micronuclei (MNi

Boletín Médico-Facultad de Medicina UAS 13 INTRODUCCIÓN El uso de plaguicidas es necesario, pero deben ser aplicados de manera racional, ya que las plagas pueden desarrollar resistencia a ellos obligando al aumento de la dosis de aplicación. Este aumento de dosis puede llegar a ocasionar un efecto genotóxico en el hombre debido en gran parte al consumo de productos contaminados o por el contacto durante su manejo y aplicación en los campos agrícolas 1. La acción genotóxica de los plaguicidas repercute de manera directa en el ser humano al ocasionar alteraciones sobre el material genético (ADN) al cual se le ha relacionado con el desarrollo de cáncer y leucemia 2,3,4,5,6. Debido a esto en los últimos años se han llevado acabo un sin número de trabajos de investigación sobre agentes genotóxicos. La cuantificación de micronúcleos (MNs) en eritrocitos de medula ósea y sangre periférica es uno de los

Boletín Médico-Facultad de Medicina UAS 13 INTRODUCCIÓN El uso de plaguicidas es necesario, pero deben ser aplicados de manera racional, ya que las plagas pueden desarrollar resistencia a ellos obligando al aumento de la dosis de aplicación. Este aumento de dosis puede llegar a ocasionar un efecto genotóxico en el hombre debido en gran parte al consumo de productos contaminados o por el contacto durante su manejo y aplicación en los campos agrícolas 1. La acción genotóxica de los plaguicidas repercute de manera directa en el ser humano al ocasionar alteraciones sobre el material genético (ADN) al cual se le ha relacionado con el desarrollo de cáncer y leucemia 2,3,4,5,6. Debido a esto en los últimos años se han llevado acabo un sin número de trabajos de investigación sobre agentes genotóxicos. La cuantificación de micronúcleos (MNs) en eritrocitos de medula ósea y sangre periférica es uno de los

Wood dust was classified by the IARC as a human carcinogen which causes sinonasal tumours. However, the exposure in different industries varies strongly and the risks of workers depend on the specific situation which can be assessed by the use of biomonitoring methods. The aim of this study was to investigate the workers who are exposed to low dust levels (below the permitted concentrations) with cytogenetic and biochemical methods. Micronuclei (MNi) which are indicative for genomic damage, nuclear buds which reflect gene amplification, binucleated cells which are caused by mitotic disturbances and acute cytotoxicity parameters (pyknosis, karyorrhexis, condensed chromatin, karyolysis) were monitored in buccal and nasal cells of workers of a veneer factory (n = 51) who are exposed to volatile wood-derived compounds, in carpenters of a furniture factory which use no synthetic chemicals (n=38) and in a control group (n = 65). Additionally, markers were measured in blood plasma which reflect inflammations (C-reactive protein, CRP) and the redox status, namely malondialdehyde (MDA) and oxidised low density proteins (oxLDL). No induction of micronucleated cells was observed in both epithelia in the two exposure groups while all other nuclear anomalies except pyknosis were increased; also one health-related biochemical marker (MDA) was significantly elevated in the workers. Taken together, the results of our study show that exposure to low levels of wood dust does not cause formation of MNi indicating that the cancer risks of the workers are not increased as a consequence of genetic damage while positive results were obtained in earlier studies with workers who are exposed to high dust levels. However, our findings indicate that wood dust causes cytotoxic effects which may lead to inflammations.

El estudio de la genotoxicidad en modelos murinos es útil para responder las dudas relacionadas con la seguridad por el uso de nanomateriales, sobre todo cuando se pretende el desarrollo de nuevas opciones terapéuticas.  El propósito de este trabajo fue evaluar la capacidad genotóxica de AgNPs Argovit™ a partir de la técnica de micronúcleos en reticulocitos de sangre periférica de ratones, prueba ampliamente utilizada para conocer el potencial genotóxico de diferentes agentes. Las nanopartículas de plata se suministraron en dosis terapéuticas por vía oral (indicadas para perros como tratamiento para el moquillo) durante tres días a un grupo conformado por siete ratones y a otros dos grupos con igual número de ratones se administró respectivamente agua inyectable y arabinosa C. Los especímenes fueron medidos, pesados antes y después del experimento. También se tomaron diariamente muestras de sangre periférica mediante un corte en la punta de la cola para posteriormente realizar exten...

