memoralization

Buena parte de la literatura argentina de las últimas décadas da cuenta de la serie de rupturas que han quedado impresas en el cuerpo social: la violencia, la desaparición, el exilio y el miedo se han convertido en temas de escritura. La propia noción de “literatura argentina” es problemática en tanto ha quedado también dis/locada: el exilio desde el que algunas obras literarias se escribieron da cuenta de este asunto: escritores perdiendo “su lengua”, “su entorno natural”, reapropiándoselo a partir de la escritura, de la configuración de espacios simbólicos que permitirían tal vez reconstruir la memoria.
Mi trabajo parte de esta problemática para adentrarse en un texto literario producido desde un espacio exiliar, dis/locado: Una sola muerte numerosa, de Nora Strejilevich. Strejilevich es autora y voz narrativa; su texto se presenta como difícil de encasillar desde la estructura. Si bien podría leerse como novela testimonial, también es posible hacerlo desde la autobiografía, o mejor aún, desde el propio cuestionamiento de esas categorías para enfrentarnos a un texto que abre las fronteras genéricas y permite una lectura plurisignificante.
Me interesa rastrear la escritura que surge en/de ese cuerpo (textual y físico) doliente y roto, para conocer los modos en que la identidad se escinde y se busca; así como para pensar en las formas que la memoria —individual, colectiva— configura.

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"Many social media tools and services are free to use. This fact often leads users to the mistaken presumption that the associated data generated whilst utilising these tools and services is without value. Users often focus on the social and presumed ephemeral nature of communication – imagining something that happens but then has no further record or value, akin to a telephone call – while corporations behind these tools tend to focus on the media side, the lasting value of these traces which can be combined, mined and analysed for new insight and revenue generation. This paper seeks to explore this social media contradiction in two ways. Firstly, a cursory examination of Google and Facebook will demonstrate how data mining and analysis are core practices for these corporate giants, central to their functioning, development and expansion. Yet the public rhetoric of these companies is not about the exchange of personal information for services, but rather the more utopian notions of organising the world’s information, or bringing everyone together through sharing.

The second section of this paper examines some of the core ramifications of death in terms of social media, asking what happens when a user suddenly exists only as recorded media fragments, at least in digital terms. Death, at first glance, renders users (or post-users) without agency or, implicitly, value to companies which data-mine ongoing social practices. Yet the emergence of digital legacy management highlights the value of the data generated using social media, a value which persists even after death. The question of a digital estate thus illustrates the cumulative value of social media as media, even on an individual level. The ways Facebook and Google approach digital death are examined, demonstrating policies which enshrine the agency and rights of living users, but become far less coherent posthumously. Finally, along with digital legacy management, I will examine the potential for posthumous digital legacies which may, in some macabre ways, actually reanimate some aspects of a deceased user’s presence, such as the Lives On service which touts the slogan “when your heart stops beating, you'll keep tweeting”. Cumulatively, mapping digital legacy management by large online corporations, and the affordances of more focussed services dealing with digital death, illustrates the value of data generated by social media users, and the continued importance of the data even beyond the grave."

Every state in Australia has an iconic shipwreck - shipwrecks like the 'Loch Ard' in Victoria, the 'Admella' in South Australia and the 'Yongala' in Queensland - a shipwreck that has captured the imagination of the public and become engrained into the living consciousness of the state through the nature of the disaster, the loss of life and the wreck's social, cultural and economic impact on the state. In New South Wales the iconic 'state' wreck is the 'Dunbar'.

The impact of the wrecking of the 'Dunbar' in 1857 cannot be underestimated. Its wrecking resulted in numerous public enquiries, a major reconfiguration of the Pilot Service, the construction of lighthouses, installation of life-boat crews, the downfall of the Colony's incumbent Parker Government, the erection of gravestones, monuments and memorials, outpourings of public grief, along with the development of a memorabilia industry which is active up to the present day (2010).

The sarcophagus of Junius Bassus is a prominent example of early funerary Christian art, completed in 395 CE. It was made specifically for Junius, the son of a consul who followed his father's footsteps to become prefect of Rome. Given the Christian nature of the sarcophagus, it is curious that Junius was not baptized until he was on his deathbed. This is probably because he was in public office, and most public officials were pagan at the time, as were most Romans.

JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected].

Before contact with the West, the Asabano of Papua New Guinea treated human remains differently depending on the type of relationship survivors planned to have with the deceased. Traditional methods included corpse exposure with curation or disposal of bones, disposal of corpses in rivers, and cannibalism. Following their conversion to Christianity, Asabano burned or buried their bone relics and commenced coffin inhumation in cemeteries. These practices left distinctive memories and physical records that served as means to alter, enhance, or terminate relations with the deceased who are biologically but not, according to the Asabano, socially dead. (Burial, funerals, death, mortuary, religion)

This paper examines contemporary Albanian author Ismail Kadare’s first major novel, The General of the Dead Army (1963), in terms of its relation to both the Albanian and the Italian national narratives in the wake of the Second World War.

The General of the Dead Army tells the story, based on real events, of a “foreign” general (it is implied, but never stated, that he is from Italy), sent to Albania some years after World War II to repatriate the bones of the soldiers fallen in battle. From this historical event, Kadare develops a narrative which critically interrogates ideas of national identity and national myth, of wartime sacrifice, and of history as written by both the winners and by the losers. This paper argues that despite Kadare’s own well-known and well-documented pandering to the communist Hoxha dictatorship and the exigencies of Socialist Realist aesthetics throughout much of his literary career, Kadare’s novel may be read as a pessimistic parody of triumphalist historical narrative, particularly in terms of the novel’s formal structure, which consists of a series of displacements, diminuations, and evacuations—linguistic as well as narrative—leading ultimately to both literal and figurative catastrophe. The paper thus strives to open up the question of narrative form as it relates to national identity and national narrative, particularly when this narrative has become, or has proven always to have been, not just morally but epistemologically and ontologically untenable.

"""Fragment wstępu:

Pomniki mają wielką moc. W odróżnieniu od malarstwa czy grafiki, z którymi nie musimy się zetknąć, mogąc przejść przez całe życie bez konieczności jakiejkolwiek interakcji, z pomnikami stykamy się, nawet mimowolnie. W dodatku praktycznie każdy w trakcie swojego życia musi zająć w sprawie pomnika jakieś stanowisko. Może nim być złośliwy komentarz, pochwała, negacja, dowcip, uczucie rozczarowania bądź zachwyt. Pozornie tylko niezauważane są, trwają w naszej rzeczywistości i domagają się uwagi.
Pomniki przechowują pamięć – „pamiętają”. Są też „pamiątką” po przeszłości, świadectwem pozostawianym kolejnym pokoleniom przez żyjących wcześniej. Pomniki mówią o bohaterstwie, tragedii, zwycięstwie i klęsce. Stawiają na piedestale postać ważną, która swoim życiem bądź konkretnym czynem może dawać przykład innym. W pomnikach przeglądamy się też jak w lustrze: to, co stawiamy na naszych placach i przy ulicach bardzo wiele mówi o nas – systemie i hierarchii wartości, smaku artystycznym, wyczuleniu na konkretne wątki ideowe i historyczne. Dlatego też każda fałszywa nuta w pomniku jest z taką łatwością wychwytywana przez żyjącą obok niego społeczność. Bardzo często tutaj tkwią przyczyny niszczenia lub pogardzania tymi obiektami. Jednocześnie, zbyt często wpadamy w pułapkę języka, w którym pomnikiem nazywamy starą budowlę („pomnik historii”), kilkusetletnie drzewo („pomnik przyrody”) lub nagrobek („pomnik nagrobny”). Być może to jest przyczyną, dla której wiele osób zadowalać będzie „pomnik” mający formę kamienia z przytwierdzoną do lica, grawerowaną laserowo tabliczką, albo podniesiona do pionu wypolerowana płyta z napisem, jakby przeniesiona z cmentarza.
Lubelski zespół pomników nie zachwyca. Mimo, że należą do niego pojedyncze dzieła mające znaczenie dla całokształtu współczesnej sztuki tworzonej w Polsce (pomnik Eksterminacji Żydów, Pomnik Ofiar Majdanka czy wreszcie „Homagium” z dziedzińca KUL), w ogólnym wrażeniu nie sposób oprzeć się uczuciu rozczarowania i niedosytu. Szczególnie w ostatnich latach,  po przełomie roku 1989 nastąpił proces widoczny w całym kraju oraz innych dawnych „ludowych republikach”, wiążący się z często zbyt pospiesznym uzupełnianiem braków w substancji pomnikowej oraz realizacjami rzeźbiarskimi w przestrzeni publicznej. Lublin ominął co prawda los Łodzi, radośnie ozdabianej odlanymi z brązu figurkami, będącymi efektem pomysłów tandemu twórczego Marcela Szytenchelma i Roberta Sobocińskiego, jednak charakterystyczna twórczość Witolda Marcewicza, mimo wszystkich swoich ideowych plusów, kładzie się wyraźnym cieniem na zbiorze lubelskich pomników.
(...)"""

