medieval Bosnia

The admittance of individuals into a chivalric order was an important tool of late medieval diplomacy which contributed significantly to the reinforcement of political and cultural ties between the order’s leader and admitted member and between their respective social circles. Therefore, this paper analyses the presence of such chivalric orders in medieval Bosnia, with special emphasis placed on the Aragonese Order of the Stole and Jar through the prism of an alliance concluded between King Alfonso V of Aragon (r. 1416-1458) and Stjepan Vukčić (r. 1435- 1466), the Grand Duke of Bosnia who later became the Duke of St. Sava. The most of the individuals admitted to this Order were diplomats who visited Alfonso’s court in Naples. However, the privileges granted to Duke Stjepan Vukčić in 1444 constitute an exceptional case. According to a preserved document, he was granted the right to accept fifty new members and provide them with the insignia of the Order. The paper further contains an analysis and transcription of the text as well as a photographic reproduction of an authorized copy of this charter.

La charte du roi Stefan Tomaš (1443-1461), délivrée a Dobor, le 11 novembre 1449, établit les obligations du souverian de Bosnie et de son Etat envers la Hongire dans le cadre de la lutte contre les Turcs. L'établissement de cette charte faut suite aux négociations menées à Dobor entre le roi, accompagné de ses barons et de ses nobles, et le ban de Mačva, Jovan Kórógyi. Le roi Stefan Tomaš s'engage envers la Hongrie et le gouverneur Jean Hunyadi à ne pas leur être infidèle ni hostile, ni soutenir les Turcs, et à ne pas les introduire dans le pays et leur apporter quelque aide. Dans ses régions comprises entre les rivières Drina et Ukrina, le souverain de Bosnie n'autorisera aux Turcs aucun point de passage - gué ou embarcation -, et si une grande armée turque vient à pénétrer en Bosnie, sans que le roi ne puisse s'y opposer, il en avertira immédiatement le gouverneur ou les barons hongrois soit par
lettre soit par un émissaire.

Грађа о прошлости Босне, књ. 1, стр. 147-158 Оригинални научни рад УДК 930.2:003.074(497.6)"14" УДК 091=163.41"1461" Александра Фостиков ПОВЕЉА БОСАНСКОГ КРАЉА СТЕФАНА ТОМАШЕВИЋА ДУБРОВАЧКОЈ ОПШТИНИ О ДУГУ КРАЉА ТВРТКА II 1461, новембар 25, Јајце Босански краљ, Стефан Томашевић обавезује се речју господском дубровачком кнезу, властели и Општини да ће испунити заклетву свог оца, краља Стефана Томаша, поменутој властели у вези са регулисањем дуга краља Стефана Твртка II Твртковића дубровачким трговцима и да ће им, чим буде у могућности, исплатити остатак дуга. Le roi de Bosnie, Stefan Tomašević, s'engage envers le comte, les nobles et la Commune de Raguse, en leur donnant sa parole de seigneur, à respecter le serment fait par son père, le roi Stefan Tomaš, à ces mêmes nobles s'agissant du règlement de la dette du roi Stefan Tvrtko II Tvrtković envers des commerçants ragusains et à leur verser le solde de cette dette dès qu'il le pourra.

The paper presents a short review of historiography examining the Ottoman conquest of the Bosnian Kingdom in 1463, with an emphasis on opinions and evaluations of historians from the Ragusan writers and chroniclers of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries to the modern critical historiography.

Since the gradual expansion of the Ottoman Empire in South-Eastern Europe may be viewed as a single process, some historians wanted to draw a parallel between the Bosnian case and the examples of other states that fell under the Ottoman rule during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Even though the grounds for these comparisons are understandable, it is very difficult to learn anything from them. Circumstances to which individual rulers and their states, from the Byzantine Empire, Bulgaria and Serbia to other smaller or larger principalities, were subjected were essentially different. In these comparisons historiography has given a negative evaluation of Bosnia’s struggle and its rulers. Someone had to be responsible for the fall of the Kingdom and the blame was almost exclusively assigned to the last two Bosnian kings.