The aim of this research was to assess interactions between metals at low exposure concentrations (Maximum-Permissible-Concentrations accepted for the inland waters in EU) and to assess possible influence of background exposure (10-times reduced concentration of a single metal) on toxicological significance of selected biomarkers in Salmo salar after treatment with metal mixture (Zn-0.1, Cu-0.01, Ni-0.01, Cr-0.01, Pb-0.005 and Cd-0.005 mg/L). The tissue-specific bioaccumulation, genotoxicity and cytotoxicity responses (erythrocytic nuclear abnormalities assay) in peripheral blood, kidneys, gills and liver erythrocytes of fish to metal mixtures were assessed after 14 days treatment. Treatment with primary mixture (MIX) or two variants of this mixture (Cr↓ (10 times reduced Cr 6+ concentration) and Cu↓ (10 times reduced Cu 2+ concentration)) induced the strongest responses in genotoxicity and cytotoxicity endpoints. Exposure to these mixtures highly affected Zn, Cu and Cd bioaccumulation in liver tissue. The highest amount of Ni accumulated was measured after Cd↓ treatment in all tissues. Treatments with reduced concentration of non-essential metal resulted in an increased accumulation of Pb, Ni, or Cd; treatments with reduced concentration of essential metal resulted in a reduced accumulation of certain metals (especially Cd and Pb) in tissues compared between treatments. Glucose content in blood and behavioural endpoints were evaluated after short-term exposure to metal mixtures (MIX, Cr↓, Cu↓). Significant increase in blood glucose concentration was measured after all treatments. These metal mixtures elicit significant behavioural alterations in fish. Consequently, this research revealed a significant influence of background exposure considering mixture toxicity. Highlights • 10-fold reduction of mixtures components highly affected bioaccumulation of several metals in analysed tissues of Salmo salar. • Significant influence of background exposure considering mixture toxicity was detected. • Exposure to metal mixtures at environmentally relevant concentrations elicited genotoxicity and cytotoxicity. • Alterations in glucose content in blood and behavioural responses were observed. Keywords Genotoxicity • cytotoxicity • Salmo salar • metals • bioaccumulation • behavioural responses

The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of cadmium and copper on the sialic acid levels of liver, gill, muscle and kidney of Cyprinus carpio following a 7-days exposure period at static conditions. Sialic acids (N-acetylneuraminic acids, SAs) are negatively charged monosaccharides that are common constituents in the oligosaccharides of vertebrates and some invertebrate species. Quantitative and qualitative differences in sialic acid are seen in health and disease, and at different stages of cell growth, differentiation, aging and malignant transformation. In this study, adult carps were exposed to 0.5, 2.5 and 5.0 ppm copper and 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 ppm cadmium, and also for interaction of 0.5+0.1 ppm copper+cadmium concentrations under static conditions for one week. At the end of 7 days, all carps were dissected into their liver, gill, muscle and kidney tissues for evaluation of heavy metal accumulation (Cu and Cd), and for analyzing the sialic acid level. Accumulation of Cu and Cd in the tissues investigated was increased with the dose of the metal. Under in vitro conditions, Cu, which is a useful ion for normal tissue function, has an antagonistic effect with sialic acid in the tissue. In contrast, Cd, which is not involved in any physiological function, has a synergistic effect with sialic acid. According to the results of this study, it could be suggested that tissue sialic acid interacts with metal ions under in vitro conditions. On the other hand, it is also possible that these results are due to direct effects of the metal ions on sialic acid metabolism.

Aim: To estimate the concentration of metal ions (Ni, Cr, Fe and Co), cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of buccal mucosal cell in patients being treated with fixed orthodontic appliances. Materials and Methods: A total of 50 patients aged between 14-30 years of age were included in the study. Three samples of buccal cells were collected from each orthodontic patient at the following times: T (0) – before insertion of the appliance, T (1) – 3 months after insertion of the appliance, T (2) – 6 months after insertion of the appliance. Metal ion concentration of buccal cells was evaluated using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The buccal cells were also evaluated for genotoxicity (DNA damage) and cytotoxicity (cellular viability) using alkaline comet assay and tryphan blue exclusion dye test respectively. Results: It was noted that there was a significant (p<0.001) increase in the metal ion concentrations in the buccal cell sample. The comet assay results showed significant DNA...

Zinc plays an essential role in wide range of cellular process,including defence against free redicals and mantaining genomic stability of aquatic fauna. In the present study, we analysed the induced mitotic index of dividing cells of kidney and micronuclei in peripheral erythrocytes of Channa punctatus following in vivo exposure of three different concentrations ZnSO4.7H2O. Our result revealed that Zinc induced signi cantly high incidences of micronuclei in peripheral erythrocytes, and inhibited mitotic index and caused considerable delay in the generation time of kidney cells in treated organisms. .Time and concentration related response of the chemical as observed in this study clearly indicated the genotoxic nature of Zinc Sulphate signi cantly i.e. (p≤0.05 to p≤0.01) .