АННОТАЦИЯ: Нарративизация памяти, прошлого, личного опыта – одно из ключевых направлений исследования нарративов как в отечественной, так и в зарубежной лингвистике. Настоящая статья посвящена мнемическому нарративу – особому типу нарратива, сконструированному на основе личного опыта и направленному на его осмысление и оценку. Мнемический нарратив выступает в качестве рекуррентного средства объективации памяти и обладает рядом структурных и лексико-грамматических особенностей, обусловленных спецификой его семантики. В статье определяются специфические параметры мнемического нарратива и описываются некоторые из его свойств. 

КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ СЛОВА: память, мнемический процесс, воспоминание, нарратив, нарративизация памяти, мнемический нарратив, репрезентация памяти, мнемическая нарратология.
ANNOTATION: Narrativization of memory, past and personal experience is a key avenue of narrative studies both in Russian and international linguistics. This paper focuses on mnemonic narrative which is a specific type of narrative based on personal experience and designed as a means of reflecting on and assessing one’s past. Mnemonic narrative is regarded as a recurrent form of representing memory and, as such, it has a number of structural and lexico-grammatical properties determined by its semantics. The paper discusses specific parameters of mnemonic narrative and describes some of its properties.

KEY WORDS: memory, mnemonic process, remembering, narrative, narrativization of memory, mnemonic narrative, representation of memory, mnemonic narratology.

ÍNDICE:
Agradecimientos

C. V. de los autores

Introducción
• Barbara Zecchi: “La adaptación multiplicada”

1. Adaptación de clásicos del Siglo de Oro
• Isabel Jaén Portillo: “Cine, emoción y comedia: cuestiones cognitivas en torno a la adaptación de El perro del hortelano”
• Luisa Briones: “Los Quijotes de Gil, Gutiérrez Aragón, Welles y Gavaldón: nuevas aproximaciones teóricas”

2. Adaptación de la novela realista
• Iván Cavielles Llamas: “Oviedo Express: adaptación, diálogo intertextual y reescritura de La Regenta”
• Maribel Rams: “Subversión de las convenciones realistas y de las fronteras genéricas en Tristana”

3. Adaptación: del franquismo a la postmodernidad
• Cristina Martínez-Carazo: “Cine, literatura y política”
• Yvonne Gavela: “La adaptación fílmica de la narrativa de la ‘generación X’ en la España de los noventa”

4. Adaptación e imagología
• Jorge Pérez: “Del cómic a la pantalla: Chuecatown y los irreverentes caminos de una adaptación queer”
• Domingo Sánchez-Mesa Martínez: “Videojuegos y Cine: intermedialidad / transmedialidad”

5. Adaptación y memoria
• Samuel Amago: “La adaptación como cartografía en Soldados de Salamina de David Trueba”
• Thomas Deveny: “Los girasoles ciegos: la memoria de la represión”


6. Adaptación y sexuación
• Eva París-Huesca: “Miradas infieles: discursos de género en Todas las almas y en El último viaje de Robert Ryland”
• Silvia Guillamón-Carrasco: “De Émile Zola a Pilar Miró: la adaptación cinematográfica como ‘escritura femenina’”

7. Adaptación política
• Gorka Maiztegui: “La adaptación como corrección ideológica: Lejárraga y Alexandre”
• Darío Sánchez González: “La Lola se va a los puertos entre género y nación(es)”