In line with the times in which they lived and contemporary historiographical trends, some historians attributed the quick fall of Bosnia to internal factors, such as conflicts within the state and the complex religious situation including the presence of heretics. The most commonly cited argument was the discord between the nobles and betrayal, even though the latter is mentioned in only one authentic contemporary diplomatic source. The work of these historians served as a basis for the myth of an easy and simple breakdown of the medieval Bosnian state in which the Bogomil betrayal played an important part. Contemporary critical historiography concluded that this myth was created by Bishop Nikola of Modruš, the papal legate in Bosnia, in order to justify his own wrong policy that hastened the unavoidable fall of the Kingdom.

Only a small number of historians studying this topic looked at the broader picture and took external as well as internal factors under consideration. This is especially evident in older literature which, inspired by patriotism, ethical values and the concept of heroism, paints a more negative image of Bosnia’s fall. If we consider all the available sources, and critically analyze those of Roman and Hungarian origin, we gain the impression of a rapid surge of the Ottoman army into Bosnia, intense fighting under Bobovac and other Bosnian fortresses, strong resistance of the defenders, destruction and mass deportations of population, general panic and emigration towards the Adriatic and the islands.

Even though the thesis that the defence of the Bosnian Kingdom during the last Ottoman attack faltered very quickly is not completely wrong, after the publication of new sources and results of historical research historians have reached the conclusion that Bosnia offered significant resistance in its battles against the Ottoman Empire. The final fall of Bosnia under Ottoman domination was in fact a result of numerous interconnected factors and signified the completion of a process begun with the first conflict between Bosnian and Ottoman troops in 1386. If we take into consideration the Ottoman policy towards Bosnia as well as the Ottoman conquering policy in South-Eastern Europe in general, we can see that Bosnia resisted strong pressure for a long time and that it had been “falling” under the Ottoman rule for almost 80 years.

Osnovna tema ovog rada je pismo Regie magnitudinis litteras koje kancelarija pape Inocenta III. šalje ugarskom kralju Emeriku 9. 11. 1202. i njegov značaj za historiju srednjovjekovne Bosne. Glavna dilema na koju pokušavamo naći odgovor jest da li se iza misterioznog imena Guban, zabilježenog kao predvod-nika vojske pagana koja pustoši ugarsku zemlju, krije osoba bosanskog bana Kulina ili pak neka druga značajna ličnost tog vremena. Pored analize ranijih objava ovog pisma i njegove primjene u historiografiji sagledan je i pregled po-litičkog stanja u zemljama jugoistočne Europe na prijelazu 12. u 13. stoljeće, kao i pregled njihovih odnosa s Rimskom kurijom, kako bi na osnovu historijskog konteksta došli do što pouzdanijeg zaključka. Ključne riječi: Rimska kurija, papa Inocent III., Bosna, Ugarska, politički odnosi, Guban, Kulin Broj pisanih izvora koji govore o srednjovjekovnoj Bosni početkom 13. sto-ljeća jako je mali. Zapravo, osim događaja vezanih za akciju pape Inocenta III. u vezi s ispitivanjem političkih optužbi protiv Bosne i njenog vladara bana Ku lina u pogledu primanja i zaštite ''heretika'' , gotovo ništa drugo nam nije po z nato. Iz tog razloga svaku moguću informaciju koja se može pronaći Diplomatičarsko‐povjesničarska analiza povelje bana Tvrtka/ Main topic of this paper is the letter Regie magnitudinis litteras which the office of the Pope Innocent III sent to the king Emeric of Hungary on November 9, 1202, and its significance for the history of medieval Bosnia. Main dilemma, which we have tried to resolve, is whether behind the mysterious name Guban, the leader of the Pagan army which raided some Hungarian land, is hidden the Bosnian ruler, ban Kulin, or another distinguished nobleman of the time. In addition to the analysis of the earlier publications of this letter and its applications in historiography, we have reviewed the political situation in Southeastern Europe between the 12th and 13th century, and the relations of these countries with papacy, in order to reach the most reliable conclusion based on historical context.