La mezcla de analgésico, antipirético y antihistamínico de una pastilla antigripal de marca conocida fue evaluada en su capacidad de provocar daño cromosómico y citotoxicidad en sangre periférica de ratón árabe. El daño cromosómico fue evaluado utilizando la prueba de micronúcleos in vivo. El antigripal fue administrado a ratones de la línea árabe por vía oral en una dosis de 10.6 mg/Kg de peso en el curso de ocho h por tres días en un tratamiento agudo. Los cálculos del índice de toxicidad no fueron significativos estadísticamente entre los datos del grupo control negativo y los tratamientos con el antigripal. En cambio, este antigripal mostró efectos genotóxicos significativos a las 24, 48 y 72 h después de su aplicación. Este efecto puede ser causa de los componentes químicos del antigripal como son el paracetamol y la cafeína. En conclusión, la mezcla de analgésico, antipirético y antihistamínico de una pastilla antigripal no provoca daño celular pero muestra daño clastogénico d...

O álcool etílico é um dos principais agentes químicos relacionados ao desenvolvimento de neoplasias malignas bucais. O uso do etanol tem aumentado em diversas populações e a faixa etária dos indivíduos que o consomem tem ficado cada vez mais baixa. O teste de micronúcleos é apontado como uma ferramenta importante na ação preventiva de carcinogênese e a quantificação da sua frequência representa um instrumento útil no monitoramento de indivíduos expostos a agentes genotóxicos de natureza ocupacional ou ambiental. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a associação entre o consumo de álcool e a presença de micronúcleos na mucosa oral. Para tanto, foram coletadas células esfoliadas da mucosa oral de 120 sujeitos, com idade variando entre 18 e 54 anos para análise microscópica das células da mucosa oral, juntamente com a aplicação de um questionário de dados pessoais e de hábitos de consumo. Os resultados mostraram que não foram encontradas associações estatisticamente sig...

Lucrécia city, known to harbor a high cancer rate, is located in a semiarid region characterized by the presence of mineral reservoirs, facing a high exposure to metal and natural radioactivity. The present study aimed to assess the environmental scenario at a semiarid region located in Northeastern Brazil. Metal concentration, alpha and beta radiation, and cyanobacteria content in tap water along with indoor radon and gamma emitters (U, K and Th) concentrations were measured. In addition, mutagenic and nuclear instability effects were assessed using buccal micronucleus cytome assay. The study included five samplings corresponding to a period between 2007 and 2009. Drinking water from Lucrécia city presented levels of Mn, Ni and Cr along with cyanobacteria in concentrations one to four times higher than regulatory guidelines considered. Furthermore, high levels of all the tested radionuclides were found. A high percentage of the houses included in this study presented indoor radon c...

Se evaluó la genotoxicidad y la citotoxicidad en sangre periférica de ratones CD-1 expuestos a metales pesados: cromo y talio (Cr [VI] y Tl [I]). Grupos de cinco organismos fueron tratados por vía intraperitoneal con 20 mg/kg de CrO3 o con 30 mg/kg de Tl2SO4. El daño genotóxico se determinó mediante la cinética de la inducción de micronúcleos (MN) y de apoptosis, mientras que la citotoxicidad con la relación entre eritrocitos policromáticos/normocromáticos (EPC/ENC) y la viabilidad celular. Las evaluaciones se realizaron a las 0 h, 24 h, 48 h y 72 h después de los tratamientos. Los resultados mostraron un incremento significativo de MN, células apoptóticas y no-viables con ambos tratamientos. Particularmente, se presentó toxicidad celular y generalizada en los ratones expuestos al Tl2SO4. Con base en estos resultados, se sugiere que la exposición de las poblaciones humanas a compuestos metálicos, como los de Cr (VI) y Tl (I), puede representar un riesgo genético y citotóxico.

Manganese and iron were found at high concentrations (3.61 mg/L and 19.8 mg/L, respectively) in the water of the Rio Doce after the dams of Fundão and Santarém broke in Mariana/MG (Brazil). These same metals were found in fish and crustacean muscle (15 mg/kg and 8 mg/kg wet weight, respectively) in the specimens collected near the Rio Doce's outfall. Due to the variation in Mn concentration found in the lower Rio Doce, this study aimed to determine the effects of Mn in Oreochromis niloticus, at the concentrations allowed by CONAMA, and in concentrations found in the Rio Doce after the dams broke. The animals were exposed to the following dissolved concentrations: control group (0.0 mg/L), 0.2; 1.5 and 2.9 mg/L manganese for 96 h. In addition, a positive control was conducted, injecting intraperitoneally with cyclophosphamide (at 25 mg/kg). These exposures caused significant erythrocyte micronucleus formation in the organisms exposed to the highest concentration, as well a signif...

