exploration and evaluation of groundwater

Due to occurrence of groundwater in deeply buried aquifers with low recharge, water scarcity in Saharan and arid environments in Algeria was diagnosed in many populated regions such as Biskra. Constituting a transition hydrogeological area between the folded Atlasic domains in the North and the Saharan at in the South, Biskra contains large groundwater resources in the terminal complex aquifers. 93% of water needs provides from groundwater and only 7% from surface water. But this region is facing to an acute shortage of water supply for domestic and irrigation demands because of the unappreciated groundwater prospecting and potentiality. Using an integrated approach which enclose geophysical investigation combined to geological and hydrogeological contexts at Chetma area, a deep structural form with signi cant hydrogeological features was highlighted and con rmed the accumulation of groundwater. Two resistant limestone anticlines called Droh anticlines corresponding to a piezometric dome and a syncline lled with conductive deposit materials were identi ed. Maastrichtian limestone consists of cracked and thick aquifer formation about 200 to 350 m, together with marl limestone and limestone of the lower Eocene forms a complex aquifer. Pumped boreholes, deep about 400 m, present a mixture of water giving large ow rate ranged from 25 to 90 l/s and constitutes a pattern produce zones of water accumulation. Nevertheless, at 300 m of depth, ow rate offers an average of 40 l/s and capturing mainly Maastrichtian limestone aquifer. However, synform geometries involving clay and marl formations have no hydrogeological interest. Occurrence of potential aquifers mostly identi ed in fractured zones was con rmed. This study gives insight to enhance groundwater prospecting and mobilization for 2030. (Ghiglieri et al.2021).The area is characterized by water scarcity, overexploitation and pollution of groundwater resources; and is highly exposed to climate change risk and deserti cation processes (Ghiglieri et al.2014). Drinking water supply demand in Biskra increased from 63.6 hm 3 /year in 2010 to 93 hm 3 /year in 2030, a growth of 29.3 hm 3 /year.For Biskra city, water demand will exceed 35 hm 3 /year in 2030, an increase of 11 hm 3 /year, representing 36% of the overall increase of the province. Biskra-city is largely supplied from springs and boreholes mainly located atChetma and Droh, at 12 km in the East of the city.Available sources of water supply are limited to groundwater. This project aimsto characterize formations and structuralelementspotentially supportinga highgroundwater storage in Terminal Complex aquifers of Chetma and Biskra in order to enhanceboth groundwater prospecting and mobilization capacity. This was to provide the initial baseline information and guidance to assist decision-makersin assessing groundwater resources. This will offer opportunity to improve irrigation water demand and drinking water supply for 2030, according to projections established by National Plan of Water (PNE2010). Given su cient data,an integrated hydrogeological investigation was therefore achieved to delineate water resource problems in the arid environment of Biskra. Geophysical investigations andgeoelectrical (GE) surveyscombined with available geological studies and logging, data from hydrogeological eld surveys,socio-economic growth and piezometric observationswere explored. Correlating the known lithology with the geoelectrical sounding data, subsurface layer parameters were presented in the form of geoelectrical sections and characteristic resistivities were performed.

Ekiti East Local Government Area Southwestern Nigeria suffered continual shortage of potable water arisen from lack of government pipe borne water and incessant boreholes failures. Therefore, this research was carried out with the objectives of estimating aquifer parameters (transmissivity, specific capacity and borehole yield) and classifying the study area into different groundwater potential zones. Siting of 35 boreholes locations was carried out using vertical electrical sounding geophysical technique. Boreholes were drilled in the 35 locations and pumping test was carried out in each of the borehole. Data from the thirty-five (35) boreholes were interpreted using Jacob straight line graphical simplification method which entailed plotting of time versus drawdown on a semi-log paper. A best straight line fit for the plot was subsequently drawn and extended to cut across the drawdown axis. Two points on a log-cycle apart in time were chosen and change in drawdown over that time interval was determined (∆S). Yield (Q) was determined from the pumping volume per time i.e. volume /time. Transmissivity (T), specific capacity (Cs) were estimated using T= 2.3Q/4π∆S and Cs = Q/∆S respectively. Parameters obtained from the interpretation of the pumping test were employed to generate the yield, transmissivity, specific capacity and groundwater potential maps respectively using Surfer 12 software. Subsequently, the transmissivity values were subjected to quantitative evaluation employing statistical method and transmissivity analysis. Results of the pumping test revealed that the boreholes yield ranged from 0.38-1.43 (av. 0.98) L/s, transmissivity from 0.007-0.095 (av. 0.034) m 2 /min and specific capacity from 0.038-0.52 (av. 0.183) m3/min/m. Statistical/Transmissivity analysis revealed that the standard deviation of the estimated transmissivity index , signified extreme large variations in transmissivity and heterogeneous environment with varied aquiferous conditions over a short lateral distance. Furthermore, the result indicated that 74% of the study area (mostly northern part) has groundwater occurrence that was good for local water supply while the remaining 26% in the southern part especially at Isinbode-Ekiti has groundwater potential that could serve for private consumption only. The groundwater potential map zoned the area into good, fair and poor groundwater potential zones. The good groundwater potential zone is in the north central and northeastern part of the study area. Groundwater in the study area is suitable for local water supply except at Isinbode-Ekiti where it could only serve for private consumption. This study, apart from providing a frame work for groundwater resources development in the area, it serves a guide to other researchers and intending boreholes drillers.

A geoelectrical resistivity survey supported by hydrochemical analysis was managed in Ayun Musa area to detect the groundwater aquifer, differentiate the subsurface layers and estimate the groundwater quality of Ayun Musa springs. A suit of 29 vertical electrical soundings (VES) of AB/2 varying from 1 up to 1000 metres were measured in the study area to achieve the goals. Water samples were collected from ten localities in the study area. Interpretation of the VESes using 1D and 2D algorithms indicates the presence of five geoelectric units of different resistivities. The main water bearing formation related to the Lower Cretaceous represented by the fifth layer and located at depth range from 205 to 256 m below the surface. On the other hand, Interpretation of hydrochemical analysis reveals that the groundwater in Ayun Musa area is brackish in nature. The sequence of the abundance of the major ions is in the following order Na + > Mg +2 > Ca +2 and Cl − > SO 4 −2 > HCO 3 −. This suggests active dissolution and ion exchange processes and the high chloride and sodium concentrations indicate a major influence by seawater. Generally, the groundwater samples in the study area are not suitable for domestic purposes.

The study area in Wadi Asal and Wadi Queih at Quseir area, Red Sea, Egypt, suffers from different natural and anthropogenic processes due to rock variability, mining, and human activities. Groundwater is the only source of fresh water in the area. Three major hydrogeological units are recorded for groundwater in the study area; the Quaternary, the fractured Precambrian, and the Phanerozoic aquifers. The hydrogeochemical properties of groundwater were evaluated through the chemical analysis of 5 collected water samples from available wells in the study area. The resulting groundwater is characterized by Ca 2+ > Na + > Mg 2+ and Cl-> SO4 2− > HCO3-, in Queih wells while Asal has Na + > Ca 2+ > Mg 2+ and Cl-> SO4 2− > HCO3-. The hydrochemical facies in this area fall in the field of Ca-Na-Cl-SO4 for Queih, and Na-Ca-Cl-SO4 for Asal, indicating Ca 2+ and Na + are the dominant cations in the groundwaters from Queih and Asal areas with mixing or dissolution (for Queih water samples) and reverse ion exchange reactions (for Asal water samples) as the prevalent hydrochemical processes controlling their chemistry. High K + and NO3in Queih are due to agricultural activities accelerated by using potassium fertilizers. TDS is more than 3000 mg/L, and the Middle Miocene sandstone aquifer of Asal water is more saline than the Cretaceous aquifers of Queih due to the presence of faults and dykes that allows water to infiltrate with great leaching processes from surrounding aquifers lithologies. Monitoring the natural and anthropogenic activities that influence groundwater quality around Safaga-Quseir District, Red Sea, is essential for the future sustainable management of water resources.