III semestar, 4 sata (2P + 1S + 1V), 7 ECTS OPIS PREDMETA U okviru predmeta Bosna u ranom srednjem vijeku (FIL HIS 211) tretirat će se prošlost bosanskohercegovačkog prostora u kasnoj antici i periodu seobe naroda, te historija Bosne od prvog sačuvanog zapisa o njenom imenu do početka 13. stoljeća. To razdoblje je među najslabije dokumentiranim u cijeloj prošlosti Bosne i Hercegovine, što se odrazilo i na historiografiju u kojoj je period ranog srednjeg vijeka na bosanskom tlu često neopravdano zanemarivan ili tretiran usputno u sklopu razmatranja historije susjednih zemalja. Nesporan je značaj ovog formativnog perioda za sve ono što će nastupiti kasnije i što će na koncu rezultirati stvaranjem snažne i razvijene bosanske banovine i kraljevine u 14. i 15. stoljeću. Međutim, u analizi ranosrednjovjekovne prošlosti Bosne historičar se nalazi pred nizom poteškoća i nedoumica. S tim u vezi studenti će tokom nastave biti upoznati s osnovnim rezultatima historiografije i problemima historijskog razvoja bosanskohercegovačkog prostora u ranom srednjem vijeku. Savladat će kombiniranje rezultata arheoloških istraživanja s pozitivnim znanjima crpljenim iz pisanih historijskih izvora. Kroz prizmu analize djela De administrando imperio i Ljetopisa popa Dukljanina vježbat će čitanje suvremenih narativnih izvora i razvijati kritički odnos prema njima. To će doprinijeti njihovoj samostalnosti u donošenju sopstvenih zaključaka o prošlosti i njenom značenju za svijet koji ih okružuje.

Based on sources and literature, the paper elaborates on the destiny of a part of the Bosnian nobility after the fall of the medieval Kingdom of Bosnia. During the Turkish campaign in 1463, the upper stratum of the Bosnian nobility, with rare exceptions, mainly disappeared from the historical scene. A similar destiny befell a significant number of members of the lower nobility who were killed, executed, taken into captivity or fled Bosnia to the territories of the surrounding countries. Some of them, mainly members of the petty nobility, entered into the Turkish service and became part of the Turkish feudal system. In time, some of them accepted Islam.

Stjepan II Kotromanic was the first Bosnian ruler that extends his rule to the shores of the Adriatic Sea. The paper treats this important and crucial part of Bos nian medieval history that took place in 1326. In addition to the course of events that ultimately resulted in Bosnia's access to the sea, the preconditions and consequences were also taken into account. To a lesser extent, in addition to politics, economic his tory is also treated, i.e. those aspects of it that are important for this topic.

O sedamdesetgodišnjici Sime Ćirkovića (1929) najsumarnije prikazivanje njegova života i djela svodilo bi se, uz upotrebu obilja epiteta, na predstavu jednog od najvećih južnoslavenskih historičara današnjice. Bibliografija s preko 300 stručnih radova medievalnog predznaka, s desetinom zasebnih izdanja, uvrštava ga među najplodnije autore. Prepoznatljiva obrada Stjepana Vukčića Kosače, "Istorija srednjovjekovne bosanske države", pristupi Crkvi bosanskoj, historiji Srbije, metodologiji i historiji historiografije ukazuju na širinu tematskih okvira i prodorne rezultate. Radni vijek proveden sa studentima, odgoj generacija naučnih radnika, kreiranje razvoja nauke i aktualni aktivni rad u struci, omeđivao bi definiranje početka i naziranje sredine skice, a eventualnom kraju, pokazale bi i površne analize, pripadalo bi smještanje Ćirkovića u galeriju istaknutih djelatnika savremenog doba. Na jednom od mjesta gdje bi se mogli praviti svakovrsni presjeci Ćirkovićeva djela, horizontalno i vertikalno sagledavati pristup, razumjeti i definitivno, mnogo naučiti o srednjovjekovlju, je i Ćirkovićeva najnovija knjiga Rabotnici. vojnici, duhovnici. Društva srednjovekovnog Balkana. Ona predstavlja izbor radova u kojima je Ćirković obrađivao društvo, privredu i kulturu jugoistoka Evrope, Bosne i Srbije u srednjem vijeku, kroz skoro četiri decenije svoga života. Prateća "Reč autora. Pred nasleđem srpske medievistike sredinom XX veka", sažeti je pregled razvoja srpske historiografije, čime se Ćirković temeljitije bavi u posljednje vrijeme. Idući od najranijeg i

The original letter of Duke Stjepan Vukčić Kosača, issued on the 1st of March 1455 in Ključ, which regulated the possible relations between him and his potential bride Barbara of Liechtenstein, is today preserved in the Princely Collection of the Liechtenstein family in Vienna. The text of the document was hitherto published only in the works of the Hungarian historian Lajos Thallóczy. However, he did not supply an image of the charter and described it only summarily indicating that it was written on parchment and that the script was in bluish ink. Apart from that, he also remarked that the letter was composed in poor Latin and that the concept was probably created by Ruggiero, the Duke’s scribe.