8. Adaptación transatlántica
• Inmaculada Álvarez Suárez: “Puentes de adaptación: las coproducciones hispano-mexicanas”

Стенограма пленуму Київської Міської Управи від 20 грудня 1941 р. -20 грудня 1941р. 22. Удовик В.М. Німецько-фашистський окупаційний режим (1941 -1944 рр.) на території генеральної області «Київ» (Київська та Полтавська області): дис. … канд. іст. наук: 07.00.01 / Удовик Володимир Миколайович. -Київ, 2005. -236 с. 23. ДА Київської області. -Ф.Р-2356. -Оп.14. -Спр.1. -Арк. 1-28. Щоденні відомості про решту на поточних рахунках Київського міського банку. -1 листопада 1941 р. -31 грудня 1941 р. Костючок А.В. Деятельность Киевской городской управы в сфере управления медицинскими учреждениями Киева (сентябрь 1941 г. -февраль 1942 г.)

A period of radical political change, the paradigmatic example of which is democratization, is not only a time when society has to deal with the past and construct new political order. It is also a period when the memory of the past and the new identity of the community is under development. Memorialization initiatives, such as museums, are core mechanisms in this process. The aim of the article is to present the role of the museum as a medium for historical narratives from the perspective of both transitional justice and critical museum studies. This evaluation then serves as a tool for the analysis of two well-known museums that deal with the topic of authoritarian oppression: the House of Terror in Budapest and the European Solidarity Centre in Gdansk.

В статье ставится задача поиска языковой единицы памяти, то есть минимального носителя мнемической информации, выступающего операндом мнемических процессов при выполнении различных операций памяти и репрезентируемого посредством естественного языка.
Языковая единица памяти рассматривается нами как базовый элемент сложно-структурированного комплекса память – информация – язык, выступающего в качестве подсистемы информационно-когнитивной системы высшего уровня, объединяющей язык, память, мышление, сознание и информацию. Основное назначение единицы памяти заключается в обеспечении бесперебойного функционирования механизма индивидуальной памяти, т.е. непрерывной работы мнемических процессов сохранения, хранения, восстановления и утраты информации. Известно, что процессы памяти протекают бессознательно и не поддаются самонаблюдению и самоописанию. Наши представления о работе механизма памяти базируются на ее «продуктах», в первую очередь, вербальных свидетельствах, фиксирующих результаты мнемических операций. Соответственно, важным свойством языковой единицы памяти является возможность воспроизведения в вербальной форме. Таким образом, стабильные функциональные качества и вербализуемость составляют ключевые свойства языковой единицы памяти, позволяющие дифференцировать ее среди других ментальных единиц.
Анализируя опыт отечественных исследователей памяти и ее процессов, автор выделяет три единицы, обладающие некоторым потенциалом в аспекте трансляции мнемического содержания. В качестве претендентов на статус единицы памяти рассматриваются концепт, мнемо-единица знаний и мнема. Концепты и мнемо-единицы знаний являются носителями личного прошлого опыта, выступающего объектом операций памяти в процессе мыслительной деятельности, при этом концепт уже давно является частью понятийного аппарата когнитивной лингвистики, тогда как понятие мнемо-единицы знаний еще мало известно в широких лингвистических кругах, несмотря на его высокий исследовательский потенциал. Лингвистическая теория мнемы на сегодняшний день также нуждается в дальнейшей разработке при том, что роль единицы памяти приписывалась мнеме еще около столетия назад. При обсуждении статуса концепта, мнемо-единицы знания и мнемы особое внимание уделяется их функциональным качествам и вербализуемости. В результате проведенного анализа автор приходит к выводу об отсутствии достаточных оснований для утверждения концепта, мнемо-единицы знаний и мнемы в статусе языковой единицы памяти, в первую очередь, в силу ограничений функционального характера.
Для решения поставленной задачи в статье вводится понятие меморемы, под которой понимается когнитивно-информационный комплекс, репрезентирующий дискретный эпизод мнемических переживаний субъекта. Меморема способна обеспечить непрерывную работу механизма памяти и стабильно репрезентируется в речи посредством мнемического высказывания, следовательно, может рассматриваться как языковая единица памяти в соответствии с установленными в работе критериями.