RESUMEN El presente trabajo evaluo el potencial genotoxico de cloroquina mediante la identificacion y cuantificacion de alteraciones cromosomicas en celulas de medula osea de Rattus norvegicus cepa holtzman. Los grupos de trabajo fueron: control negativo (suero salino fisiologico), control positivo (ciclofosfamida, 50mg/kg pc) y experimental (cloroquina, 300 mg/kg/pc). La administracion fue via oral durante 2 dias. Se aislo la medula osea y se proceso con la tecnica de obtencion de cromosomas. Se encontro: incremento significativo de las alteraciones cromosomicas en las celulas de las ratas tratadas con cloroquina (45 ± 5.2) y ciclofosfamida (153.5 ± 12.3) respecto al control negativo (4 ± 1.4). Entre las alteraciones cromosomicas encontradas estan: Intercambio tri-radial, fragmento acentrico y ruptura cromatidica. Se concluye que, cloroquina incrementa significativamente las lesiones en el ADN de las celulas de medula osea de Rattus norvegicus cepa Holtzman. Palabras claves: Altera...

Growth and all activities of fish depend significantly on the food they consume.  However, with the rising price of conventional feedstuffs, there is a need to investigate less expensive and readily available plant source as an additive. This research is designed to study the effect of dietary Aloe vera on the growth performance of Oreochromis niloticus juveniles (41.71±0.78g) and its effect on genotoxicity (MN: Micronucleus; LB: Lobed; BD: Bud; BL: Blebbed; BN: Binucleated; NT: Notched).  This research investigated the growth performance and genotoxicity activity of Oreochromis niloticus juveniles in a tank culture system.  Aloe vera (fine powder) was used as a test ingredient in the feed formulation at five inclusion levels (T1 = 5g, T2 =10g, T3 =15g, T4 =20g, T5 =25g) and the Control diet (C0) without the test ingredient.  Test diets were fed to Oreochromis niloticus juveniles, and each diet was assigned to the treatments and control overall in triplicates.  Feeding with test die...

The paper studies interspecies physiological and genetic differences between the white-collared flycatcher and the pied flycatcher of the genus Ficedula. The fact that the flycatchers are capable of interspecies hybridization is one more reason for particular interest to these species. Using our own-developed method of taking venous blood from the eye’s sinus, we took blood samples from birds in the protected area of Homilshanski Forests, Kharkiv, Ukraine, to study their leukogram patterns. The bird feathers were also collected for genetic analysis -- to identify interspecies differences with application of the ISSR technique. It was revealed that the percentage of heterophiles in the nestlings of the pied flycatcher was lower than in the nestlings of the white-collared flycatcher. The micronucleus test did not reveal any significant difference in the interspecies groups. The spectra of amplification products obtained with the primer (AGC)6 G showed that the white-collared flycatche...

Growth and all activities of fish depend significantly on the food they consume.  However, with the rising price of conventional feedstuffs, there is a need to investigate less expensive and readily available plant source as an additive. This research is designed to study the effect of dietary Aloe vera on the growth performance of Oreochromis niloticus juveniles (41.71±0.78g) and its effect on genotoxicity (MN: Micronucleus; LB: Lobed; BD: Bud; BL: Blebbed; BN: Binucleated; NT: Notched).  This research investigated the growth performance and genotoxicity activity of Oreochromis niloticus juveniles in a tank culture system.  Aloe vera (fine powder) was used as a test ingredient in the feed formulation at five inclusion levels (T1 = 5g, T2 =10g, T3 =15g, T4 =20g, T5 =25g) and the Control diet (C0) without the test ingredient.  Test diets were fed to Oreochromis niloticus juveniles, and each diet was assigned to the treatments and control overall in triplicates.  Feeding with test die...

RESUMEN Con el objetivo de conocer la posible actividad mutagénica del extracto fluido de Cassia grandis L. y el gel de Aloe vera L., que puedan representar algún efecto adverso para su uso en la fitoterapia, se llevó a cabo un estudio toxicogenético empleando 2 ...