The charter is of a rectangular shape and was folded twice vertically and once horizontally (not counting the folded lower margin). On the very bottom of the document a broken dark brown wax lump with a red seal image was attached to the parchment by a red silk braided cord. Even though it is very difficult to speak about the broken seal, it can be concluded that it is in fact the great seal of Duke Stjepan, for which many historians considered was preserved only on one charter of his son Vlatko from the 26th of July 1470. We can now confirm that the seal was indeed used on the official charters of Duke Stjepan, even though the seal image is almost completely destroyed.

The contents of the charter are connected to the plans of Duke Stjepan to arrange great nuptial festivities in 1455 for the weddings of his two sons, but also for his own marriage since he was a widower from October 1453. It is still an open question how did the Duke get in touch with the court in Nicolsburg, today Mikulov in the Czech Republic, and under which circumstances did the combinations about the marriage relations with the Austrian princely dynasty of Liechtensten emerge. The charter which the Duke issued together with his sons was supposed to regulate the rights of his future spouse, the conditions of their “lasting and indissoluble union”, guarantee her religious rights and allow her to have her own retinue with priests. Apart from that, the Duke also promised to present Barbara a wedding gift in the form of a castle with an income of 2.000 golden florins. In the case of his death, the charter stipulated that Barbara could sell the castle to his heirs for a hefty sum of 14.000 golden ducats. She could then freely dispose with this money in Bosnia, as well as abroad. Despite all the trouble and incurred expenses, the marriage was never realized, and in May of 1455 Duke Stjepan married another woman, also named Barbara.

The modelling and visualisation of networks is based on the material in: M. Mullett, Theophylact of Ochrid. Reading the Letters of a Byzantine Archbishop. Birmingham 1997.

The first graph is a visualisation of the connections between letters in localities between which these letters were exchanged (" 2mode network").

The second graph is a visualisation of the weighted network of localities on the basis of Theophylact´s correspondence; two localities are connected if letters of Theophylact were exchanged between them. Links are scaled according to the number of letters within Theophylact´s collection documenting exchanges between them.

The third graph visualises these connections between localities on a map. Links are again scaled according to the number of letters within Theophylact´s collection documenting exchanges between them. The size of nodes is scaled according to their number of connections within the network ("degree").

The fourth graph is a "zoom" into these geographical visualisation of the network for the Western Balkans; links are again scaled according to the number of letters within Theophylact´s collection documenting exchanges between them.

For the localisation of sites within the historical region of Macedonia cf. also the upcoming volumes on Macedonia (Southern Part) by Peter Soustal and on Macedonia (Northern Part) by Mihailo Popovic within the series "Tabula Imperii Byzantini" (http://www.oeaw.ac.at/imafo/die-abteilungen/byzanzforschung/communities-landscapes/historische-geographie/)

For any further questions, please contact [email protected].

