a word, silent /g/ before /n/ in the same syllable, soft /g/ sound); good (pronouncing silent /g/ before /n/ at the beginning of a word and hard /g/ sound); average (pronouncing the exception); and poor (pronouncing silent /g/ before /m/ in the same syllable and words with /gh/ sound), (2) problems faced by the fourth semester students are the differences of sound systems between their native language and their foreign language and students' motivation in pronouncing /g/ sound correctly (such as checking pronunciation or phonetic transcription in dictionary).

Vocabulary is one of the language features that should be acquired by the students to support them learning other language skills. The students will be easier to receive or produce the English language if they remember the considerable words. After being observed in the actual classroom, however, most students seem difficult to acquire words. Moreover, the influence of using media such as Quizlet Application on vocabulary acquisition needed to be proved by involving large participants since that application was not widely used by EFL teachers in Indonesian educational context. The study aims to find out if there is any significant difference in the grade ten students' vocabulary acquisition between those who use Quizlet Application (QA) and those who do not use it in learning vocabulary. The participants were 110 tenth-grade students in senior high school. Their vocabulary knowledge was assessed through pre-test and post-test conducted before and after the treatment was given. The research finding reveals that there was a significant difference in students' vocabulary acquisition between those who used Quizlet Application and those who were taught using the conventional method in learning vocabulary. That finding was indicated by the value of significant which was below 0.05. Moreover, it is also found that QA was less effective on students' vocabulary acquisition while the conventional method was not effective to students in obtaining words.

The paper analyzes listening comprehension of English language skills for twelfth grade students at Sinar Husni high school in Medan. The paper answers the following questions: 1. what are the factors that determine students&#39; interest in learning English? 2. How frequently listening educational instruments are used to improve the listening skills for student? 3. What are the common difficulties that face the respondents in the questionnaire implemented in this paper in terms of listening comprehension? Thus, the paper aims to find the factors influencing English listening comprehension and the strategies to be taken that might improve students’ listening comprehension. The paper indicates that the current problems face students in developing listening comprehension skills are speed speech, limited knowledge of vocabulary, and limited knowledge of the subject in question. Further studies could be conducted to gauge the issue of listening comprehension at the university level-amon...

Writing is one of the important skills in learning English. In learning writing, that is need process. Beside that the students have some problem in grammatical, vocabulary, content, organization, and mechanics. To face this common problem there must be some ways and solutions to improve the students’ writing ability especially in recount text through the available method, in this case the researcher used Brainstorming Technique by Clustering to improve writing ability. In this research, there is problem, it is “how can Brainstorming Technique by Clustering improve students’ ability in writing recount text on the eighth grade students of SMPN 1 Maesan in 2016/2017 academic year?”. Based on the problem, the research objective is intended “To improve the eighth grade students’ ability in writing recount text through Brainstorming Technique by Clustering at SMPN 1 Maesan in 2016/2017 academic year”. The design of the research is classroom action research. This research covered four sta...

This study aimed to determine the factors and barriers influencing technology integration inside the classroom and how teachers integrate technology. The study employed a systematic review of the literature of previous researches. The researchers utilize online databases from Ebscohost and ERIC databases. Through inclusion-exclusion criteria and a guide using PRISMA Flowchart, 46 articles (qualitative – 19; quantitative – 27) were generated and considered eligible and used in the research. Moreover, screened articles were reviewed using the Research Article Findings Grid. Specifically, articles plotted in the grid were analyzed by identifying similarities and differences, regrouped some positive and negative findings of the different authors, and collated and put under each theme. It was noted that personal factors (i.e., teachers&#39; and students&#39; perspectives and attitudes) and professional factors (i.e., tenure, training, workshops) were the main factors affecting technology...

Writing is often considered as a dull but challenging skill to be learned. Hence, a learning innovation aside the conventional methods is needed to improve students’ participation and achievement. Flipped Classroom, a reverse teaching strategy was selected to overcome this problem because it involves the use of technology as a learning media that fits the characteristics of millennial students. This strategy was combined with Edpuzzle, a learning media which provides content from renowned education channels that can be customized and used freely by teachers. The combination of Flipped Classroom strategy and Edpuzzle has proven to be successful in improving students’ participation in learning activities (30.5%) as well as their achievement in writing (17%). Therefore, teachers are suggested to implement and adapt this practice in their class while considering the competence to be mastered, as well as students’ needs and characteristics.