Ключевые слова: память, меморема, мнемическое высказывание, мнемический процесс, единица памяти, мнемический опыт, мнема, концепт, мнемо-единица знаний.

The article focuses on the problem of a linguistic memory unit, that is, a minimal carrier of mnemonic information serving as an operand of mnemonic processes and represented by means of a natural language. The linguistic memory unit is regarded as a basic element of the complicatedly structured complex which includes memory, information and language and serves as a subsystem of an information-cognition system of a higher level comprising language, memory, thinking, cognition and information. The main purpose of the memory unit is to ensure a continuous and smooth operation of the individual memory mechanism, in other words, ensure a failure-free and non-stop running of mnemonic processes of saving and storing information in memory as well as reproducing and losing information from memory.
It has been long known that memory processes run unconsciously and cannot be an object to self-monitoring or self-description. Our understanding of how the memory mechanism functions is based on memory “products”, primarily verbal evidence fixing results of mnemonic operations. Therefore, an important property of the linguistic memory unit is the ability to be represented verbally. Therefore, stable functional qualities as well as the potential for verbalization are key properties of the linguistic memory unit that allow differentiating it among other mental units.
On reviewing recent advances in Russian research into human memory and language, the author differentiates three units potentially capable of carrying and transmitting mnemonic information. Concepts, mnemo-units of knowledge and mnemes are regarded as candidate memory units. Both concepts and mnemo-units of knowledge function as carriers of personal past experience which becomes the object of mnemonic operations in the course of thinking. The concept is not a new notion in cognitive linguistics while the notion of mnemo-unit, despite its high research potential, is little known in the language studies community. The linguistic theory of mneme also requires further research, although the mneme was first considered a memory unit as long as a century ago. When discussing the status of the concept, the mnemo-unit of knowledge and the mneme in the paper, the author pays special attention to their functionality and verbalizability. Having analyzed relevant properties of the said units, the author arrives at the conclusion that there are no enough grounds to assign them the status of the linguistic memory unit mostly due to their functional limitations.
To resolve the problem set in the paper, the notion of memoreme is introduced. The memoreme is defined as a cognition-information complex representing a discrete episode of an individual’s mnemonic experience. The memoreme ensures continuous work of the individual memory mechanism and is verbally represented by a mnemonic utterance, therefore, it can be regarded as a linguistic memory unit in accordance with the criteria set in the paper.

Key words: memory, memoreme, mnemonic utterance, mnemonic process, memory unit, memory experience, mneme, concept, mnemo-unit of knowledge.

Tattoos have grown in popularity in the West at a rapid rate in the last 20 years or so . With this, the prevalence of memorial tattoos in our society has increased as tattooed people lose the stigma attached them. Much of the previous research on tattoos is focused on deviancy and criminality, ignoring the experience of the tattoo itself. The purpose of this study is to bring a focus to the experience of tattoo and question the transformative effect tattoos have -to explore the role memorial tattoos play in bereavement. Interviews of 5 participants were analysed through interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA) concluding that tattoos are a valid mourning ritual and could be interpreted as a technique to facilitate an altered state of consciousness and mindfulness.

Removals and Remembrance explores the impact of apartheid-era forced removals on the memories of Cape Town coloured (mixed race) evictees. Based on over 100 life-history interviews with removees from across the Cape Peninsula, this thesis elucidates how many removees came to remember their pasts in strikingly similar ways, tapping into the same fund of romanticized plots, themes and tropes to tell their stories. It argues that the Group Areas Act narrowed coloured social life racially, creating bonds between coloureds who had been strangers in suburbs like District Six, Goodwood, Protea Village, Steurhof, Simon's Town and Red Hill. In the wake of mass evictions, coloured removees shared their stories with their new neighbors, creating a reflexive pattern of narrative traffic circulating in the coloured townships. Today, coloured removees form a narrative community.