La mezcla de analgésico, antipirético y antihistamínico de una pastilla antigripal de marca conocida fue evaluada en su capacidad de provocar daño cromosómico y citotoxicidad en sangre periférica de ratón árabe. El daño cromosómico fue evaluado utilizando la prueba de micronúcleos in vivo. El antigripal fue administrado a ratones de la línea árabe por vía oral en una dosis de 10.6 mg/Kg de peso en el curso de ocho h por tres días en un tratamiento agudo. Los cálculos del índice de toxicidad no fueron significativos estadísticamente entre los datos del grupo control negativo y los tratamientos con el antigripal. En cambio, este antigripal mostró efectos genotóxicos significativos a las 24, 48 y 72 h después de su aplicación. Este efecto puede ser causa de los componentes químicos del antigripal como son el paracetamol y la cafeína. En conclusión, la mezcla de analgésico, antipirético y antihistamínico de una pastilla antigripal no provoca daño celular pero muestra daño clastogénico d...

Background: Pesticide exposure possesses risk of genotoxicity to humans, particularly farmers. Despite accumulating evidences linking genotoxicity to pesticide exposure, epidemiological studies to address pesticide toxicity in occupationally exposed farmers in Malaysia remain underreported. Thus, this study was aimed to determine the presence of nuclear abnormalities through the assessment of micronucleus (MN) and binucleus (BNu) frequencies in exfoliated buccal epithelial cells from farmers who were exposed to pesticides. A crosssectional study of farmers among different agricultural activities farmers in Bachok and Pasir Puteh, Kelantan, North East of Peninsular Malaysia was done to evaluate the presence of nuclear abnormalities and its correlation with their health status and farming activities. Results: Analysis of buccal cells revealed that the frequency of MN was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in farmers as compared to controls. In contrast, no significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed for BNu frequency in between groups. Correlation analysis showed that apart from a significant (p < 0.05) and positive correlation between the duration of fertilizers exposure and frequencies of MN (r = 0.42, P = 0.001) and BNu (r = 0.37, P = 0.02), no other correlation of various confounding factors on the formation of MN and BNu were observed. Conclusion: In conclusion, pesticide and fertilizers exposure may contribute to the promotion of nuclear anomalies among Malaysian farmers who are engaged in mixed plantation activities. Further assessment of larger populations is important to address and overcome the potential risk of pesticide-induced genotoxicity.

This paper reports the first data from an integrated study investigating genotoxicity in the Brantas River, Java, Indonesia. Results showed that organic sediment extracts from the sites in the Brantas Delta retained genotoxic compounds identified using the SOS Chromotest and that the Aloo River and, to a lesser extent, the Surabaya River were the most contaminated studied sites. This genotoxicity was attributable to compounds that did not require any bioactivation under the test conditions. Occurrence of genotoxic effects was further investigated in erythrocytes from Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. High numbers of micronuclei were counted, especially in fish sampled in the rivers of the Brantas Delta. Moreover, cytoplasmic alterations which could be indicative of the presence of lipofuscin were found in the cytoplasm of the fish blood cells, especially in fish from the Aloo, Surabaya and Kalimas rivers. Altogether, our data showed that genotoxicity is occurring in fish living in rivers of the delta of the Brantas River and suggest that sediments from these sites may constitute a major source of pollution and hazard for species living or feeding in the area.

Introducción: La ranitidina es un fármaco que esta asociado a mutagénesis por generar alteraciones genéticas y/o carcinogenesis celular pero se desconoce su rol a nivel genotóxico en eritrocitos policromáticos. Por tanto, se investigó el efecto de ranitidina sobre el ADN en eritrocitos policromáticos micronucleados (EPC) en ratas albinas (Rattus novergicus, cepa Holtzman) mediante el test de micronúcleos. Materiales y métodos: Se estudiaron cuatro grupos de ratas: control negativo con suero salino fisiológico (0,5 ml por 15 días); control positivo con ciclofosfamida (dosis 50 mg/kg por 2 días) y dos grupos experimentales tratados con ranitidina (dosis 2 y 4 mg/kg por 15 días). Las ratas se sometieron a eutanasia y se obtuvo preparados citológicos con tinción de giemsa 5 % por 30 min. Resultados: Se encontró un aumento del tamaño e incremento significativo del número de micronúcleos en los EPC de 285 ± 10 de los grupos experimentales con una dosis de 4 mg/kg; así mismo, en comparació...