Qualitative and quantitative interpretations of the accessible geoelectrical resistivity data were conducted in the area located to the west of Nile Delta on both sides of the Cairo-Alexandria desert road, between latitudes 30.190816° and 30.745892° N and longitudes 29.797607° and 30.702070° E, in the northern Western Desert of Egypt. The study area is covered by thick sedimentary exposures ranging from the Miocene to the Quaternary period. Geological factors such as lithology and geological structures significantly influence the groundwater in the study area. The Quaternary, Pliocene, and Miocene eras make up the majority of strata in the study region that require water. The study conducted twenty-three vertical electrical resistivity soundings using the Schlumberger array to define the shallow subsurface geological inferences and investigate the possibilities of finding underground water accumulations and its contamination with clay lenses. The examination of the obtained electric...

In this study, the SP, DC-Resistivity and DC-TDIP methods were used and included 21 sites for determining the groundwater conditions and visualizing the aquifer sediments, surface water seepage, and groundwater flow in 2D and 3D. The results indicated the occurrence of Quaternary and Tertiary deposits, as well as shallow aquifer of Eocene fractured limestone and Quaternary deposits. The resistivity, chargeability and SP values were compared with each other and 2D and 3D visualization models were designed for these values to understand the sediment distribution and its geological and hydrogeological implications. High to medium, low and very low chargeability values indicated the compact sediments with high shale content, water-bearing layers and freshwater zones and dry sediments, respectively, and varied with the water amount, salinity and effective porosity. Low to very low values of SP indicated the occurrence and high accumulation of groundwater and an increase in shale, permeab...

Qualitative and quantitative interpretations of the accessible geoelectrical resistivity data were conducted in the area located to the west of Nile Delta on both sides of the Cairo-Alexandria desert road, between latitudes 30.190816° and 30.745892° N and longitudes 29.797607° and 30.702070° E, in the northern Western Desert of Egypt. The study area is covered by thick sedimentary exposures ranging from the Miocene to the Quaternary period. Geological factors such as lithology and geological structures significantly influence the groundwater in the study area. The Quaternary, Pliocene, and Miocene eras make up the majority of strata in the study region that require water. The study conducted twenty-three vertical electrical resistivity soundings using the Schlumberger array to define the shallow subsurface geological inferences and investigate the possibilities of finding underground water accumulations and its contamination with clay lenses. The examination of the obtained electric resistivity values revealed the segmentation of the examined section into Original Research Article

The study of ground water resources in the arid regions has a great importance to the scarcity of water resources. So, the present work aims to identify the main aquifers in south Wadi Qana area. Wadi Qana is a wide valley in western desert and extending southwards for some 170 km from the South Galala Plateau to its broad fanning delta located on the Nile Valley plain east of Qena town. Fifty-four Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) were measured in the study area by using AB/2 ranging from 1.5 to 1000 m. The quantitative interpretations of the field curves exhibited four geoelectrical successions and each succession is formed of seven geoelectrical units and there are two main water-bearing units act as aquifers, where the third geoelectrical unit appears in the south of the study area act as Quaternary aquifer and the sixth geoelectrical unit appears in the north of the study area act as Nubian aquifers. Ten water samples have been analyzed for different water quality parameters. The results reveal that TDS values are more than 1000 ppm where groundwater becomes unsuitable for drinking and other domestic uses and could be used for irrigation and some industrial activities under certain precautions.

The goal of the present study is to investigate, delineate, and evaluate the shallow Miocene groundwater aquifer with vertical and lateral facies variations in the Gara oasis, western desert of Egypt. This oasis represents a typical arid region in North Africa. Through grid texture analysis, lineament detection, edge detection, thresholding, and identifying areas of structural complexity from the filtered residual reduced-to-pole magnetic anomaly map, it is possible to outline the fracture zones that principally control the groundwater aquifers and water flow in the area. The groundwater quality and quantity are examined hydro-geochemically through nine groundwater samples that were gathered from wells and springs distributed throughout the area around Gara Lake. Measurements of physio-chemical parameters (TDS, pH, and EC) are carried out and its spatial distribution is critically studied. The results reveal that the ion-exchange process caused by water-rock interaction is the domin...

The Egyptian government is showing a great interest on the lateral population extension in the deserts. Accordingly, a number of roads were constructed. Sohag-Safaga new highway in the Eastern Desert that connects the Nile Valley with the Red Sea is an example of such roads. A number of developmental extensions have been proposed aligning roads including agricultural, urban, industrial, touristic, and commercial projects. These extensions need different studies concerning their sustainability to protect them from any hazard that may act on them and to make use of the available natural resources that are required for development. These natural resources include engineering construction materials, soil for agriculture, surface and subsurface water resources, and mineral wealth. The study area is characterized by different geomorphological units: mountains belts, sandstone and limestone plateaux, wadi terraces, wadi bottoms, alluvial fans, out wash plains, sand sheets, sand dunes, and hilly areas. The water resources in the study area include groundwater obtained from a number of existing water wells and surface water that can be utilized by retaining water from flashflooding.

Giza Pyramids Plateau is recognized as one of the most unique archaeological sites in the world and it was recently declared as one of the most iconic travel spots on the planet. During the last three decades, the rise of groundwater levels in Greater Cairo has become a severe problem threatening the existing and recent buildings. The main aim of this research is to assess the groundwater movement at Giza Pyramids Plateau through an integrated groundwater and GIS platform. The main inputs include groundwater quality, groundwater level and depth to groundwater. GIS is used as a tool to assess the groundwater flow pattern in the buffer zones based on the UNESCO classification. It could be observed that all areas witnessing a rise in the water level are located within the transition zone around the pyramids. Sphinx area has several recharge sources due to leakage of sewage water, seepage from canals and vertical percolation from irrigation water especially that it is located in a relat...

Three geophysical techniques such as resistivity, seismic refraction, and GPR have been applied to delineate the depth to the groundwater surface, subsurface stratigraphy and subsurface structures which control the configuration and distribution of the groundwater aquifer. Five vertical electrical sounding (VES) were measured by using Syscal-R2 instrument of electrode separation ranging from AB/2 = 1-500 m to reach depth of investigation about 150 m. The results of quantitative interpretation of the VES data indicate that the subsurface sequence composed of six geoelectric units; the first unit is characterized by resistivity values up to 2007 Ohm.m corresponding to sand & gravel and thickness up to 1.2 m. The second geoelectric unit is corresponding to sandy clay which exhibits resistivity up to 235 Ohm.m and depth up to 1.2 m. The third geoelectric unit is characterized by resistivity values up to 1483 Ohm.m corresponding to dry sand which of depth up to 2.6 m. The fourth geoelectrical unit consists of sand saturated with ground water and exhibits resistivity values ranging from 20.2 to 52.9 Ohm.m and depth ranging from 7 to 16.8 m. The fifth geoelectrical unit reveals resistivity values ranging from 7 to 32.6 Ohm.m and consists of sandy clay saturated with groundwater of depth up to 111 m overlaying the sixth unit which reached to depth up to 165 m and characterized by resistivity values ranging from 54 to 91 Ohm.m corresponding to sandstone saturated with ground water. Five shallow seismic refraction spreads of geophone spacing 4 m were measured to investigate the subsurface sequence, where the results of interpretation indicate that the subsurface section consists of three seismic layers; the first layer is unsaturated overburden with seismic velocity range from 280 to 770 m/s and thickness reach about 6 m. The second layer is sand saturated with ground water with velocity range from 760 to 1300 m/s and maximum thickness of about 7 m overlaying the third layer reached to depth up to 24 m and corresponding sandy clay saturated with groundwater with seismic velocity range from 1130 to 2260 m/s. Five GPR profiles are measured using MALA RAMAC GPR System with a Rough Terrain Antenna (RTA) system of central frequency of 100 MHz. The interpretation of GPR data indicate that the expected water table ranging from 8 m to 11 m in the study area. Interpretation of the obtained results and correlation with the available geological and different geophysical data revealed that, the depth to the groundwater table of the investigated area ranges between 7 and 16.8 m.