This paper explores teachers’ beliefs in English teaching for young learners based on International Baccalaureate Primary Years Programe (IB PYP) and examines the interplay their beliefs on instructional practices. The researchers utilize a qualitative method and case study as a research design. Three English teachers at elementary school that implementing IB PYP in Surakarta participated in the study. Data is drawn from semi-structured interviews, observation and document analysis. For analyzing data, the researchers use an interactive model by Miles and Hubberman. The finding data indicates that most of teachers beliefs consistence with their instructional practices namely beliefs on learning objective, syllabus, classroom methods, instructional material and sources, media and assessment even thought the researcher find discrepancies namely teachers’ beliefs on lesson plan and classroom procedure. Based on this result, the researchers argue that reform in language teacher educatio...

The purpose of this research is to conduct a narrative inquiry into the experiences of Thai students from various countries such as China and Cambodia. This research is interesting because they are also EFL learners who study in Thailand using L2 in English for intercultural communication both inside and outside the classroom. They liked English as a class delivery for presentations and discussions between countries. Thai students also have difficulties with Thai accent and pronunciation. However, in English, they had intermediate fluency levels. They like offline learning because it is very easy to access and communicate with their friends and lecturers. This offline learning used the DingTalk application.

First of all, the researcher would like to express his praise and thank God for His blessing, grace, and inspiration, so that the researcher could complete his undergraduate thesis titled "Developing the Reading Test for the Tenth Grade Students". Firstly, the researcher expresses his gratitude is extended to Dr. Ive Emaliana, M.Pd. as his supervisor, for her great advice, assistance, guidance, and encouragement for the researcher to complete this final project from the beginning until the end. Secondly, the researcher expresses his gratitude to Peptia Asrining Tyas, M.Pd. as his examiner who supported and guided the researcher to finish this final project. Thirdly, the researcher would like to appreciate L. Nanik Herawati, S.Pd. as English teacher of SMAK Frateran Malang who was very supportive to the researcher. Fourthly, the researcher sincerely thanks his beloved father and mother for the prayers, support, patience, and love, so that the researcher has energy in accomplishing this final academic requirement. Finally, the researcher expresses his thanks to inspiring friends who have encouraged the researcher to finish this final project.

This research aimed at investigating whether or not there is a different effect between PQRST and SQ3R strategies based on the text types upon the eighth grade students’ reading competency. This research was an experimental research with 2 X 2 factorial designs. The population was 6 classes (179 students) of grade VIII in SMPN 4 Singaraja in the academic year 2012/2013, in which 4 classes were sample of this research which was assigned into two groups, two classes with 60 students were PQRST strategy group, and two classes with 60 students were SQ3R strategy group determined by using a Multistage Random Sampling. The data were collected through reading comprehension test that were analyzed by using Statistical Two-Way ANOVA. The result shows that, first, FA = 31.533 with the significant value was 0.000 which was less than 0.5, therefore, there is a significance difference between the students who were taught by PQRST strategy than those who were taught by SQ3R strategy. Second, FAB ...

The objective of this research were to find out: To find out whether or not the Effectiveness of reciprocal teaching prosedure toward Student reading Skills at the eight grade students of SMP Negeri 3 Dua Pitue Kalosi This research employed mixed method reciprocal teaching which is designed to focus students’ attention on four reading comprehension strategies: clarifying what was read, asking questions, predicting what might follow  and summarizing the information with used clusster sampling.  The population of this research is the eight grade; exactly the eight grade student of SMP Negeri 3 Dua Pitue Kalosi. The total number of population is class VIII.A=28 and class VIII.B=27 students. The samples in this research is from VIII.B consist 27 students.The data of the research were collected by using teks reading multiple choice. reading test was used to obtain data of the students’ reading comprehension. The result of data analysis showed that two was significant difference between t...

This is a report on a Research and Development project with the purpose of developing supplementary materials for building students' vocabulary in speaking in the hotel context for the tenth-grade students of the Hospitality Program at SMKN 3 Malang. The procedures were carried out in seven steps: (1) identifying the classroom problems, (2) reviewing recent theories of educational product development, (3) developing the educational products, (4) reviewing the product, (5) validating the products to experts and revised according to get quality assurance, (6) small scale try-out and revised based on the result of the try-out, and (7) publishing the final product. The students learn the vocabulary through three activities, namely watching the learning video (listening and repeating the dialog and knowing the vocabulary), doing the exercises, and reading the summary. The product provides six videos based on the basic competence of Introducing Oneself and Others, Congratulating and Complimenting Others, Expressing Intentions, Describing Tourism and Historical Places, and Giving Announcement. The context was adjusted to hospitality context. The validity result of this product is 95%, which means applicable and suitable.