Background: Pesticide exposure possesses risk of genotoxicity to humans, particularly farmers. Despite accumulating evidences linking genotoxicity to pesticide exposure, epidemiological studies to address pesticide toxicity in occupationally exposed farmers in Malaysia remain underreported. Thus, this study was aimed to determine the presence of nuclear abnormalities through the assessment of micronucleus (MN) and binucleus (BNu) frequencies in exfoliated buccal epithelial cells from farmers who were exposed to pesticides. A crosssectional study of farmers among different agricultural activities farmers in Bachok and Pasir Puteh, Kelantan, North East of Peninsular Malaysia was done to evaluate the presence of nuclear abnormalities and its correlation with their health status and farming activities. Results: Analysis of buccal cells revealed that the frequency of MN was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in farmers as compared to controls. In contrast, no significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed for BNu frequency in between groups. Correlation analysis showed that apart from a significant (p < 0.05) and positive correlation between the duration of fertilizers exposure and frequencies of MN (r = 0.42, P = 0.001) and BNu (r = 0.37, P = 0.02), no other correlation of various confounding factors on the formation of MN and BNu were observed. Conclusion: In conclusion, pesticide and fertilizers exposure may contribute to the promotion of nuclear anomalies among Malaysian farmers who are engaged in mixed plantation activities. Further assessment of larger populations is important to address and overcome the potential risk of pesticide-induced genotoxicity.

Aim: To evaluate the presence of metal ions and deoxyribonucleic acid damage on the cells of buccal mucosa in subjects scheduled to undergo fixed orthodontic treatment. Materials and methods: Eighty patients scheduled to undergo orthodontic treatment were included in the present study. Samples were collected from buccal mucosa of the subjects at five different intervals: before the starting of the fixed appliance therapy, 5 months after the insertion of the appliance, 10 months after insertion of the appliance, 15 months after insertion of the appliance and 20 months after insertion of the appliance. Flow cytometry was further used for assessment of apoptosis. Comet assay was used for evaluating the metal ions associated deoxyribonucleic acid ((DNA) damage of buccal epithelial cells. Atomic absorption spectrometry was used for measuring the nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr) and zinc (Zn) levels in the cells of the buccal mucosa. Analysis of data was done by SPSS software version 16.0. Results: A significant increase in the Ni, Cr and Zn concentration during orthodontic treatment was observed. A progressive non-significant decrease in the percentage of viable cells from a baseline value to the end of the treatment was observed. A significant increase in the head diameter, DNA in tail and tail length, starting from the pretreatment value to the end of orthodontic treatment, was also observed. Conclusion: Timely checking of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage and nuclear changes should be done for detecting earlier adverse changes. Clinical significance: In patients wearing orthodontic appliances, no clinical impact occurs by wearing fixed appliances.

O Brasil e um dos maiores produtores de tabaco em todo o mundo; e o Rio Grande do Sul (RS) e o Estado com maior produtividade. A cultura do tabaco tem grande importância na atividade economica e social no pais, mas esta atividade requer extensa manipulacao da planta do tabaco. A atividade expoe diretamente os produtores de tabaco a compostos orgânicos e inorgânicos, incluindo pesticidas e nicotina nas folhas de Nicotiana tabacum . O objetivo deste estudo foi detectar danos no DNA, em trabalhadores rurais, identificando morte celular, em celulas expostas a diferentes agentes, durante o periodo de colheita e surtimento. Foi utilizado o teste de micronucleo em Mucosa Oral em agricultores de Santa Cruz do Sul - RS. Um total de 212 individuos foram avaliados: 144 expostos, sendo 112 durante o periodo de colheita, e 32 durante o surtimento; e 68 controles (individuos que residem na mesma regiao, mas que nao possuem contato com o plantio). O teste de Micronucleos em Mucosa Oral avalia dano...

O cultivo de soja e disseminado no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS- Brasil), principalmente na cidade de Espumoso. Os agrotoxicos sao compostos quimicos capazes de combater pragas e pestes nocivas para plantacoes agricolas. A utilizacao dos agrotoxicos representa riscos sobre a saude de individuos expostos ocupacionalmente e tambem para a populacao em geral, pois mesmo que em baixas doses, pode haver contaminacoes. Os agrotoxicos possuem a capacidade de interagir com o DNA, portanto sao considerados genotoxicos e mutagenicos. Os biomarcadores de exposicao podem ser usados para confirmar e avaliar a exposicao de uma substância em particular ou a mistura delas. O ensaio cometa permite avaliar danos recentes decorrentes de interacoes genotoxicas entre individuos expostos aos agrotoxicos. Portanto, o presente estudo teve por objetivo verificar efeitos genotoxicos decorrentes da exposicao as complexas misturas de agrotoxicos entre sojicultores. Para isso, foram avaliados, atraves do ensa...