Thirty groundwater samples were collected from wells tapping Samalut fractured carbonate aquifer in the Eastern Desert fringes of the Nile Valley in Minia. The results show a wide variation of groundwater salinity and the graphical presentation of major ion concentrations reflecting variable sources and complex mixing. The inverse evolution modelling shows that the dedolomitization, dissolution of calcite, ion exchange, pyrite and gypsum dissolution are the main mineral-solution interactions controlling the groundwater chemical evolution along flow paths. This study provides evidence on the occurrence of recharge of Samalut aquifer from both the Nile and local floods.

The geoelectric survey includes 93 Vertical Electric Soundings (VES) and 26 TEM stations were conducted to delineate the subsurface structures and hydrogeological regime of El-Nubariya-Wadi El-Natrun area. The VESes AB/2 was varying from 1 up to 700 m in successive steps, while TEM stations were measured using coincident loop of 50 m side length. The interpretation of the geoelectrical data shows that the depth to the main aquifer ranges from 6 m at the northern part near the Nubariya city to about 90 m at the southern parts where it increases to the south and southeast directions. Generally the aquifer system in the area can be divided into Pleistocene and Pliocene aquifers. The Pleistocene aquifer is the shallower aquifer in the area and it consists almost of gravelly to clayey sand deposits. The Pliocene aquifer is the main aquifer where it is composed of sand to gravelly sand deposits. Depending on the results of the geoelectric prospecting represented by the true resistivity map, we can infer the quality of the groundwater. A brackish groundwater can be found at the northern and northeastern parts of the study area at shallow depths whereas relatively fresh water can be detected at the southern and southeastern parts around Wadi El Natrun city at deep depths.

Seawater intrusion (SWI) is one of the most common environmental issues in recent years, posing a threat to groundwater quality and sustainability, especially in coastal aquifers. The current climate changes linked to rising sea levels as well as the excessive pumping of groundwater, linked to the lack of natural recharge, have exacerbated this environmental problem. As a result, to characterize and detect seawater intrusion in this region. Because this area has a high salinity, and there is no abundance of good-distributed wells due to high salinity and lack of reliance on water wells for different purposes, it was necessary to combine these two methods to confirm the results. This paper presents a comprehensive combination of geoelectric methods represented by artificial vertical electrical soundings (VES) and hydrogeochemistry of groundwater. Vertical electrical resistivity values are obtained by Schlumberger's array of twenty-six VESes distributed all over the area using the Eleric-T device. However, the electrical resistivity sounding method succeeded to outline the aquifer depth, extension and thickness. The hydrogeochemical techniques outline the ions, cations, water types and water quality based on the chemical analysis of 26 groundwater samples. Both two types are contributed to emphasis the results. The VES results succeeded to describe the Pleistocene aquifer lithology and subdivides it into fresh, brackish and salt zones (freshwatersaltwater interface). The hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater samples through the physiochemical parameters, Chadha diagram, ionic relations and DWQI confirm the influence of SWI on the chemistry of groundwater in the concerned area. Consequently, these results confirm that the integration between the electrical resistivity and hydrochemical methods are effective tools for the characterization of seawater intrusion in this important region in terms of agricultural activity in Egypt.

The study of ground water resources in the arid regions has a great importance to the scarcity of water resources. So, the present work aims to identify the main aquifers in south Wadi Qana area. Wadi Qana is a wide valley in western desert and extending southwards for some 170 km from the South Galala Plateau to its broad fanning delta located on the Nile Valley plain east of Qena town. Fifty-four Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) were measured in the study area by using AB/2 ranging from 1.5 to 1000 m. The quantitative interpretations of the field curves exhibited four geoelectrical successions and each succession is formed of seven geoelectrical units and there are two main water-bearing units act as aquifers, where the third geoelectrical unit appears in the south of the study area act as Quaternary aquifer and the sixth geoelectrical unit appears in the north of the study area act as Nubian aquifers. Ten water samples have been analyzed for different water quality parameters. The results reveal that TDS values are more than 1000 ppm where groundwater becomes unsuitable for drinking and other domestic uses and could be used for irrigation and some industrial activities under certain precautions.

Sustainable water resources management in desert environment has yet to be reached due to the limited hydrological datasets under such extreme arid conditions. In the Eastern Sahara, the tectonic activity associated with the opening of the Red Sea adds more complexity to developing sustainable water management by creating multiple aquifers within subsided half-grabens along the Red Sea extension. To overcome these difficulties, a two-fold approach is adopted including integrated remote sensing and geoelectrical methods using Wadi Al-Ambagi watershed in the Eastern Desert of Egypt as a test site. First, the total discharge is estimated as 15.7 × 106 m3 following the application of a uniform storm of 10 mm effective precipitation, which exceeds the storage capacity of existing mitigation measures (5.5 × 106 m3), and thus additional dams are required. Second, the subsurface geometry of alluvium and sedimentary aquifers, within subsided blocks in the Arabian–Nubian shield (ANS), is deli...

El Ain El Sukhna area was selected in the last ten years to initiate many governmental and investmental programs. The different activities in that area depend mainly on the groundwater of the Quaternary aquifer, which forms the main water bearing strata. In the present work, twenty one geoelctrical soundings using the Schlumberger configuration are carried out at selected sites especially in missing parts from wells to delineate the groundwater setting in such sites. Eight of them are conducted in the close vicinity of water wells, where lithologs and pumping test data of these wells are available to relate hydrologic and geoelctric measurements. The pumping tests data are analyzed by using AQTESOLV program and the geolectrical sounding data were interpreted by partial curve matching technique to obtain the initial parameters. The results indicated that, the transmissivity is found to be closely related with transverse resistance and the hydraulic conductivity with average transvers...

The integrated use of remote sensing imagery and hydro-geophysical field surveys is a well-established approach to map the hydrogeological framework, and thus explore and evaluate the groundwater potentiality of desert lands, where groundwater is considered as the main source of freshwater. This study uses such integrated approach to map the groundwater potentiality of the desert alluvial floodplain of the Nile Valley west of Qena, Egypt, as alternative water source to the River Nile. Typically ground gradient, faults and their stress field, lateral variation of rock permeability, drainage patterns, watersheds, rainfall, lithology, and soil types are the main factors believed to affect the groundwater recharge and storage from the infiltration of present-time and paleo-runoff. Following this generally accepted approach, different remote sensing data sets (SRTM DEM, Landsat-8, ALOS/PALSAR-1, Sentinel-1, and TRMM) as well as auxiliary maps (geological and soil maps) were used to ident...