Н ачиная с периода поздней перестройки и по сей день судьба тела Ленина, хранящегося на протяжении почти 90 лет в мавзолее на Красной площади, не перестает вызывать яростные споры. В последние годы в попу лярных и академических публикациях это тело все чаще сравнивают с мощами христианских святых. Сравнения эти обычно проводятся в довольно приблизитель ных терминах, поскольку особого знания о том, что из себя представляет материальность этих тел -особенно тела Лени на, -у пишущих нет. Вместо обсуждения конкретных фактов обычно просто высказывается мысль, что советский режим с самого начала подразумевал провести аналогию между те лом Ленина и телами православных святых, поскольку такая аналогия якобы была режиму выгодна с идеологической точки зрения. А далее следует известный, но не слишком подтверж денный фактами аргумент: в малообразованной стране с силь ной православной традицией нетленное тело Ленина должно было автоматически восприниматься населением как тело коммунистического святого. И это якобы добавляло режиму легитимности 1 . Аргументы эти, казалось бы, сами собой на прашиваются, но именно их кажущаяся очевидность вызывает сомнение. Как уже было сказано, эти аргументы не основаны на глубоком знании того, что же из себя в действительности представляет тело Ленина и как именно «режим» пытался его сохранить.

In this (2003) paper I seek to challenge the dominant modes of conceiving the relationship between memory and national identity, and in so doing offer analysts of nationalism an improved understanding of the dynamics of national identity formation. The concept of collective memory is invoked regularly in attempts to explain the pervasiveness and power of nationalism. I argue that the concept is misused routinely in this context, and instead I employ a ‘social agency’ approach to theorizing, whereby memory is conceived in a more limited and cogent manner. I argue that it is important to distinguish clearly between memory and mythology, both of which are essential to understanding national identity, for not only are the two concepts distinct, they can also act in opposition to each other. Following from this I introduce the notion of a ‘mythscape’, the temporally and spatially extended discursive realm in which the myths of the nation are forged, transmitted, negotiated, and reconstructed constantly. Through employing the idea of a mythscape we can relate memory and mythology to each other in a theoretically profitable way.

This document, intended as a resource for researchers, is derived from the thesis "The Partisans’ Cemetery in Mostar, Bosnia & Herzegovina: Implications of the deterioration of a Monument and Site", defended at the Raymond Lemaire International Centre for Conservation, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium, in September 2013.

It discusses the architectural works of Bogdan Bogdanović (1922-2010) throughout the Former Yugoslavia, and gives an introduction to his opus by giving a brief description of each monument; its key architectural and landscape elements, history, and reason for construction. Alongside these details, the names given to the monuments (many lack an official name), both in various literature and colloquially are stated, and a summary of the protection laws currently covering the monument is given. The condition of the monument, and activities currently carried out at the site (both of a commemorative nature and otherwise) are also detailed.

A copy of the full thesis can be obtained from the author upon request.

Twenty years since the onset of the traumatic wars of Yugoslav secession, the countries of the Western Balkans continue to nurture narratives of the past that are mutually exclusive, contradictory, and irreconcilable. The troubling ways in which states in the region remember their pasts provide continuing obstacles in the search for acknowledgment and justice. In this essay, I develop an argument for understanding the relationship between justice and remembrance of the past. To illustrate this relationship, I explore ways in which education and memorialization projects contribute to justice efforts. I critically analyze a few ongoing education and memory projects in the region, and then present alternative ideas on mechanisms of public memory that would be more conducive to building the foundational blocs of justice based on trust, respect, and dignity.

This special issue addresses the possible connections and mutual benefits of examining together two analytic concepts – memory and periphery. These concepts receive much attention in various scholarly discussions, yet they have done so rather independently from each other. The potential applications and utilities of combining memory and periphery and the epistemic insights they provide for various disciplins are presented in the different contributions to this issue.

This essay begins by observing that while images and texts that emanated from the 'final stage' of the Holocaust seem to be a privileged source in depictions of the Holocaust, the specific features of this stage itself often remain unclear. What was the ‘final stage’ of the Holocaust? Did it have any clear and definite contours? How is it conceived in relation to other, earlier stages of the Holocaust? And are there any particular meanings that people associate with this stage? The first part of this essay explores these questions by examining the tensions between the presence and absence of the ‘final stage’ in Holocaust fiction and historical studies. I propose to approach this stage as constituting an edge to the common ‘main story’ of the Holocaust. In the essay’s second part, I apply this conceptualization in tracing 2 different ways in which survivors’ testimonies define the ‘final stage’ in terms of experience, memory and narrative, while asking which novel periodizations of the Holocaust survivors’ perspectives could introduce.