The main problem which faced by rural Indonesian schools is teacher absenteeism which leads to low motivation students on teaching and learning process. The research aims to investigate the cause of teacher absenteeism in rural Indonesian schools. The participant of this research was the 4 pre-service teachers of SM-3T program who were sent to Sambas (Kalimantan Island), Maluku Barat Daya, Alor (East Nusa Tenggara), and Mamberamo (Papua). This research employs a narrative descriptive method. The techniques of data collection comprise questionnaire and in-depth interview. Furthermore, this study is supposed to contribute to the teacher professional development in the rural Indonesian schools

Teaching English to Young Learners (EYL) is different from teaching English to adult learners. This demands different sort of materials as well. Teacher's competence also plays an important role in determining whether the teaching materials are good or teachable for the learners or not. Besides, YL characteristics, age, cultural contexts, schools, syllabuses, and leaner cognitive level of development also important in deciding the materials appropriate of the teaching of EYL. This paper aims to discuss further on how and what kind of teaching materials; mostly textbooks, are appropriate for learning English to Young learners.

Storytelling has been a part of children's life. They loved being told as well as telling a story. Being told a story made them see what has been read, and telling a story made them talk as they spoke it out. As the children learn a language, story is one effective way for them to learn a language. This study is aimed to find out to what extent storytelling could help young children with their early reading comprehension in terms of story-retell. One class in one national plus school has been the setting of the study with 13 students as the subjects. A mix method was implemented through a classroom action research design. This study came up with a significant result that storytelling activities have been effective ways to increase young children's retell fluency, both in content and fluency. The help of pictures, cue cards, and flashcards has been very efficient in helping young children to have a better comprehension in their early reading. These teaching aids had also been able to motivate them to be more active and engaged during the class.

This research aimed to investigate and describe the finding about the use of movie in teaching sociolinguistics: code-switching or code-mixing. This research applied qualitative research using descriptive method. In collecting the data, the researcher used observation, interview and documentation. Based on the result of data analysis, it could be concluded that the use of audiovisual in teaching sociolinguistics: code-switching or code-mixing showed good response of the students' attention and participation in Sociolinguistics class.

Bu çalışmada amaç, ilkokulda yabancı dil öğretiminde kullanılan içerik ve dil bütünleşik öğretme yaklaşımı ile eylem odaklı öğretme yaklaşımın karşılaştırılmasıdır. Çalışmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden biri olan içerik/doküman analizi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada ilkokulda yabancı dil öğretiminde kullanılan içerik ve dil bütünleşik öğretme yaklaşımı ile eylem odaklı öğretme yaklaşımı arasındaki benzerlik ve farklılıklar tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Eğitim ve öğretimin varlığının oluştuğu ilk günlerden itibaren ortaya birçok öğrenme ve öğretme yaklaşımı atılmıştır. İçerik ve dil bütünleşik öğretme yaklaşımı da bunlardan birisidir. Bu yaklaşımı genel olarak ilk defa uygulamaya başlayan Lüksemburg ve Malta’nın 19. yüzyılın başlarında dünyaya tanıtması ile diğer ülkeler de zaman içerisinde kullanmaya başlamışlardır. İçerik ve dil bütünleşik öğretme yaklaşımı, dili bir amaç değil konu öğrenimi içerisinde araç olarak kullanması ile diğer yaklaşımlardan ayrılmaktadır. Bir diğer dil öğretme yaklaşımı olan ve ülkemizde İngilizce öğretim programında öğretim aşamasında uygulanan yaklaşım olduğu belirtilen eylem odaklı yaklaşım ise öğrencilere eyleme dayalı görevler vererek dil öğretimini gerçekleştirmeyi hedefler. Bu iki yaklaşım amaç, öğretmen, öğrenci, ders materyalleri ve değerlendirme bakımından incelendiğinde içerik ve dil bütünleşik yaklaşımda hedef dil araç konumundayken eylem odaklı yaklaşımda amaç konumundadır. İçerik ve dil bütünleşik yaklaşım konu odaklı eğitimi benimser ancak eylem odaklı yaklaşım görevlere dayalıdır. Öğretmen her iki yaklaşımda da rehber konumundadır ve içerik ve dil bütünleşik yaklaşımda İngilizce öğretmeninin bir alanda daha uzmanlaşması beklenir. Ders materyalleri açısından bakıldığında arada büyük farklılıklar görülmezken değerlendirme hususunda ilkokul kademesinde her iki yaklaşım da sınav uygulamazlar.