West EL Minia area is considered one of promising areas for future development plans in Egypt. The current research provides an integrated remote sensing data, microfacies analysis, field studies and geochemical approach to investigate the groundwater resources in West El Minia area. Three aquifers were investigated; Oligocene sandstone, Middle Eocene limestone and Nubian sandstone aquifer. New data about two aquifers (Nubian sandstone and Oligocene) are presented in the current study extracted from well logging interpretation and wells rock samples. The groundwater of the Oligocene sandstone and Middle Eocene limestone aquifers are recorded under unconfined conditions, while the Nubian sandstone is recorded as confined aquifer. The total thicknesses of the three aquifers were identified through interpretation of the well logging data (180 m for Oligocene aquifer, 445 m for the Middle Eocene aquifer, and 145 m for Nubian sandstone aquifer). The present study discusses the groundwater levels, the geological controls and groundwater chemistry of the recorded aquifers. The low salinity values (560-916 mg/l) and water table map as well as the obtained stable isotopes data reveal that the Middle Eocene aquifer is recharged from the Nile River where it has isotopic signature of the modern Nile water with slightly contribution of paleo-water of the Nubian sandstone. The area is affected by sets of faults associated with fractures and joints and facilitates the groundwater recharge. Based on multi GIS data layers, remote sensing data, geologic investigation as well as geophysical data, a future groundwater strategy were presented.

This study focused on investigating the impact of geomorphological features and geological setting on the groundwater occurrences in arid area to the south of eastern Desert in Egypt. It aimed, in one hand, identification of geomorphological elements, some geological parameters and hydrogeologic situation. And from the other hand, to proposed different sites for future groundwater exploration that could be suitable to endue new environments for effective use of the groundwater by practicing some kinds of irrigated agriculture or rangeland enhancement, as an example. Remote sensing, meteorological, geomorphological, morphometrical, structural, permeability and hydrogeological studies as well as geographic information system were used for selection the proposed sites. Six geomorphic units are recorded in the study area namely; high mountains, isolated hills, piedmont plain, alluvial fans and coastal plain as well as hydrographic basins. The morphometric parameters of the wadis indicate that they have reduced flooding ability and good chance for groundwater recharge. NE, NW, E-W and N-S are the main fault systems that well controlled the main wadis and their tributaries, and the highly deformated rocks are metavolcanics and metasediments. The dominant heavy minerals of the Quaternary sediments are amphiboles, biotite, epidotes, pyroxenes and garnet arranged in a decreasing order of abundance. There are three main groundwater aquifers namely; Quaternary, Nubian sandstone and fractured basement. Quaternary aquifer is widely distributed especially in the eastern part. Three hand dug wells are recorded in the aquifer with salinities ranging from fresh (418 ppm) to brackish water (2444 ppm). Nubian sandstone aquifer is recorded at the upstreams of Sifeira and Shab wadis, but there is no water points due to lack of drilling. On the other hand, fractured basement aquifer occupies the western portion. All groundwater wells in the aquifer are dry due to the long period of drought facing the area for eight years without replenishment, except Meisah well in wadi Meisa that has salinity 2161.4 ppm (brackish water). The variation of the groundwater salinities are attributed to the difference of the size of watershed area, the closeness to recharge sources, lithology of the surrounding rocks, density of fractured systems, rate of leaching process, and the effect of direct evaporation of shallow groundwater. Different sites for future groundwater exploration are proposed that are divided into four priority sites according to the thickness of groundwater saturation, size of the watershed area, rate of recharge and water quality. Different types of geophysical studies must be done in these sites for purification followed by test and production wells to determine the hydrological properties.

Thirty groundwater samples were collected from wells tapping Samalut fractured carbonate aquifer in the Eastern Desert fringes of the Nile Valley in Minia. The results show a wide variation of groundwater salinity and the graphical presentation of major ion concentrations reflecting variable sources and complex mixing. The inverse evolution modelling shows that the dedolomitization, dissolution of calcite, ion exchange, pyrite and gypsum dissolution are the main mineral-solution interactions controlling the groundwater chemical evolution along flow paths. This study provides evidence on the occurrence of recharge of Samalut aquifer from both the Nile and local floods.

Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) method has been widely used to depict the subsurface lithology, thickness and structure based on resistivity of layered media with the ultimate objective of evaluating groundwater potential. In this investigation, VES was used to outline subsurface geology to produce a 2D subsurface resistivity model based on the resistivity contrast of layered rocks, for evaluating the accessibility of groundwater in the Siwaliks group of Androt District Rawlakot, Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K). The Schlumberger electrode configuration was used with spacing arrangement of current electrode (AB/2) going from 1.5 to 250 meters and potential electrode (MN) 1 to 50 meters. The VES data was qualitatively analyzed by using iteration software (IPI2win) which showed that the area is composed of clay, shale, fractured sandstone with intercalation of clay based on resistivity contrast. At depth of 40m-100m along VES indicates good prospects for ground water potential, associ...

The serious need and high demand of iron oxides in cement industry urges to carry out critical investigation in vicinity of cement factories in South Egypt Governorates. The considered area Wadi Abu Subeira lies to the north east of Aswan. The possible occurrences of hematite in the subsurface enforced to carry out some geophysical measurements in the in the form of very low frequency-electromagnetic and geoelectrical resistivity. A total number of 684 very low frequency-electromagnetic and 54 vertical electrical soundings stations were executed along 9 surveying profiles arranged on three long traverses, running from west to east direction. The data sets were comprehensively and steadily inverted/transformed in terms of subsurface electric resistivity/EMequivalent current-density. Both the vertical and lateral resistivity/current-density variations were able to image the typical shallow stratigraphic sequence of the area. The present study emphasized the robustness and costefficiency of applying the very low frequency-electromagnetic and geoelectrical resistivity techniques in a field like iron ore exploration.

This work deals with the detection of water aquifers and the delineation of subsurface structures predominant in the basement rocks, and their relationship with these aquifers, at west Lake Nasser, southwestern desert, Egypt. An integrated study using geoelectric, geomagnetic, and well logging methods was conducted. Geoelectric surveys were initially performed to obtain vertical electrical sounding (VES) profiles to identify the subsurface geoelectric layers predominant in the area. This was followed by land magnetic surveys using a proton precession magnetometer in a mesh-like network covering the area of investigation. These surveys allowed us to determine the depth to basement rock, and establish the subsurface structures and their relation with the detected aquifers. To confirm the results, more than 20 boreholes were drilled and logged within the study area to determine the distribution of the subsurface water reservoirs and geological sequences in the area. The results indicate that the depth to the main water aquifer, represented by saturated Nubian sandstone, ranges from 80 to 100 m. The thickness of this reservoir varies from 100 to 150 m. The Nubian sandstone formation consists of three members (layers) that unconformably overlie the basement rocks. The depth to the basement rocks ranges from 100 to 250 m. The structure trend analyses indicate that the dominant tectonic trends are NW, NE, and Aqaba trends. These structures play an important role in the water supply from Lake Nasser and recharging the main water aquifer.

A geoelectrical resistivity survey supported by hydrochemical analysis was managed in Ayun Musa area to detect the groundwater aquifer, differentiate the subsurface layers and estimate the groundwater quality of Ayun Musa springs. A suit of 29 vertical electrical soundings (VES) of AB/2 varying from 1 up to 1000 metres were measured in the study area to achieve the goals. Water samples were collected from ten localities in the study area. Interpretation of the VESes using 1D and 2D algorithms indicates the presence of five geoelectric units of different resistivities. The main water bearing formation related to the Lower Cretaceous represented by the fifth layer and located at depth range from 205 to 256 m below the surface. On the other hand, Interpretation of hydrochemical analysis reveals that the groundwater in Ayun Musa area is brackish in nature. The sequence of the abundance of the major ions is in the following order Na + > Mg +2 > Ca +2 and Cl − > SO 4 −2 > HCO 3 −. This suggests active dissolution and ion exchange processes and the high chloride and sodium concentrations indicate a major influence by seawater. Generally, the groundwater samples in the study area are not suitable for domestic purposes.