There are growing calls from some African Americans, particularly in the U.S. South, to create sites of counter-memory that recognize the often forgotten historical struggles and contributions of the enslaved. Commemoration of slavery is not only a contentious issue for whites but also African Americans, who differ with each other over how best (or even whether) to narrate these difficult memories. Few geographers have explored the politics of remembering slavery among African Americans and how these struggles shape the commemorative landscape. I explore the efforts of Abigail Jordan to establish a monument to the enslaved in Savannah, Georgia (USA) and the ensuing public debate that took place over the appropriateness of inscribing the monument with a description of the inhumanity found on slave ships during the Middle Passage. Led by two outspoken black officials, Savannah's city council refused to give final approval for the monument until the inscription was revised to end on a more optimistic note. An analysis of public comments made about the Savannah monument reveals that the inscription debate served as an arena for multiple ideas about how best to represent African Americans as victims of slavery, the legacy of racism and slavery in contemporary America, as well as conflicting personal and political visions within the black community. In interpreting the Savannah case, I suggest that the politics of remembering slavery be examined in terms of surrogation, the search for a suitable commemorative stand in for the enslaved, and textual politics, the recognition that the words used to represent slavery are at the heart of the struggle to remember (or forget) the trauma of enslavement.

It is not difficult to counter the claim made by the French family historian Philippe Aries that deceased children were considered 'not worthy of remembrance' in the Middle Ages. Not only are there still many examples of monuments to children to be found across Europe (in addition to the 'weeper' or 'pleurant' figures of offspring on tombs) but children could also be commemorated in less 'visible' ways, e.g. with masses and prayers. The Middle English poem Pearl is also testimony to the deep feelings inspired by the loss of a young child.
    However, recognising children's tombs is quite a different matter as appearances may be deceptive. Miniature effigies may not represent children at all, but instead commemorate heart or entrail burials. Artists also appear to have struggled to find the right way of depicting children, esp. as status often played a role in these memorials. Some monuments may not strike modern viewers as at all 'child-like' in either size or appearance, yet they were evidently meant to keep alive the memory of lost children and attract prayers for their souls.

"Nelle guerre moderne la città è divenuta uno degli obiettivi e delle vittime principali. Per riprendere l’efficace espressione di Paul Virilio, la strategia delle nuove guerre è oggi, essenzialmente, una “strategia anti-città”. Lo spazio urbano è diventato bersaglio non solo per motivi strategici, ma soprattutto per i significati che incarna: valori identitari, sociali e culturali.
Per questi motivi, spesso, le tracce lasciate dagli eventi bellici nei tessuti urbani si caricano di forti valenze simboliche e la fase della ricostruzione diventa un momento di riscrittura del paesaggio della memoria della città.
I progetti e gli interventi di restauro/ricostruzione/demolizione dei dopoguerra sono, in questa prospettiva, espressione di narrazioni collettive che stabiliscono un rapporto ogni volta diverso tra la città, l’evento bellico e la sua memoria.
Il tema delle trasformazioni urbane belliche e postbelliche viene affrontato qui attraverso l’analisi in profondità di tre città protagoniste delle guerre balcaniche degli anni ’90: Belgrado, Sarajevo e Mostar. Queste città vengono osservate con la lente del metodo semiotico che ne mette in luce le diverse riconfigurazioni dei sensi dei luoghi, tra politiche del costruire e pratiche dell’abitare.

www.buponline.com/"

The aim of this article is to present a succinct review and evaluation of the main areas of contention in the false memory debate and, from this basis, to suggest ways in which the best from both sides can be utilized. We examine the potential pitfalls of therapy in terms of the fallibility and suggestibility of autobiographical memory and therapists and therapeutic techniques as the architects of false memories. We then evaluate the case for false memory formation examining if some researchers hold misconceived views of psychotherapy, if experimental studies lack ecological validity, and the effect of trauma on memory. Finally, we explore how the potential pitfalls of therapy can be avoided in practice, reflecting on the usefulness of British Psychological Society guidelines, how clinicians can implement research findings, and how research on the false memory debate can be improved. We conclude that the way forward is researcher–clinician collaboration in the development of ecologically valid research paradigms.