The aim of this study is to compare the content and language integrated teaching approach used in foreign language teaching in primary school and the action-oriented teaching approach. Content/document analysis method, which is one of the qualitative research methods, was used in the study. In the research, it was tried to Decipher the similarities and differences between the content and language integrated teaching approach used in foreign language teaching in primary school and the action-oriented teaching approach. Since the first days when the existence of education and training was formed, many learning and teaching approaches have been laid out. Content and language integrated teaching approach is one of them. Luxembourg and Malta, which have started to apply this approach for the first time in general, have 19. with the introduction of it to the world at the beginning of the century, other countries have started to use it over time. The content and language integrated teaching approach differs from other approaches by using language as a tool in subject learning, not as a goal. Another language teaching approach, the action-oriented approach, which is stated to be the approach applied at the teaching stage in the English curriculum in our country, aims to realize language teaching by giving students action-based tasks. When these two approaches are examined in terms of purpose, teacher, student, course materials and evaluation, content and language are in the position of the target language in the integrated approach, while the action-oriented approach is in the position of the goal. The content and language integrated approach adopts subject-oriented education, but the action-oriented approach is based on tasks. The teacher is a guide in both approaches, and in the content and language integrated approach, the English teacher is expected to specialize in one more area. From the point of view of course materials, while there are no big differences between them, both approaches do not apply exams at the primary school level in terms of assessment.

For decades linguists have been interested in doing research on English vocabulary and vocabulary teaching. In the article Learning Vocabulary through Games published in the Asian EFL Journal, Huyen and Nga investigate the benefits of using games for their students’ vocabulary learning. They argue that games are helpful for students to enrich their English vocabulary acquisition. As of May 2021, the article has been quite influential and cited for 381 times by scholars and students around the world. This paper presents a critical review of the aforementioned article. The discussion is mainly centred on the relation between the research and communicative language teaching, strengths and weaknesses of the research, and reflection of the research findings on the authors’ learning and teaching experience.

This study investigates illustrations use as a factor influencing reading comprehension of children\u27s stories among pupils of selected primary schools in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. The study adopted the descriptive survey research design of Expost-facto type. The study population consists of 312 primary five and six pupils from which a total of 195 pupils were selected from five private secondary schools in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria adopting the systematic random sampling technique. The questionnaire was the main instrument for data collection. It consists of 64 questions arranged in four sections. Simple percentages, mean, standard deviation and Pearson’s Product Moment correlation were used to analyse the data. The findings revealed that majority (75.4%) of the respondents often read children’s stories with weighted mean ( =2.60). The study also revealed that the level of reading comprehension of the stories by pupils was high with (81.5%) respondents and a weighted mean ( =2...

Storytelling can be a purposeful action leading to positive outcomes. Classroom teaching strategies can employ storytelling to develop the linguistic, cognitive, social and emotional domains of young children. Parents reading to their children can yield hurclean benefits to their overall development. This study intended to explore the parental attitude and practices towards story book reading. A cross sectional study design was approached for this survey. A cross-sectional survey study design was employed for this study. A universal sampling method was employed to seek the responses from the caregivers. All the caregivers who agree to provide consent filled the form. The questionnaire was made on a Google link and was shared in a caregiver’s educational Facebook group. The data was collected from August – September 2021. This findings of this study provides some insights into building awareness programs for the parents to provide them with hand on skills to initiate, sustain and pro...

Students need to master the speaking skill because it is one of the four language skills. There are so many factors influence the speaking skill of the students. Some factors come from the teacher and some others come from the student itself. Many teachers find the difficulties how to attract student speak English naturally. Besides, almost of students in Senior High School are shy and afraid to speak. We try to offer the role play technique in teaching speaking. By using role play technique, we hope students can join the activity learning well. Role play can result in repetition of speaking activity by providing a change. In short, role play covers a wide range of possibilities because in this technique students have to enter into many different situations. Moreover, it can help students to achieve maximum communication.