dana stvaranja svijeta, a koja izgleda ovako: 1. od Adama do potopa; 2. od potopa do Abrahama; 3. od Abrahama do Davida; 4. od Davida do sužanjstva babilonskog; 5. od sužanjstva babilonskog do Isusovog rođenja; 6. od Isusovog rođenja do sudnjeg dana. Paralelu za šest razdoblja historije Augustin je nalazio u šest čovjekovih životnih doba: djetinjstvo (infantia), dječaštvo (puerta), rana mladost (adolescentia), momčad (iuventus), zrelost (gravitas), starost (senectus). Od Augustina su skoro svi srednjovjekovni historičari prihvatili shemu historijskog procesa i metodologiju historijskih pojava. Šest perioda Druga uobičajena shema raščlanjuje svjetsku historiju na četiri razdoblja, na četiri velika svjetska carstva (monarhije). Ona je, također, veoma stara i jevrejsku proročku tradiciju spaja sa kršćanstvom. Osnova iz proročke tradicije nađena je u knjizi proroka Danijela, pisanoj između 167. i 165. godine prije naše ere. Proširimo znanje -HISTORIJSKI TEKST ZA OBRADU -Historija II PITANJA I ZADACI 1. Šta je feudalizam? 2. Opišite proces feudalizacije. 3. Zašto je feudalizam povijesno neizbježno društveno stanje? 4. Zašto je vladar mogao reći "da je vazal mog vazala je i moj vazal"? 5. Na kojim principima su se zasnivale dužnosti vazala prema senioru? 6. Šta je nepovredivost? 7. Obratite pažnju na zadnju rečenicu u tekstu za obradu. Ona je nekako usputna ali nešto iz nje ipak saznajemo. RJEČNIK NEPOZNATIH POJMOVA Kmet -većina stručnjaka smatra da je u pitanju praslavenska riječ koja ima više značenja, a sa značenjem vazala označava osobu u podređenom položaju Natura posjed uz obavezu vršenja vojne službe tvrđava koje ga štite. Ugled -ništa na uštrb njegove pravde ili bilo čega što može dovesti u pitanje njegov ugled. Korisnost -ništa što može štetiti njegovim posjedima. Sloboda i pravo znači da dobro koje vlastelin može učiniti ne smije biti otežano niti smije ono što je on u stanju da učini biti onemogućeno. Pravedno je da podanik vodi računa o tim štetama, ali to nije dovoljno za stupanje u feudalni odnos, jer nije dovoljno samo uzdržavanje od zla ako se ne čini i dobro. Ostaje, dakle, da u ovih šest zapovijesti o dužnostima vazal pomaže i savjetuje vjerno svoga gospodara ako želi da bude dostojan feuda i da ostane vjeran zakletvi koju je položio. I sizeren (senior) treba da na isti način u svemu uzvrati obaveze prema vazalu. Ako tako ne postupa biće s pravom optužen za neiskrenost, kao i vazal, ako se to činjenički dokaže ili se ljudi uvjere, i proglašen za krivog zbog ogrešenja o dužnosti, podmuklosti, krivovjerstva. Pisao bih vam i duže da nisam zauzet mnogobrojnim obavezama, posebno oko restauracije našeg mjesta i naše crkve koji su nedavno doživjeli strašan požar. "

Tekst je objavljen kao pogovor knjizi "Drevna Bosna" (Matica bošnjačka, Novi pazar 2017) Muamera Zukorlića.
Zukorlićeva knjiga prat etnogenetski razvoj balkanskih noroda, vjersku sveprisutnost na tom prostoru, državotvornost Bosne, jezički i kulturni identitet Bošnjaka u periodu do dolaska Osmanlija, što je ujedno i najmanje istraživani dio naše historije.

Иницијал. Часопис за средњовековне студије 2 (2014) 257-272 Initial. A Review of Medieval Studies 2 (2014) 257-272 ПРИКАЗИ И КРИТИКЕ REVIEWS ЈELENA MRGIĆ, Zemlja i ljudi. Iz istorije životne sredine zapadnog Balkana, Equilibrium, Beograd 2013, 158 стр.