Of the many ways in which identity is constructed and performed online, few are as strongly 'anchored' to existing offline relationships as in online social networks like Facebook and Myspace. These profiles extend our practical, psychological and even corporeal identity in ways that give them considerable phenomenal presence in the lives of spatially distant people. This raises interesting questions about the persistence of identity when these online profiles survive the deaths of the users
behind them, via the practice of 'memorialising' social network profile pages. I situate these practices within a phenomenology of grief that accounts for the ways in which the dead can persist as moral patients, and show how online survival this case illuminates an important difference between persons and selves within contemporary philosophy of personal identity. Ultimately, the online persistence of the dead helps bring into view a deep ontological contradiction implicit in our dealings with death: the dead both live on as objects of duty and yet completely cease to exist.

El libro consta de 3 partes. En la primera, de cariz teórico, se repasan los debates contemporáneos en torno a la ética y la era del testigo (Agamben, Wieviorka, Lanzmann...) y la problemática de la representación de los campos de concentración.
En la segunda, se analizan las formas de la memoria en Chile desde 1973 hasta 2002 y se propone un marco de explicación general para entender el rol que los supervivientes de los campos desempañaron en ella.
En la tercera, se analiza pormenorizadamente el testimonio de Hernán Valdés, Tejas Verdes, diario de un campo de concentración en Chile, y se discute su función en el campo de la memoria de la transición chilena.

Свистопляска (Свистунья) – это старинный календарный обряд, ежегодно проводившийся в г. Вятке в 4-ю субботу после Пасхи. Согласно местной легенде, когда-то давным-давно вятчане по нелепой случайности перебили союзную рать из г. Великого Устюга, подошедшую к ним ночью на помощь против осаждавших город врагов. В этот день в том месте, где когда-то располагалась вятская божедомка и где погребали «заложных» покойников, проходила панихида по убиенным устюжанам. Затем разворачивалось весёлое гулянье и ярмарка, по всему городу звучали свистульки. К этому дню в соседней слободе Дымкове изготавливались знаменитые дымковские игрушки и свистульки из глины. На архаические черты праздника обращал внимание Д. К. Зеленин, об этом писала также И. Я. Богуславская.

This book explores the role of cultural heritage in post-conflict reconstruction, whether as a motor for the prolongation of violence or as a resource for building reconciliation. The research was driven by two main goals: first, to understand the post-conflict reconstruction process in terms of cultural heritage, and second, to identify how this process evolves in the medium term and the impact it has on society. The Spanish Civil War (1936–39) and its subsequent phases of reconstruction provides the primary material for this exploration.
… In pursuit of the first goal, the book centers on the material practices and rhetorical strategies developed around cultural heritage in post-civil war Spain and the victorious Franco regime’s reconstruction. The analysis seeks to capture a discursively complex set of practices that made up the reconstruction and in which a variety of Spanish heritage sites were claimed, rebuilt or restored and represented in various ways as signs of historical narratives, political legitimacy and group identity. The reconstruction of the town of Gernika is a particularly emblematic instance of destruction and a significant symbol within the Basque regions of Spain as well as internationally. By examining Gernika it is possible to identify some of the trends common to the reconstruction as a whole along with those aspects that pertain to its singular symbolic resonance. In order to achieve the second goal, the processes of selection, value change and exclusionary dynamics of reconstruction and the responses it elicits are examined. Exploring the possible impact of post-civil war reconstruction in the medium term is conducted in two time frames: the period of political transition that followed General Franco’s death in 1975; and the period 2004–2008, when Rodríguez Zapatero’s government undertook initiatives to ‘recover the historic memory’ of the war and dictatorship.
… Finally, the observations made of the Spanish reconstruction are analyzed in terms of how they might reveal general trends in post-conflict reconstruction processes in relation to cultural heritage. These insights are pertinent to the situations in Cambodia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Afghanistan and Iraq.