This study aimed to find out whether or not there was any significant (1) achievement on students&#39; reading comprehension who were taught by using PQRST strategy, (2) achievement on students&#39; reading comprehension who were taught by using TPS strategy, and (3) difference on students&#39; reading comprehension achievement between students who were taught by using PQRST strategy and students who were taught by using TPS strategy. This study used a quasi experimental method. The population of the study was the tenth graders with the total number of 232, where sixty-two students were taken as the sample by using purposive sampling by considering the students&#39; reading achievement. The data were collected by using reading comprehension tests and analyzed statistically by using paired-sample and independent sample t-test to find out the improvement of students&#39; reading comprehension by using PQRST. The results of pretest and post test were applied by using paired t-test. It ...

This study aims to describe the implementation of Telegram application as a teaching media in teaching English and to know students’ perceptions toward this implementation. Using case study as research design, the teacher who used Telegram as teaching media in English teaching and 2 students who are taught by this teaching media were being participants in this qualitative study. The observation checklist form adapted from Lubis (2018) and the interview guidelines adapted from Chorida (2017) was used to gain the data. To reach the objective of the study, the researcher conducted online observation and interviews with those participants. The finding shows that the implementation of Telegram at SMKN 4 Malang can give positive impact in English language teaching. The use of Telegram facilitates students to autonomously learn. It is due to all of the materials needed by students are already provided with clear instructions by the English teacher in one of its features called Bot API. Rel...

The main goal of this study was to investigate about lecturer’s role in teaching speaking for enhancing students’ communication ability. The researcher employed descriptive quantitative method which was to know the students’ perception on lecturers’ roles to achieve students’ communication ability. The instrument of this research used close-ended questionnaire. Furthermore, the population of this research was 47 students at eight semester of English Tadris Study Program in IAIN Curup on academic year 2018. The researcher used total sampling in determining the sample on this research. Then, the researcher chose three lecturers of speaking subject to know about students’ perception on lecturers’ roles in enhancing EFL learners’ communication ability as the purpose of teaching speaking skill. The result shows that the majority of students’ perception was in positive category when the lecturers play the various roles in assisting students to improve their communication ability. However,...

Digital storytelling, which is about the combination of media and technology with traditional storytelling to help students learn, has lately been considered as an effective tool in instructional environments. This paper examines the effects of the digital storytelling experience on pre-service language teachers’ perceived self-efficacy towards integration of educational technology to teach English to young learners. With this aim in mind, the researcher prepared two-hours training on what is a digital story and how it can be prepared with educational purposes, more specifically language teaching. The qualitative study was conducted in Spring semester 2016-2017, at a pre-service teacher education department of a state university in Turkey. The data for the current study was gathered through preservice language teachers’ lesson plans and open-ended questionnaire. In order to be able to answer the research questions, the document analysis was carried out with lesson plans prepared by ...

This study aims to describe the implementation of Telegram application as a teaching media in teaching English and to know students’ perceptions toward this implementation. Using case study as research design, the teacher who used Telegram as teaching media in English teaching and 2 students who are taught by this teaching media were being participants in this qualitative study. The observation checklist form adapted from Lubis (2018) and the interview guidelines adapted from Chorida (2017) was used to gain the data. To reach the objective of the study, the researcher conducted online observation and interviews with those participants. The finding shows that the implementation of Telegram at SMKN 4 Malang can give positive impact in English language teaching. The use of Telegram facilitates students to autonomously learn. It is due to all of the materials needed by students are already provided with clear instructions by the English teacher in one of its features called Bot API. Rel...

In the paper we describe an exploration into the design of an authoring tool to support the creation of multimedia stories. We explicitly targeted children with no reading or writing skills and their educators. Children in this age group often enjoy reading and creating stories together with adults and in so doing develop important pre-literacy skills. Literature suggests that when children play an active role in these activities, with a high level of engagement and interaction, there is a significant increase in their vocabulary acquisition and an improvement in their communication skills. Thus, we investigated these issues by conducting an explorative study in a preschool class with fifteen children and three teachers. Here, we describe the emerging challenges and provide design directions for an authoring system to support the co-creation of stories for pre-literate children.

Nowadays, learning activity in University expects student to build the mind set in cognitive structure and improving the thinking skill of student. Every movement in our ideas, concepts, and so forth is called as thinking. However, the way how to build this skill is still less. This paper is design using library research model which analyse the data qualitatively. Moreover, this also telling about how the lecturer can fulfil and improving the students’ thinking skill with a hypnosis model. Changing perception that learning is not about the score but how we can develop our mind to be creative. APA Division 30 state that hypnosis is a state of consciousness involving focused attention and reduced peripheral awareness characterized by an enhanced capacity for response to suggestion. Therefore, using hypnosis model can train university students’ mind to think out of the box and not fixated with the material. Through the subconscious mind of student, the lecturer gives the point or clue ...