Introducción: La ranitidina es un fármaco que esta asociado a mutagénesis por generar alteraciones genéticas y/o carcinogenesis celular pero se desconoce su rol a nivel genotóxico en eritrocitos policromáticos. Por tanto, se investigó el efecto de ranitidina sobre el ADN en eritrocitos policromáticos micronucleados (EPC) en ratas albinas (Rattus novergicus, cepa Holtzman) mediante el test de micronúcleos. Materiales y métodos: Se estudiaron cuatro grupos de ratas: control negativo con suero salino fisiológico (0,5 ml por 15 días); control positivo con ciclofosfamida (dosis 50 mg/kg por 2 días) y dos grupos experimentales tratados con ranitidina (dosis 2 y 4 mg/kg por 15 días). Las ratas se sometieron a eutanasia y se obtuvo preparados citológicos con tinción de giemsa 5 % por 30 min. Resultados: Se encontró un aumento del tamaño e incremento significativo del número de micronúcleos en los EPC de 285 ± 10 de los grupos experimentales con una dosis de 4 mg/kg; así mismo, en comparació...

RESUMEN El presente trabajo evaluo el potencial genotoxico de cloroquina mediante la identificacion y cuantificacion de alteraciones cromosomicas en celulas de medula osea de Rattus norvegicus cepa holtzman. Los grupos de trabajo fueron: control negativo (suero salino fisiologico), control positivo (ciclofosfamida, 50mg/kg pc) y experimental (cloroquina, 300 mg/kg/pc). La administracion fue via oral durante 2 dias. Se aislo la medula osea y se proceso con la tecnica de obtencion de cromosomas. Se encontro: incremento significativo de las alteraciones cromosomicas en las celulas de las ratas tratadas con cloroquina (45 ± 5.2) y ciclofosfamida (153.5 ± 12.3) respecto al control negativo (4 ± 1.4). Entre las alteraciones cromosomicas encontradas estan: Intercambio tri-radial, fragmento acentrico y ruptura cromatidica. Se concluye que, cloroquina incrementa significativamente las lesiones en el ADN de las celulas de medula osea de Rattus norvegicus cepa Holtzman. Palabras claves: Altera...

Se evaluó mediante la técnica de tinción ultravital con naranja de acridina el potencial del producto Bioplant para inducir reticulocitos micronucleados (RETsMN) en sangre periférica de ratones machos de la linea Cenp:NMRI. La sustancia se disolvió en agua destilada estéril, las dosis ensayadas fueron 0 3 ,l y 2 g/kg de peso corporal (pc) y se administró por vía oral en dosis única en un volumen de 10 mL/kg pc para todos los grupos de tratamiento. La frecuencia de RETsMN se evaluó a las 48 h y 72 h post-administración. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticas significativas para p &lt; 0,05 en el número de RETsMN en el grupo de tratamiento con Bioplant a la dosis de 2 g/kg de p.c. en relación con el control con vehículo a las 48 h; además hubo una relación dosis-respuesta positiva, lo que permite concluir que la sustancia de ensayo mostró clastogenicidad en las condiciones de este experimento.The potential of Bioplant was assessed using ultravital staining technique with acridine ora...

The paper studies interspecies physiological and genetic differences between the white-collared flycatcher and the pied flycatcher of the genus Ficedula. The fact that the flycatchers are capable of interspecies hybridization is one more reason for particular interest to these species. Using our own-developed method of taking venous blood from the eye’s sinus, we took blood samples from birds in the protected area of Homilshanski Forests, Kharkiv, Ukraine, to study their leukogram patterns. The bird feathers were also collected for genetic analysis -- to identify interspecies differences with application of the ISSR technique. It was revealed that the percentage of heterophiles in the nestlings of the pied flycatcher was lower than in the nestlings of the white-collared flycatcher. The micronucleus test did not reveal any significant difference in the interspecies groups. The spectra of amplification products obtained with the primer (AGC)6 G showed that the white-collared flycatche...

Orthodontic brackets release ions that can be reabsorbed in the oral mucosa, potentially causing complications, including cytotoxic effects and mutagenic alterations. The aim was to evaluate the genotoxicity induced by orthodontic appliance alloys in cultures of human gingival fibroblasts by comet assay. Eluates were obtained from the following brackets alloys: EconoLine (SS: stainless steel), MiniMirage (Ni-Ti: nickel-titanium), Nu-Edge (Co-Cr: cobalt-chromium), In-Vu (PC-polycrystals (PC) aluminum oxide), and Monocrystal IZE (monocrystalline (MC) aluminum oxide). Each bracket was sterilized and exposed to a corrosive process for 35 days. The obtained eluates were tested for genotoxicity of human gingival fibroblasts (HGFA) by the alkaline comet assay. All study groups showed genotoxic effects; there was a significant difference (p&lt;0.0001) among groups. The eluates obtained from Ni-Ti showed a 16-times greater genotoxic effect. There were differences in genotoxicity after compar...