The major issues concerning water development and management include water conservation and the efficiency of water use, cost recovery, social and environmental factors. So continuous monitoring is essential to evaluate the reclamation impacts on the groundwater potentiality such as Esna Area. The main objective of this work is to determine the new development areas in Esna during the period from 1984 to 2011 using remote sensing technique. The impacts of the present and future development have been evaluated by using the two-dimensional numerical groundwater flow Simulation Package (visual modflow 4.2). The package is used to construct and calibrate a numerical model that can be used to simulate the response of the aquifer in the study area under implementing different management alternatives in the form of changes in piezometric levels and salinity. From land use maps of the study area in the year 2011, a lot of changes in development areas especially out the border of the old land were observed. The change in land reclaimed area was estimated with 44% in the period from year 1984 to 2011. This development accompanied with draw down about 2.5 meters through this period of time. The authors recommend applying different kinds of change detection technique on the study area. Comparing between results, continuous monitoring of the development area is highly recommended.

The study of ground water resources in the arid regions has a great importance to the scarcity of water resources. So, the present work aims to identify the main aquifers in south Wadi Qana area. Wadi Qana is a wide valley in western desert and extending southwards for some 170 km from the South Galala Plateau to its broad fanning delta located on the Nile Valley plain east of Qena town. Fifty-four Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) were measured in the study area by using AB/2 ranging from 1.5 to 1000 m. The quantitative interpretations of the field curves exhibited four geoelectrical successions and each succession is formed of seven geoelectrical units and there are two main water-bearing units act as aquifers, where the third geoelectrical unit appears in the south of the study area act as Quaternary aquifer and the sixth geoelectrical unit appears in the north of the study area act as Nubian aquifers. Ten water samples have been analyzed for different water quality parameters....

Continuous evaluation of groundwater aquifers in the basin of Kharga Oasis is very important. Groundwater in Kharga Oasis represents the major factor for the development plans of this area as it is the sole source for water supplies required for drinking and irrigation purposes. This study is concerned by analyzing the groundwater potentiality of the shallow aquifer at the northern part of Kharga basin by integrated application of Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) and Time domain Electromagnetic (TEM) techniques. The VES data were measured at 28 points arranged along a north–south trending line by applying Schlumberger array with a maximum current-electrode spacing (AB) of 1000 m. The TEM data were measured at 167 points arranged along 11 east–west trending lines by using a single square loop with 50 m loop-side length. The VES and TEM data have been individually inverted, where the VES models were used as initial models for TEM data inversion. The final models were used for constr...

The study of ground water resources in the arid regions has a great importance to the scarcity of water resources. So, the present work aims to identify the main aquifers in south Wadi Qana area. Wadi Qana is a wide valley in western desert and extending southwards for some 170 km from the South Galala Plateau to its broad fanning delta located on the Nile Valley plain east of Qena town. Fifty-four Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) were measured in the study area by using AB/2 ranging from 1.5 to 1000 m. The quantitative interpretations of the field curves exhibited four geoelectrical successions and each succession is formed of seven geoelectrical units and there are two main water-bearing units act as aquifers, where the third geoelectrical unit appears in the south of the study area act as Quaternary aquifer and the sixth geoelectrical unit appears in the north of the study area act as Nubian aquifers. Ten water samples have been analyzed for different water quality parameters. The results reveal that TDS values are more than 1000 ppm where groundwater becomes unsuitable for drinking and other domestic uses and could be used for irrigation and some industrial activities under certain precautions.

Continuous evaluation of groundwater aquifers in the basin of Kharga Oasis is very important. Groundwater in Kharga Oasis represents the major factor for the development plans of this area as it is the sole source for water supplies required for drinking and irrigation purposes. This study is concerned by analyzing the groundwater potentiality of the shallow aquifer at the northern part of Kharga basin by integrated application of Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) and Time domain Electromagnetic (TEM) techniques. The VES data were measured at 28 points arranged along a north-south trending line by applying Schlumberger array with a maximum current-electrode spacing (AB) of 1000 m. The TEM data were measured at 167 points arranged along 11 east-west trending lines by using a single square loop with 50 m loop-side length. The VES and TEM data have been individually inverted, where the VES models were used as initial models for TEM data inversion. The final models were used for construction of 17 geoelectrical sections and 5 contour maps describing subsurface water-bearing layers at the investigated area. Correlation of the obtained models with geologic, hydrogeologic and borehole information indicates that the shallow aquifer comprises two zones (A-up) and (B-down) separated by a highly conductive shale layer. The upper zone (A) is composed of fine to medium sand with thin clay intercalations. It exhibits low to moderate resistivities. This zone was detected at depth values ranging from 10 to 70 m below ground surface (bgs) and shows a thickness of 25-90 m. The lower zone (B) exhibits moderate to high resistivity values with expected good water quality. The upper surface of zone B was detected at 60-165 m depth.

Shalateen area is located on the Red Sea coast at the southeastern part of the Eastern Desert. It is suffering from shortage in fresh water, where the main source of water is the rain water. Desalinated water is another source but it is more expensive. So, groundwater is the alternative solution to face the gap between the water demand and available water in this area. Vertical electrical sounding (VES) is considered as one of the most common methods in groundwater exploration. Twenty Schlumberger VES's with maximum current electrode spacing of 400 m were carried out in the coastal zone of Shalateen area at the alluvial fan of Wadi Rahaba. The obtained data were processed and interpreted qualitatively and quantitatively. The geoelectric layers that were detected in the study area are Quaternary dry alluvial sediments, Quaternary alluvial deposits and Miocene sandstone aquifer, clay lens, sill, fractured basement, non-fractured basement. The Quaternary alluvial deposits and Miocene sandstone represent the main shallow aquifer in the study area. The salt water appears at the eastern part while fresh water is concentrated at the western part. Resistivity values of the fresh to slightly brackish water ranges between 38.6 and 98.4 XÁm with thickness varies from 1.18 to 24.4 m and depth range between 1.31 and 19 m. Clay lenses appear in the alluvial fan channel with resistivity values ranges between 1.3 and 9.1 XÁm and thickness varies from 2.1 to 13.7 m. The fresh coastal aquifers are affected by set of faults. These faults appear in all profiles distributed orthogonally through the study area. In the study area, a fractured sill intrusion is intruding the groundwater aquifer. It is located near a granodiorite-tonalite exposure with resistivity values (230-315 XÁm) at (5.6-16.4 m) depth. Basement is also detected at shallow depths especially in the western part of the study area.