This study aimed to find out whether or not there was any significant (1) achievement on students&#39; reading comprehension who were taught by using PQRST strategy, (2) achievement on students&#39; reading comprehension who were taught by using TPS strategy, and (3) difference on students&#39; reading comprehension achievement between students who were taught by using PQRST strategy and students who were taught by using TPS strategy. This study used a quasi experimental method. The population of the study was the tenth graders with the total number of 232, where sixty-two students were taken as the sample by using purposive sampling by considering the students&#39; reading achievement. The data were collected by using reading comprehension tests and analyzed statistically by using paired-sample and independent sample t-test to find out the improvement of students&#39; reading comprehension by using PQRST. The results of pretest and post test were applied by using paired t-test. It ...

Received June 9, 2020 Revised Oct 7, 2020 Accepted Dec 30, 2020 EFL students need to learn about reading comprehension because, it is one of the essential abilities in learning English. To measure the students reading comprehension, a reading test is needed. Nevertheless, many students find difficulties in working the reading test. It happens because the reading tests which are given by teachers who do not analyze item difficulty, discrimination, distractor, and reliability. Those analyses are needed to prove that the reading test has met criteria of good tests. Criteria of good tests are needed in making the reading test because the reading test is used for measuring the achievement of EFL students. This study purposes at developing the reading test based on Indonesia National Curriculum basic competence, learning indicators, English lessons, and it examines to meet the criteria of good test. The researcher adapted Borg and Gall&#39;s (1983) theory in developing the reading test.

This study sought to examine current trends towards shared stories in urban Pakistan. It explored the experiences of the parent's attitude towards reading and children's interest in reading. It also looked at the association between parents' qualifications on child reading and shared reading experiences at home. A cross-sectional survey study design was employed for this study with universal sampling employed to seek data from the parents during August and September 2021. This study found that children benefits greatly when parents share stories with their children. It also found that generally parents who buy and read books themselves supported children to become readers. The findings of this study provide insights into building awareness programs for the parents to provide them with hand on skills to initiate, sustain and promote story reading at home.

Students need to master the speaking skill because it is one of the four language skills. There are so many factors influence the speaking skill of the students. Some factors come from the teacher and some others come from the student itself. Many teachers find the difficulties how to attract student speak English naturally. Besides, almost of students in Senior High School are shy and afraid to speak. We try to offer the role play technique in teaching speaking. By using role play technique, we hope students can join the activity learning well. Role play can result in repetition of speaking activity by providing a change. In short, role play covers a wide range of possibilities because in this technique students have to enter into many different situations. Moreover, it can help students to achieve maximum communication.

This research aimed to determine the effectiveness of picture in storybook reading to increase kindness in children. This research involved 31 children aged 5-6 years; they were taken from the kindergarten in Bandung as the participants. The intervention was done by reading eight picture books in eight days. The kindness was measured using a measurement instrument created by the researcher, in the form of nine coloured cards that described the behaviour of kindness. The measurement was also done by seeing through the kindness tree and observation sheets that filled out by the teacher. The data analysis using the Wilcoxon Signed-rank test shows a significant difference in the average score of kindness (p&lt;0,05) before and after picture storybook reading. Two weeks after the intervention, the improvement on all kindness behaviours with the post-test score is greater than pre-test score that still can be found. Observation through kindness tree and observational sheets shows the same...

The aim of this paper was to investigate the influences of informal digital learning of English (IDLE) speaking practices which emerge the boundaries between countries. The researcher used questionnaire, interview, document analysis, and observation as data collection. For analyzing qualitative data, the researcher used narrative inquiry model including data collection, data transcription and reporting the narrative study. The participant were two female undergraduate students of English department in Indonesia. The result explained that IDLE speaking practices influence their self-confidence, motivation, and communication competence. This research also reveald that their language learning strategy through IDLE speaking practice widen their social and culture understanding. This new language learning strategy in informal context helps digital natives in this era to enjoy their learning.