From land to kingdom: Position of Bosnia within the structure of Archiregnum
The author discusses the complex problem of primarily politi¬cal relations between Bosnia (the Bosnian Banate, later on the Bosnian Kingdom) and Hungary (the Hungarian-Croatian Kingdom). Prior to explaining his own view, the author criti¬cizes the work of Dubravko Lovrenovic, taking it as an exam¬ple of approach to the historical analysis of a school developed during the 20th century and provisionally called "the Belgra¬de-Sarajevo school". In the second part of paper the author, referring to the concept of Archiregnum Hungaricum, defined as "dynastic (super) state", analyzes oldest written records that shed light on the relations of the Hungarian-Croatian kings with Bosnia. In that regard, he tries to define the concept of "land" (terra, Land) calling upon the ideas of Otto Brunner and using them as tool in the analysis of relevant sources from the 12th and 13th centuries. Based on this analysis the aut¬hor draws conclusions about transformation of the Bosnian Banate in the framework of dynastic (super) state, seeing it as a conglomerate of "lands" ruled by the Kotromanic dynasty, otherwise descendants of certain "Kotroman Got" who was installed as 'ban' by the intervention of the royal authority in the late 12th or early 13th century.
The author accepts the view that the "land" Rama, which was present in the style of Hungarian-Croatian kings from the 30s of the 12th century, was not the same as "land" Bosnia of that time. Consequently, equation of those geo-political terms hap¬pened only at the beginning of the 15th century due to the fact that the central authority managed to largely integrate the old "lands" and abolish their political independence. In the third part of the paper the author analyzes how this complex system worked in the 15th century using the data that concern the course of events from 1435 and 1436. He uses the example of (unsuccessful) attempt of the Emperor and King Sigismund to organize a system of defense against the Turks on his western flank (from Bosnia to Albania). The relationship between the political center and periphery is portrayed through (unsucce¬ssful) appropriation of the old principality of Hum (already integrated into the political framework of Bosnian Kingdom). At the same time the author tries to pinpoint mental pictures regarding "constitutional order" of Archiregnum based on the historical experience as well as trying to discern how they have influenced the practical actions of actors. In that vein he also warns that various ways of interpreting experience with dif¬ferences in thought schemes derived through those processes was one of the main reasons for the failure of the planned venture. However the acceptance of the main schemata defi¬ning position of Bosnian Kingdom in the political framework of Archiregnum is illustrated through the analysis of the short visit of Bosnian King Tvrtko II to the Hungarian court at the beginning of 1436. In conclusion the author defines the Bo¬snian king as hereditary official of the royal apparatus of go¬vernment who, apart from fulfillment of certain obligations to the political centre (many of which had a ritual dimensi¬on), really ruled autonomous political formation - the Bosnian Kingdom. Acceptance of such a position on the part of Bosni¬an rulers resulted in the possibility of constant expansion of the territory under the practical rule of the Bosnian king.

Roman Katarina kraljica bosanska povod je za aktueliziranje historiografskih tema kao što su: nadležnosti krune i državnog sabora u srednjovjekovnoj Bosni, te pitanje vladavine žene. Poseban je akcent na poimanju pravnih normi u turbulentnom vremenu gubitka državne samostalnosti Bosne, mitološkim konstrukcijama vezanim za „posljednju bosansku kraljicu“ koji se protežu do današnjih dana, te na pitanju mogućnosti oporučivanja države. Pošto roman, osim historijske, sadrži i savremenu notu, za sobom također povlači takvu vrstu osvrta.

The novel Catherine the Queen of Bosnia is an occasion for actualizing historiographical topics such as: the competencies of the crown and the state parliament in medieval Bosnia, and the question of the rule of women. Special emphasis is placed on the understanding of legal norms in the turbulent time of the loss of state independence of Bosnia, mythological constructions related to the "last Bosnian queen" that stretch to this day, and the possibility of bequeathing the state. Since the novel, in addition to the historical one, also contains a contemporary note, it also entails this kind of review

Društvo za proučavanje srednjovjekovne bosanske historije Filozofski fakultet u Sarajevu Franje Račkog 1, 71 000 Sarajevo www.stanak.org Esad Kurtović Iz hIstorIje sokolarstva u dubrovačkom zaleđu u srednjem vIjeku (uzgoj ptIca za lov I lov ptIcama) Abstrakt: Manje poznatim podacima autor upotpunjuje znanja o sokolarstvu u dubrovačkom zaleđu u srednjem vijeku. To su pokazatelji o uzgoju ptica i dresuri ptica putem ugovora, pripitomljenim pticama kao predmetu pljačke i cijeni dresiranih ptica. Ključne riječi: Sokolarstvo, dresura i pljačka pripitomljenih ptica * * * Historijat neposrednog dubrovačkog zaleđa mora se popunjavati i saznanjima povezanim za sokolarstvo u srednjem vijeku. Literatura o sokolarstvu u dubrovačkom zaleđu nije mala, ali je, najčešće zbog nedostatka izvora, svojom sadržinom oskudnija za starija historijska razdoblja. Sokolarstvo predstavlja lov pomoću posebno uvježbanih ptica grabljivica (kao što su sokol, jastreb, kraguj, kobac ili orao) i dresiranje ptica za lov. Poznato je od najstarijih vremena a posebno je bilo razvijeno u srednjem vijeku kada je inače lov bio među glavnim zabavama i vježbama, a i kao način da se kvalitetnim mesom obogati trpeza. U suštini omogućavao je lovcima da obore i uhvate ptice koje su letjele izvan uobičajenog domašaja strijela. Lov sokolom bio je omiljen među vlastelom. 1 Kod Konstantina Filozofa, biografa despota Stefana Lazarevića, ostalo je zapisano da 1 Porijeklo sokolarstva dovodi se u vezu sa iranskim visoravnima gdje su se Perzijanci od davnine bavili ovim kao i drugim plemenitim vrstama lova, a da se, uprkos ranijem poznavanju, sa vitezovima križarima udomaćilo i postalo omiljeno zanimanje vlastele u Evropi tokom srednjega vijeka, Ćiro Truhelka, "Bosanski sokolari", u: Studije o podrijetlu (Etnološka razmatranja iz Bosne i Hercegovine), Izdanja Matice hrvatske, Zagreb, 1941, 58.