Eight seismic refraction profiles, five Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) and four geophysical well logging tools were acquired along the western side of Gulf of Suez, Egypt, in order to study the aquifer's geometry, groundwater level and locate promising sites for future drilling. The well logging measurements included: natural gamma-ray (GR), self potential (SP), electric resistivity (16″, 64″), density and neutron. The seismic primary wave velocity distribution indicated that, there are three different zones ranging between (500-625 m/s), (1300-1600 m/s) and (2400-3000 m/s). The obtained results showed that, the first low velocity range may indicate an unsaturated zone, which is directly affected by surface water, that appears along the studied area. The second and third velocity ranges may show water level at saturated zone and the lithologic interfaces. The estimated thickness of the unsaturated zone varies between 1 m and 3.5 m. The thickness of the top saturated zone ranges between 9.5 m and 26 m. This represents the gradual increase of seismic velocity layers with depth. This increase may be due to the dense formations, which change vertically from alluvial at the surface to compacted sediments and then to sandstone at depth. The true resistivity of the aquifer shows two zones; the first zone is a surficial resistive layer of dry alluvium, unconsolidated with consolidated Wadi sediments, which have average resistivity of more than 440 Ω .m, then lower resistivities reaching to 21 Ω .m in the second zone, which constitutes the main aquifer in the third and fourth geoelectric layers. The geophysical well logging tools confirm the water depths obtained from the seismic refraction analysis and vertical electric soundings. The water table levels are start below 17, 40, 15 and 45 m at wells No 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. In addition, they give more detailed explanation to the subsurface lithologies and their physical properties through varying lithologies with depth, such as porosity, clean or radioactivity, density and electrical resistivity. The integration of these results confirms the existence of a groundwater aquifer within this interval. The combination between the three executed geophysical methods indicated that, the subsurface lithology of the area is composed of three layers. The first top layer is formed from unconsolidated and consolidated Wadi sediments (unsaturated zone). The second saturated zone is a fractured rock; it is composed mainly of saturated sandstone and considered a promising layer for groundwater accumulation. The surface level of groundwater increases to the west, and decreases to the east of the study area. The obtained results show that, any future drilling for groundwater, a number of VES positions may be considered as potential locations, especially at VES 3.

The present work aims to explore groundwater occurrences at three villages at the Western Desert fringes of El-Menia Governorate.  To achieve this target, 18 Vertical Electrical Soundings are measured with Schlumberger electrode configuration, with electrode spacing (AB) varies from 2m to 2000m. Three VESes are measured close to inherited water wells, where their information are obtained and used, as a guide in the interpretation process. The measured data are interpreted by modern computer programs, where the mean results are represented in the form of cross sections.
The collected and interpreted resistivity data clarified that, the groundwater is found in the fractured limestone of the three villages, and the depth to water- bearing layer varies from 35m in El-Azeema Village to 50m in El-Ragaa Village and 85m in El Olaa Village due to the changes in the ground elevation at each Village.
Estimating the Dar - Zarrouk parameters (transverse unit resistance (R) and longitudinal conductance (S), for the aquifer in the study area and use them to be helpful parameters for selecting the best sites for drilling new water wells.
Three sites in the three villages were selected for drilling productive wells, with maximum depth of 150m.

Hydrogeological study through the analysis of Digital Elevation Model (DEM), together with the already existing water well information and geophysical survey using electrical resistivity survey have been carried out in El Safa City area, west of Assiut Governorate, southern Egypt. This is to delineate the geoelectrical characteristics of the sedimentary cover of the considered area and to evaluate its groundwater potentiality. A total of fourteen deep vertical electrical sounding stations were established within the site, along four traverses Schlumberger configuration was utilized for the data acquisition. The half-current electrode spacing (í µí°´í µí°µ/2) used range from 1.5 to 4000m. The quantitative interpretation of the VES curves involved the use of partial curve matching and the 1-D computer iteration technique. The interpretation of Schlumberger sounding data was first calibrated with the lithology of the available nearby wells. The depth sounding interpretation results were used to generate the geoelectrical sections, from which the aquifer was delineated. The geoelectrical sections drawn from the results of the interpretation reveal five subsurface layer which comprises of the : a top weathered or surface units of varying resistivity values from (130 to 40000 Ωm), interpreted as a mixture of sediments of wadi deposits, alluvium and clay beds, then a second layer of moderately low resistivity values (20-100 Ωm) comparable to gravel and sand sediments deposits, whose conductivity is due to the pore fluid water and/or these sediments is rich in clay contents; a

Delineation of the subsurface geologic setting is a prerequisite for understanding the possibilities and limitations of groundwater recharge. Tushka area represents one of the most promising areas to become the source of food for Egypt in the near future. This area is characterized by available groundwater and soil resources. Nubian Sandstone aquifer, that overlies directly the basement rocks, represents the main water-bearing section in this area. The geomagnetic survey in the present study is involved by carrying out 24 land magnetic profiles with the object of determining the depths of the basement rocks, detecting the subsurface geologic structures, and establishing the basement relief: in addition to their impact on the groundwater accumulations. The interpretation results of the modeled land magnetic profiles have been used for the construction of the depth to basement surface and the basement relief contour map. These maps revealed that, the depths to basement range from zero meter in the northern and western parts to about seven hundred meters at the middle and southern parts. This variation is due to the effect of structural faults, which leads to construct a group of horsts and grabens. These faults have two directions: NE-SW and NW-SE.

The growing activities in this promising area have caused an ever-increasing need for water resources. Detailed geoelectrical exploration is a suitable technique to achieve such an objective. The study area lies in the central part of Sinai Peninsula, around Gebel El Minsherah and north Wadi EL Brouk, between latitudes 30º 3′ 00′′ & 30º 19′ 00′′ N and longitudes 33º 25′ 00′′ & 33º 45′ 00′′ E to the south of EL Hassana City by 25 km and lies between both El Hassana – Nekhel and El Hassana – Sader El Hittan roads. The present study deals with the application of different geoelectrical exploration techniques with the main objective of investigating the impact of the geologic structural elements on the groundwater occurrences in the study area. Geomorphology, geology and hydrogeology of Central Sinai background furnished the basic information to facilitate the interpretation of the geoelectrical data. A total of 20 vertical electrical resistivity soundings (VES) were distributed among the study area. The resistivity sounding data have been qualitatively and quantitatively interpreted. The qualitative interpretation gave information about the number and continuity of the layers throughout the evaluated section. The data of the existing boreholes were used to construct the initial model for the quantitative interpretation. The details of the findings from the quantitative interpretation of the geoelectrical resistivity sounding data were discussed in terms of geoelectrical parameters of the resulting geoelectrical layers. The resistivity was related to lithology, according to the geologic information of the nearby wells. The general geologic setting and structural elements were visualized and described in view of a number of geoelectrical profiles crossing the investigated sites in various directions. The interpretation results of the geoelectrical resistivity sounding measurements along with the constructed geoelectrical cross sections and the structural contour maps revealed the number of layers, the structural elements and the groundwater occurrences in the investigated area, Six geoelectrical layers were identified, the last layer was divided into three zones (upper, middle and lower) in which the middle zone has resistivity values ranging from 15 to 50 Ohm.m., in which the associated fractures in limestone are saturated with water. The area was found to be affected by a major fold and four normal faults (F1, F2, F3 and F4), which account for groundwater occurrence with different saturation degrees.