This paper describes the design of a mobile application, termed Multilingual Mobile Storybook Reader (MMSR), which is aimed at developing early multilingual literacy skills in a mobile assisted language learning (MALL) learning environment. The MMSR forms a hub in the MALL model, with adults scaffolding preschoolers&#39; early multilingual literacy development in a shared meaningful interactive multilingual storybook reading environment. The model will be tested and evaluated through a multilingual reading programme that links school and homes; with a shared purpose of developing children&#39;s early multilingual literacy skills. Index Terms-Early Multilingual Literacy, scaffolding, storybook, mobile assisted language learning, zone of proximal development.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah (i) peningkatan pemahaman membaca siswa melalui penerapan strategi PQRST dan (ii) aspek apa yang paling meningkat setelah penerapan strategi tersebut. Subyek penelitian ini adalah 31 siswa di kelas X IPA 4 tahun akademik 2018/2019. Desain penelitian adalah one group pretestand posttest. Data dalam bentuk skor diambil dari pretest dan posttest, kemudian dianalisis dengan menggunakan Paired Sample t-test. Hasil penerapan strategi P-Q-RS-T dalam pengajaran teks recount menunjukkan bahwa ada peningkatan yang signifikan pada prestasi membaca pemahaman siswa (p 0,05, p = 0,00). Selain itu, kosakata adalah aspek membaca yang paling meningkat. Secara singkat, dapat disimpulkan bahwa penerapan strategi P-Q-R-S-T memungkinkan siswa untukmeningkatkan prestasi membaca mereka.The research was aimed at knowing whether there was (i) students’ improvement on reading comprehension achievement after they were taught through PQRST strategy and (ii) whic...

Mastering vocabulary in English is such an essential facet that learners would be able to own productive and receptive skill needed to get their messages across and decipher the conveyed ones towards them. This Class Action Research (CAR) aims at pinpointing the intervention of Crossword Puzzle as a medium of teaching-learning vocabulary on Personal Recount Text. Collaborating with the classroom teacher, its use in one class of eight graded students in a public junior high school in West Java is conducted together with the instruments of observation and tests. It is found out that Crossword Puzzle radiates the teaching-learning process positively on account of students’ enthusiasm and responses as well as profoundly inclines the mean of Pre-test, 40.61 to the one of Post-test, 80.60 aside from the majority of the students’ achievement to the success indicator score on vocabulary mastery in one Cycle. Despite its benefits to other parties, it is advisable that further research is to ...

Digital Natives students born into an era of instant networking. It makes everything have a connection with technologies. Digital natives having sophisticated technology knowledge and skills that can be potentially harnessed for better learning engagement inside the classroom. Seesaw is a simple way for teachers and students to record and share what's happening in the speaking classroom. Seesaw gives students a place to document their learning, be creative and learn how to use technology in language learning class. This paper will discuss the seesaw application within implementation problems and its solutions. The researcher will use a qualitative study for this research. The study's data is collected from the second semester until sixth-semester students of English Department at Tidar University. The conclusion, in this paper, is seesaw application fits with this generation of learners because it allows them to communicate with their instructors in realtime from the first day of class.

This study aimed to determine the factors and barriers influencing technology integration inside the classroom and how teachers integrate technology. The study employed a systematic review of the literature of previous researches. The researchers utilize online databases from Ebscohost and ERIC databases. Through inclusion-exclusion criteria and a guide using PRISMA Flowchart, 46 articles (qualitative – 19; quantitative – 27) were generated and considered eligible and used in the research. Moreover, screened articles were reviewed using the Research Article Findings Grid. Specifically, articles plotted in the grid were analyzed by identifying similarities and differences, regrouped some positive and negative findings of the different authors, and collated and put under each theme. It was noted that personal factors (i.e., teachers&#39; and students&#39; perspectives and attitudes) and professional factors (i.e., tenure, training, workshops) were the main factors affecting technology...

This research has purpose to prove the effectiveness of using debate in teaching speaking at eighth grade of SMP Bina Mulia Mandiri West Bandung academic year 2019/2020. The method used in this research is Classroom Action Research (CAR) using two cycles explained through planning, implementing, observation, and reflection on every cycle. The outcome of the research proved that there was an improvement on the students’ speaking skill. It could be proved by the result of the test in this research. The Minimum Score that must be gained by students (KKM) of English lesson was 70. The students mean score was 50 at the first pretest, and 65 in the first post test, and in the second post test the mean of the students score was 85. In addition there were 3 students (8.8%) who exceed the minimum score on pre test. There were 9 students at the first pretest (26.47%) who surpassed KKM. There were 31 students at the second pretest (91.18%) who exceed KKM. Then, from the result of observation a...