Ovim prilogom obrađuje se samo jedan segment širokog spektra interesovanja istaknutog naučnika Pave Anđelića. Dokazavši se produktivnim istraživačkim radom na brojnim poljima bosanskog srednjovjekovlja, Anđelić je posebnu pažnju posvećivao kulturnoj historiji. Pružio je važan doprinos u izučavanju stećaka i načina sahranjivanja, ostvaren kroz brojna arheološka istraživanja na terenu. Iz bogate Anđelićeve bibliografije izdvojit ćemo i komentarisati samo knjige i radove na ovu temu.

This article deals with only one segment of the wide range of interests of the prominent scientist Pavao Anđelić. Proving himself to be a productive researcher in numerous fields of the Bosnian Middle Ages, Anđelić paid special attention to cultural history. He made an important contribution to the study of stećak tombstones and burial methods, achieved through numerous archaeological excavations in the field. From Anđelić's rich bibliography, we will single out and comment only on books and works on this topic.

Ključne riječi: Pavao Anđelić, stećci, arheologija, nekropole, Konjic, Vrbljani, Visoko, Bobovac, Sutjeska.

This work treats an episode from the early relations between the Ottoman Empire and the Bosnian Kingdom through the prism of a joint attack on Bosnia carried out by Ottoman and Serbian soldiers in 1398. Namely, after the initial hostile contacts between Bosnia and the Ottomans in the 1380-ies, during the last decade of the 14th century Bosnia continued to suffer an increasing number of strong attacks which were executed by Ottoman raiding forces based in the marcher region of Skoplje. The last of those harassing incursions occurred in January of 1398 when the sons of Sultan Bayezid, allied with the army of Serbian Prince Stefan Lazarević, attacked the borders of Bosnia. Even though their assault was significant, causing distress and disturbance in Bosnia itself, and in the coastal regions of Zeta as well, the attackers were thwarted by the harsh winter conditions and the terrible cold. Despite the fact that their offensive was unsuccessful, it still brought about almost an immediate change in the political landscape of Bosnia. Soon a new monarch appeared on the Bosnian throne, and with him a completely new attitude towards the Ottomans. Already by 1399 it was well known in the region that “Bosnians are allied with the Turks”.