This study aims to evaluate the surface water as well as groundwater using hydrologic and geoelectric techniques and the degree of confirmation of both results. The study area lies in the northwestern coastal zone. It comprises a group of hydrographic basins penetrating El Negila area (Abu Hesha, Haloba, El Tawela, El ElEnthely, El Shebiti and Wakal) the lithostratigraphic sequence ranges from Middle Miocene Marmarica limestone to Holocene wadi fill deposits. To achieve the object of study, the different hydromorphic parameters of the different hydrographic basins were determined and evaluated. Some of these parameters were used to assess the degree of flooding for all basins. Five geoelectrical layers (A1, A2, A3, B and C) were detected from the interpretation results of 19 Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) stations and the constructed cross sections. The fourth geoelectric layer "B" which equivalent to Middle Miocene Marmarica limestone represents the water–bearing formation in the study area. The resistivity values of this layer generally decrease northwards due to the effect of sea water intrusion. This concept was ensured through the interpretation results of the Three-Dimension geoelectric imaging model measured at the northern part of the study area where the resistivity values decrease gradually downwards. The high degree flooded basins (El Taweila and Enthily) were found to have the ideal optimum resistivity values for the water-bearing layer as these basins receive more surface water than the others due to some human activities as soil dams in these wadies have a role in seeping the flooded water to recharge the fractured limestone water-bearing. As the water-bearing layer has a nearly uniform thickness (16-21 m). The priority of drilling water wells depends mainly on the resistivity values of the water-bearing layer. The best location generally exists in the southern parts of the study area. The salinity of the water-bearing layer is expected to increase northwards. Therefore, constructing cisterns to store the flood and rain water is recommended in the middle and northern parts of the study area to save the fresh water needed for man, animals and other live stocks. For this respect, the suitability of two sits for cistern installation was tested using Two–Dimensional electrical imaging. The interpretation results of the measured data at these sites delineate the best sites and the recommendations for their construction.

The study of ground water resources in the arid regions has a great importance to the scarcity of water resources. So, the present work aims to identify the main aquifers in south Wadi Qana area. Wadi Qana is a wide valley in western desert and extending southwards for some 170 km from the South Galala Plateau to its broad fanning delta located on the Nile Valley plain east of Qena town. Fifty-four Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) were measured in the study area by using AB/2 ranging from 1.5 to 1000 m. The quantitative interpretations of the field curves exhibited four geoelectrical successions and each succession is formed of seven geoelectrical units and there are two main water-bearing units act as aquifers, where the third geoelectrical unit appears in the south of the study area act as Quaternary aquifer and the sixth geoelectrical unit appears in the north of the study area act as Nubian aquifers. Ten water samples have been analyzed for different water quality parameters. The results reveal that TDS values are more than 1000 ppm where groundwater becomes unsuitable for drinking and other domestic uses and could be used for irrigation and some industrial activities under certain precautions.

The present study aims to explain some hydrogeo-logical problems that are related to geological setting in two wadis: El Kallabiyyah and As Sabil East Esna. For this purpose , land magnetic, vertical electrical soundings, and two-dimensional electrical resistivity imaging profiles were measured. The lithological succession comprises Upper Cretaceous to Quaternary deposits that rest on a Precambrian basement rock. The results of the interpretation of the land magnetic measurements in wadi El Kallabiyyah represent the depth to the basement rock which ranges from 260 to 660 m and increases towards the northeast trend, but in wadi As Sabil, there is a large basin at the center of the wadi with the recorded depth to the basement reaching 1,300 m due to the effect of two normal faults (F1 and F2). The results of the interpretation of the vertical electrical sounding and two-dimensional imaging confirmed the presence of these faults in wadi As Sabil. The results of the geoelectrical measurements in wadi El Kallabiyyah represented the water-bearing layer at the third unit that consists of sands, gravels, boulders, and clays. The presence of clay will affect the potentiality of a drilled well. For wadi As Sabil, the results of geoelectrical measurements led to the lower part of the second unit which acts as a water-bearing layer that consists of sands, boulders, gravels, and clays. It can be concluded that the best site for drilling wells in wadi El Kallabiyyah is at vertical electrical sounding no.5 with a total depth of not less than 230 m. In wadi As Sabil, the drilled wells must be concentrated at the center and the downstream.

Water logging is considered one of big problems that suppressing agricultural development. It appears in the land as patches that change to lakes with time in some parts. The present study concentrates on the reasons of source water logging and solving methods. The area especially at kilometer 35 at Cairo-Ismailia desert road Egypt (Orabi society) was suffered from this problem so that the present study is carried on two farms (I&II) supposing to solve this problem as a case study that can be applied in other areas. The geoelectrical technique such as Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) is suitable tool for this study. This area is occupied mainly by sedimentary deposits belonging to the Tertiary and Quaternary. The interpretation of the vertical electrical soundings led to detection of three geoelectrical layers " A", "B" and "C". Generally, these layers are composed from alternative sand, limestone and clay intercalation. It is noticed that the resistivity values of geoelectrical layers increase downwards in the two farms (I&II) due increasing in sand and limestone and decreasing of clay intercalation. There is a layer of clay inside layer "B" in the two farms (I&II) having low resistivity values (<1.5 to 4.5 Ohm.m). This clay layer is acting as impervious layer and plays a basic role to prevent the sewage or seepage water to pass downward causing phenomena of water logging. The depth to water (sewage or seepage water) in both farms (I&II) ranges from 1.25 to 2.2m as the interpreted Vertical Electrical Sounding curves. The salinity value of water logging (sewage or seepage water) from test well not exceed10m. depth in the farm (I) being about 2592ppm. This water salinity is suitable for irrigation some trees, while the salinity of surface water sample taken from irrigation line beside farm (I) is 322 ppm. The salinity value of a test hole in the farm (II) is about 3000 ppm, while the salinity of surface water sample taken from irrigation pump in this farm is 281 ppm. The clay contents in subsurface sediments have an effect on salinity values. It can be recommended that for solving the phenomenon of water logging according the geoelectrical results in the farm (I) by drilling two hands dug water wells with especial casing at sites of VES'es stations 5 and 8 or drilling a drainage well (injection well) at the site of VES No. 6 injected water downward. Drilling a hole (main drainage) around the farm (II) or drilling a drainage well (injection well) at site of VES No. 3 is suitable solutions for this farm. According to this study, the solution of drilled injection well in the farm (II) reduces the water logging level about 4m.

This study deals with new reclamation areas in East Beni Suef and El Minya governorates, Its identified by two types of aquifers, top one Quaternary aquifer and deeper one Eocene aquifer. The study confirmed the relationship governing the groundwater movement with geological structures. Where faults trends coincided with the groundwater movement. The hydrogeological survey of the area indicated that the aquifer discharges its waters through hundreds of existing wells for irrigation and agriculture. Eocene aquifer consists of deposits of limestone, groundwater depths ranges between 70 m to 95 m, the discharges range between 6 m 3 /hour and 30 m 3 /hour, The mean depths for drilling wells range between 180 m and 200 m., The transmissivity ranges between 2.47 m2/day and 1248.7 m 2 / day. Groundwater salinity ranging between 1000 ppm. and 3300 ppm. , the highest groundwater salinity in the central region and near the River Nile, while decreases as we go north, south and east. The prevailing salt in groundwater is sodium sulphate which represents 43% of the total salts in groundwater .Interpretation of chemical analysis indicated the presence of groundwater source deeper than Eocene aquifer, it may be Nubian Sand Stone Aquifer (NSSA).

In this article the potential stoarativity of groundwater in the alluvial deposits along the King Abdullah Canal (KAC) in Deir Alla-Sulikhat area is studied. In this study geological, geo-electrical and Hydro-geochemical methods were used with the aim of storing some water of the Canal during water excess times in the underground to be extracted for use as drinking source for human during shortages in the Canal water and in emergency causes of Canal water pollution. The results show the existence of appropriate underground space in the alluvial deposits for water storage and that the water/ water and water/rock interactions are also be minimal and will not present and detriment to the different groundwater bodies. Implementing groundwater artificial recharge in the Jordan Valley area to create storage for King Abdullah Canal (KAC) water will enhance the drinking water supply during the dry season and it will also serve as a reserve for emergency causes, especially pollution accidents in King Abdullah Canal (KAC), such as those taking place almost every year. Qal/Soil JV1 Figure 2. Simplified geological map of the study area (Modified after [7,8]).