Aim: To estimate the concentration of metal ions (Ni, Cr, Fe and Co), cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of buccal mucosal cell in patients being treated with fixed orthodontic appliances. Materials and Methods: A total of 50 patients aged between 14-30 years of age were included in the study. Three samples of buccal cells were collected from each orthodontic patient at the following times: T (0)before insertion of the appliance, T (1)-3 months after insertion of the appliance, T (2)-6 months after insertion of the appliance. Metal ion concentration of buccal cells was evaluated using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The buccal cells were also evaluated for genotoxicity (DNA damage) and cytotoxicity (cellular viability) using alkaline comet assay and tryphan blue exclusion dye test respectively. Results: It was noted that there was a significant (p<0.001) increase in the metal ion concentrations in the buccal cell sample. The comet assay results showed significant DNA damage in the buccal cells whereas the cellular viability showed a decrease over the study period but the decrease was insignificant. Conclusion: The buccal mucosa cells of patients treated with fixed orthodontic appliances over a period of six months showed significant increases in nickel, chromium, iron and cobalt content, with significant DNA damage and insignificant decrease in cellular viability. Further studies should be carried out to evaluate the effects of these changes over the course of the treatment.

Pollutants have adverse effects on human health and on other organisms that inhabit or use water resources. The aim of the present study was to assess the environmental quality of three watercourses in Monte Carmelo, MG, Brazil, using the micronucleus test on Tradescantia. For each treatment, 15 plants were exposed to water samples for 24 h. The control group was exposed to formaldehyde (0.2%) and the negative control to Hoagland solution. Subsequently the plants were placed in Hoagland solution for 24 h to recover. Cells were stained with 2% acetic carmine and examined by light microscopy. Three hundred tetrads were analyzed per slide. The frequency of genotoxic alterations was expressed as the number of micronuclei per 100 tetrads, and the groups were compared by ANOVA. At all sample sites for each watercourse significant genotoxicity indices were observed. The results suggest that in the Mumbuca creek, the current situation of effluent discharge should be reconsidered by the muni...

RESUMEN Con el objetivo de conocer la posible actividad mutagénica del extracto fluido de Cassia grandis L. y el gel de Aloe vera L., que puedan representar algún efecto adverso para su uso en la fitoterapia, se llevó a cabo un estudio toxicogenético empleando 2 ...

The aim of this study was to investigate the bioaccumulation of cadmium in the muscle tissue of Prussian carp during 7 and 13 weeks of exposure to different concentrations of this metal in water (0.4 and 4.0 mg/L), and the depuration of cadmium from muscle during the following 6-week depuration period in the presence of melatonin implants. Furthermore, the relationship between cadmium accumulation and the levels of essential bioelements (copper, zinc, iron) in muscle was evaluated, as well as the bioconcentration factor of cadmium. Heavy metal concentration was determined using atomic absorption spectrometry. Cadmium accumulation in fish muscle increased with the duration of exposure. Cd concentrations exceeded the permissible levels for human consumption in groups exposed to the higher concentration of this metal. Moreover, a significant increase of Zn and Fe levels in the muscle was observed. In the fish that received melatonin implants and were exposed to Cd, its level in the mus...

O Brasil é um dos países que mais consomem agrotóxicos. Para analisar os efeitos da genotoxicidade induzida pelos agrotóxicos, em indivíduos expostos direta e indiretamente, este estudo avaliou células epiteliais esfoliadas da mucosa bucal de agricultores e de consumidores de alimentos produzidos de forma convencional, através do teste de micronúcleos. Participaram 120 indivíduos da região metropolitana de Porto Alegre (RS) divididos em três grupos: agricultores (exposição direta), consumidores de alimentos produzidos de forma convencional (exposição indireta) e consumidores de alimentos orgânicos (grupo controle). Todos os participantes assinaram um Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE) e responderam um questionário, após a aprovação do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa (CEP-UERGS). O questionário continha questões sobre a idade, o tipo e o tempo de exposição, a prevalência de câncer familiar e outras informações relevantes, para avaliar a relação com os danos celulares. A coleta de células foi realizada de acordo com Hernandes et al (2016), utilizando o teste de micronúcleos (MN) e de outras alterações nucleares, para identificação da frequência de células com danos no DNA, células em morte e citotoxicidade. Os resultados mostraram maior frequência de MN e de células em morte no grupo dos agricultores e, em menor frequência, no grupo dos consumidores de alimentos produzidos de forma convencional, comparados com o grupo controle. Os indivíduos que relataram casos de câncer familiar também mostraram maior frequência de MN e alterações nucleares. Neste estudo foi possível relacionar a genotoxicidade induzida por agrotóxicos, pela exposição direta ou indireta, às alterações nucleares encontradas nas células esfoliadas da mucosa bucal de indivíduos expostos.