Komentari u ovom izdanju Fojni~kog grbovnika sadr`e blazon ili opis grba, kra}e izlaganje o njegovom zna~enju, porijeklu i historijskom razvoju, te dostupne ili zanimljive podatke o li~nostima ili porodicama koje su opisivani grb nosile. Blazon grbovnog {tita dat je po ustaljenim heraldi~kim pravilima u kojima se lijeva i desna strana {tita posmatraju iz perspektive njegovog nositelja a ~injenica da su amblemi okrenuti na desnu stranu posebno se ne nagla{ava. Iz komentara su izostavljeni opisi ~elenke i pla{ta, osim ako ne izazivaju naro~itu heraldi~ku pa`nju, bilo da su kori{teni na suvremenim izvorima, ili da upu}uju na srodstvo s nekom drugom porodicom ~iji je grb prisutan u ovom Grbovniku. Selekcija i prezentacija podataka o pojedinim grbovima i njihovim vlasnicima bila je uslovljena kvantitetom, ali i kvalitetom raspolo`ivih izvora zbog koje nije bilo mogu}e posti}i ravnote`u me|u komentarima. To je dovelo do toga da smo za neke slu~ajeve bili u prilici da ponudimo op{irniji prikaz, jer smo raspolagali ve}im brojem raznovrsnih informacija, dok za neke porodice i grbove nije bilo mogu}e ni{ta re}i {to bi bilo zasnovano na izvornoj gra|i. Posao je u znatnoj mjeri tako|er ote`ala ~injenica da pojedinci ili porodice zastupljene u Fojni~kom grbovniku nisu `ivjele u ograni~enom vremenskom periodu i na jasno ome|enom prostoru. Poseban problem predstavljalo je i to {to prezimena u srednjem vijeku nisu bila ustaljena nego su se naj~e{}e zadr`avala samo u jednoj generaciji jer su uglavnom izvo|ena iz o~evog imena ili titule (npr. Radin Jablani} → Pavle Radinovi} → Radoslav Pavlovi}; Herceg → Hercegovi}; @upan → @upani} i sl.). Pojedine porodice u Grbovniku se javljaju pod vi{e istih prezimena (npr. bosanska vladarska dinastija pod Kotromani}, Tvrtkovi} i Kristi}), a u nekim slu~ajevima imamo u izvorima vi{e porodica koje se javljaju pod jednim prezimenom (npr. Vukovi}, izvedeno od ~estog imena Vuk), a uz grb nije precizirano o kojoj se porodici ta~no radi. Tako|er je bitno istaknuti da nisu sve porodice zastupljene u Fojni~kom grbovniku bile plemi}ke te da nisu sve vukle svoje korijenje iz srednjeg vijeka. Njihovo prisustvo u ovoj knjizi potrebno je posmatrati u okviru "ilirske ideologije" u kojoj je Grbovnik i nastao. S obzirom da je njegov sastavlja~ imao selektivan pristup ionako ograni~enom izvornom materijalu u Grbovnik su, pored poznatih plemi}kih porodica, uvr{tavane i one sasvim bezna~ajne koje u ranijem periodu nisu igrale nikakvu historijsku ulogu a kojima je plemstvo, pã ak i fiktivno, otvaralo vrata mnogim mogu}nostima u zemljama koje su naselili nakon pada Bosanske dr`ave 1463. godine. To najbolje dolazi do izra`aja u ~injenici da je za grbove poznatijih porodica ili pojedinaca autor Grbovnika raspolagao ta~nim podacima (npr. Kosa~e, Hrvoje Vuk~i} Hrvatini}, Pavlovi}i), dok su neki grbovi

Rad razmatra malo poznato pitanje seniora hercegovačkih vlaha. U obzir su uzete veće vlaške skupine, njih dvadesetak, o kojima ima više informacija i na čijim primjerima se uočava kretanje vazalnih obaveza kroz duže vrijeme. Vlasi su vazali bosanskih vladara, a u XV stoljeću njihovi seniori su velmože, među kojima su istaknuti Pavlovići i Kosače. Ključne riječi: Vlasi, vazalni odnosi, Kosače, Pavlovići.

The teachings of the Bosnian Church constitute one of the greatest mysteries of the medieval period of Bosnian history. The issue whether it acted in the realms of heresy or orthodoxy has been disputed in a scientific battleground in historiographical circles many times. Just a touch less controversy is linked with the nature of military missions proclaimed and executed against Bosnian ''heretics''. Some authors characterize these conflicts as religious, so typical for crusades, while others, however, emphasize the political and territorial pretensions of Hungary regarding Bosnia, as the main motif, describing the Holy war idea as a cover story for the sake of the Papal curia. The triangle between Hungary, Rome and Bosnia was the focal point of discourse in which numerous accusations on one side and explanations from the other occurred, along with war propaganda, anti-heretic warnings and attempts to prove innocence and that right path were followed. Interestingly, the Bosnian medieval state, so many times threatened with crusades against it, became the leading advocate for crusade missions against the Ottoman danger in the 15th century. This transformation did not occur because crusader ideas prevailed, but rather because of evolution within the social and administrative structures. This work will explore all the differences between the opposing historiographic streams, their approaches regarding sources and literature. The main goal is to determine how research performed with more or less identical source material, can produce such opposing results.