The Egyptian government is showing a great interest on the lateral population extension in the deserts. Accordingly, a number of roads were constructed. Sohag -Safaga new highway in the Eastern Desert that connects the Nile Valley with the Red Sea is an example of such roads. A number of developmental extensions have been proposed aligning roads including agricultural, urban, industrial, touristic, and commercial projects. These extensions need different studies concerning their sustainability to protect them from any hazard that may act on them and to make use of the available natural resources that are required for development. These natural resources include engineering construction materials, soil for agriculture, surface and subsurface water resources, and mineral wealth. The study area is characterized by different geomorphological units: mountains belts, sandstone and limestone plateaux, wadi terraces, wadi bottoms, alluvial fans, out wash plains, sand sheets, sand dunes, and hilly areas. The water resources in the study area include groundwater obtained from a number of existing water wells and surface water that can be utilized by retaining water from flashflooding.

ABSTRACT ABSTRACT: Several problems related to groundwater, such as less potentiality and inadequate quality were encountered during the reclamation of the studied area. The present area of study is one of these areas. It lies close to Km. 35, north of the Cairo - Alexandria desert highway with an area of about 16 km2. The delineation of the subsurface setting helps much in such circumstances. For this purpose, 16 Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) were carried out. In addition, available data of 20 wells drilled in the area were utilized. The interpretation of the VES curves illustrated that the rock succession under the area consists of six layers; a surface layer formed of alluvial deposits with a thickness of up to 12 m. and electrical resistivity of 18 - 366 Ohm.m., followed downward with a thick dry zone with a thickness of 113 - 154m. and resistivity of 28 - 91 Ohm.m. This second layer is formed of sand , clayey sand and sandy clay. The third layer downward is similar in composition to the second layer but is saturated with water of the Miocene aquifer. It varies in thickness from 25 to 133 m. and in resistivity from 24 to 50 Ohm.m. the calculated clay percentage in this area were found to vary from 5.1% to 71.6%, which partly explains the variation in water salinity of this layer from 326 to 1587 ppm. The third layer is underlain by a clayey layer ranging in thickness from 9 to 24 m. and in resistivity from 6 to 18 Ohm.m. The fifth member of the succession is formed of basalt with a thickness of 32 - 47 m. and resistivity range of 106 - 928 Ohm.m. The last layer downward is formed of sandy clay and clay belonging to the Oligocene aquifer with a resistivity range of 5 - 69 Ohm.m. The interpretation of the geoelectrical data together with the available well data indicted the presence of six normal faults forming a basin in the middle part of the study area. Based on the depth to water, thickness, clay percentage (water quality) of the shallower aquifer, a priority map was constructed. The map indicated clearly that the promising parts of the area, as to the drilling of water wells, are the eastern and northern parts. In the southern and western parts, the deeper aquifer (Oligocene) lying under the basalt sheet may be utilized for relatively better water quality. VES stations 26, 35 and 36 are considered to be the best sites for the drilling of water wells reaching to the Oligocene aquifer in these part of the area.

ABSTRACT The present study aims to explain some hydrogeological problems that are related to geological setting in two wadis: El Kallabiyyah and As Sabil East Esna. For this purpose, land magnetic, vertical electrical soundings, and two-dimensional electrical resistivity imaging profiles were measured. The lithological succession comprises Upper Cretaceous to Quaternary deposits that rest on a Precambrian basement rock. The results of the interpretation of the land magnetic measurements in wadi El Kallabiyyah represent the depth to the basement rock which ranges from 260 to 660 m and increases towards the northeast trend, but in wadi As Sabil, there is a large basin at the center of the wadi with the recorded depth to the basement reaching 1,300 m due to the effect of two normal faults (F1 and F2). The results of the interpretation of the vertical electrical sounding and two-dimensional imaging confirmed the presence of these faults in wadi As Sabil. The results of the geoelectrical measurements in wadi El Kallabiyyah represented the water-bearing layer at the third unit that consists of sands, gravels, boulders, and clays. The presence of clay will affect the potentiality of a drilled well. For wadi As Sabil, the results of geoelectrical measurements led to the lower part of the second unit which acts as a water-bearing layer that consists of sands, boulders, gravels, and clays. It can be concluded that the best site for drilling wells in wadi El Kallabiyyah is at vertical electrical sounding no.5 with a total depth of not less than 230 m. In wadi As Sabil, the drilled wells must be concentrated at the center and the downstream.

Hydraulic property of the subsurface structures is a complicated mission. In this work, the polarimetric analysis for the measured dataset applied by the polarimetric borehole radar system in order to delineate the characteristics of subsurface fractures. Two different locations in USA and Egypt were selected to perform our investigation. The first polarimetric dataset has been acquired at Mirror Lake, USA which is well known as a standard site for testing the hydraulic properties of subsurface fractures . The results show the presence of nine fracture zones in one borehole FSE-1. The hydraulic properties were detected and the subsurface fractures were differentiated into four categories fracture zones after deriving the radar polarimetric analysis of alpha, entropy and anisotropy parameters at 30 MHz frequency. The fracture zones at 24.75, 47.8 and 55.2 m depths have the highest hydraulic transmissivity while the fracture zones at 28.5, 36.15 m have the lowest hydraulic transmissivity. These results show a good consistency with the hydraulic permeability tracer test and the structures exist in the area.

El Bahariya Oasis is a part of the great groundwater reservoir of the Western Desert of Egypt. The different stratigraphic units, the water-bearing zones, aquifer potentiality conditions, and the favorable locations for drilling new wells were evaluated by carrying out 24 Schlumberger vertical electrical soundings (VESs), along with the data of some wells drilled in the near vicinity of the measuring sites. The results of the interpreted field data revealed the presence of ten distinctive subsurface geoelectric layers; a thin surface, dry loose sand and gravel, sandy clay and shale interclations, saturated coarse sand layer, shale and clay, and saturated fine sandstone and saturated coarse sandstone. The aquifer is a multilayer aquifer with different thicknesses represented by the fourth, sixth, eighth, and tenth geoelectric layers. Results also revealed that the thicknesses of the water-bearing horizons increase towards the east direction, consequently the aquifer potentiality increases. Therefore, the best production well locations are in that direction. Depth to water starts from 40 m at VES no. 14 and increases gradually toward the east to reach 66 m at VES no. 5. Hydrogeochemical analysis of two groundwater samples taken from Ein El Ezza and well no. 2 showed that groundwater in the study area is suitable for agricultural purposes but not for human consumption due to the high iron content. Recommendations concerning site selection for drilling new productive groundwater wells are given.

El Ain El Sukhna area was selected in the last ten years to initiate many governmental and investmental programs. The different
activities in that area depend mainly on the groundwater of the Quaternary aquifer, which forms the main water bearing strata. In
the present work, twenty one geoelctrical soundings using the Schlumberger configuration are carried out at selected sites especially
in missing parts from wells to delineate the groundwater setting in such sites. Eight of them are conducted in the close vicinity of
water wells, where lithologs and pumping test data of these wells are available to relate hydrologic and geoelctric measurements.
The pumping tests data are analyzed by using AQTESOLV program and the geolectrical sounding data were interpreted by partial
curve matching technique to obtain the initial parameters. The results indicated that, the transmissivity is found to be closely
related with transverse resistance and the hydraulic conductivity with average transverse resistivity, while the salinity is inversely
related with resistivity. Finally, priority map for drilling water wells is constructed to make the results more illustrative and useful
for decision maker. The promising area for drilling is located at the western portion of the study region.