Many studies had examined writing strategies in ESL context. However, very few studies examined writing strategies by university students within foreign language learning contexts in Indonesia. Considering that reason, the researcher conducts a survey in EFL context focusing on writing strategies mostly used by 126 students enrolled in essay writing class. This study was conducted by using quantitative method, survey design, and English Writing Strategies Inventory (EWSI) questionnaire as the instruments. The result of this study shows that the predominant learning style of the students are determining the purpose and reading some materials related to the topic before start to write, checking the logical flow through paragraph when writing, and reviewing the writing to look for and correct grammatical errors after writing. It also found that the tendency of students to use EWSI is categorized as high since the frequency of strategy use in each category is high.

This research aimed to find the significant differences of students' achievement in writing procedure text using team pair solo and think pair share, This research used a quantitative and experimental method. The research design was pretest posttest control group. The population was the students of class VII SMPN 33 Semarang by using simple random sampling was VII D as the experimental group, VII C as the control group, and VII B as the tryout class. The research instruments used were test and questionnaire. The result of the test is t arithmetic is lower than t table so the hypothesis is not accepted. It means that there is no significant difference of students' achievement in writing procedure text between students who were taught writing using team pair solo and those who were taught by using think pair share. The result of posttest in experimental class is 77.61 and control class is 77.38.

Many students find speaking as one of the most difficult skills in English. Therefore, the researcher wants to improve the students’ speaking ability through the suitable teaching method, in this case is Role Play. The problem in this research is “how can the use of role play improve students’ speaking ability of the seventh grade students of Darul Mahdeeyah Private School Songkhla Thailand in the 2015/2016 academic year?” And the objective of this research is to find out how role play can improve the English speaking ability of the seventh grade students of Darul Mahdeeyah Private School Songkhla Thailand in 2015/2016 academic year. Based on the research problem and the relevant theory, the hypothesis of this research is d escribed as follows: Role Play can improve the seventh grade students’ speaking ability at Darul Mahdeeyah Private School Songkhla Thailand in the 2015/2016 Academic Year because by using role play method, students become more active in participating the class. T...

Introduction: This research is focused on the methodological strategy "storytelling" with a view to contributions to the acquisition of the English language and the development of children's vocabulary. General objective: To investigate whether children's literature, through storytelling, works as a facilitator in the teaching of the English language. In order to respond to this objective, storytelling workshops in English were held in April 2016. Specific objectives: Select children's literature books that present significant content for learning English. Apply, in the classroom, the methodological strategy of storytelling in English. To analyze whether there was development of children's vocabulary through storytelling workshops based on children's literary works. Methodological aspects: The public responding to this research are students from a private bilingual school, which uses various methods to introduce the English language in a playful and natural way, including children's literature. The survey is divided into two phases, the first of which sought to raise the profile of the respondent public: age, sex, grade, etc. The second phase is to apply reading workshops in the classroom, using storytelling, with the aim of analyzing the development of children in relation to the acquisition of vocabulary in the English language, through storytelling in the target language.

This study aimed at investigating the specified 21st Cyber-based learning activities. The emergence of using specified 21st cyber-based learning activities is due to the integration of digital literacy and the 4Cs. The method of the study is descriptive qualitative study with SWOT data analysis technique. Then, to ensure the validity and reliability of the data analysis, methods triangulation was used to check the consistency of findings generated by different data collection methods. The data were collected through documents analysis, classroom observation, and interview section. The result of the study showed that JHS EFL teachers have different perspectives about the specified 21st cyber-based learning activities due to cultural attributes of Indonesian EFL learners which have society’s perspective behavior of collectivism, reticence and passivity. However, in line with the use of specified 21st century-based learning activities, another result showed that students need EFL learn...

The aim of this paper was to investigate the influences of informal digital learning of English (IDLE) speaking practices which emerge the boundaries between countries. The researcher used questionnaire, interview, document analysis, and observation as data collection. For analyzing qualitative data, the researcher used narrative inquiry model including data collection, data transcription and reporting the narrative study. The participant were two female undergraduate students of English department in Indonesia. The result explained that IDLE speaking practices influence their self-confidence, motivation, and communication competence. This research also reveald that their language learning strategy through IDLE speaking practice widen their social and culture understanding. This new language learning strategy in informal context helps digital natives in this era to enjoy their learning.