civil Engineer

The main objective of this study is to understand the fundamental behaviour of FRC when it is exposed to elevated temperatures. However, rather than relying on one type of fibre, this study proposed of mixing two different types of fibre in concrete which will then be exposed to elevated temperatures from normal temperature i.e. 27 °C (room temperature) to 200°C, 400 °C and 600 °C for one hour and cooled to room temperature before testing. The two types of fibres used, steel and Recron 3s (polyester) fibres, have different characteristics. The study is mainly focused on the experimental work. Concrete mixes prepared are without fibre, with either or both steel fibre and Recron 3s fibres. Dosage of steel fibre is 1% by volume of concrete and Recron 0.1% by volume of concrete. The study deals with the comparison of residual strength of hybrid fibre reinforced concrete with fibre reinforced concrete. Experimental work was carried out to study the impact of elevated temperatures on the compressive strength, tensile strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity.

Today’s society is growing, moving, pushing and pulling in so many different directions. Society has moved from the invention of electricity in the 1800’s to the invention of the iPhone, which has changed the way we use, and perceive technology today. The survival of an architectural student depends on being able to communicate multiple drawings, graphics, images, diagrams and more in the most productive method. Each phase in design requires a clear and concise conversation between the designer and the observer. Schematic Designs generate some of the most creative ideas during a projects progression. With this understood, this section of this paper will analyze the introduction of Second life to students, professionals, and clients of architecture in a virtual simulated environment. The ability to demonstrate a design solution to a professor or another student across the world will truly increase the effectiveness of collaboration, critic, and cooperation. This applied research paper will analyze the application of Second Life in architectural education, communication, and creative design solutions.

In recent decades, several definitions of competency have been presented by prominent thinkers and scholars of this field, each of them deals with the competency from a certain angle and expressed different dimensions. Furthermore, the competency approach in human resource management (HRM) is not a new trend, and the subject of competence is a very old subject matter. On the contrary, human resource competence is one of the most important issues of any organization, which includes diverse, attractive and, at the same time, sophisticated topics. Today, due to the dramatic changes in the field of human resource management and the trend of managers to meritocracy in the organization, the planning of an organization based on competency has a special place. Different studies in this field show that the necessity to pay attention to the mission perspective, strategy, organizational goals and structure will be an integral part in the successful assignment of human resources and, without regard to this, the organization's approach cannot be determined. The use of human resource competency models in multiple construction projects requires a major paradigm, which in HRM literature refers to the competency-based human resource management (CBHRM), and changes the thinking of human resource managers across individuals and organizations, generally. This competency-based management approach is a coherent approach for managing human capital in the long-term, based on a common set of competency models related to the macro strategies of each project in this field. In this paper, the researcher initially reviewed the diversity of conceptual framework and components of competency models in the construction projects. Then, the competency models of the project manager, civil engineer, and construction foreman and worker are identified in project-oriented organizations. At the end of the research, a set of competencies of professional, ethical, cultural and social behaviour is presented in a variety of competency models.

This research work evaluates the impact of stormwater infiltration on the removal of organics, solids, nitrogen and phosphorus in a LECA-based horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland. Stormwater runoff for the period between January 2008 and June 2010 (30 months) was estimated for the drainage basin of the Vila Fernando wastewater treatment plant (constructed wetland system) and it was observed proportionality between the increase in surface runoff and the infiltration flow rate that reached the plant. The average stormwater infiltration rate that reached the plant was 67.4 m(3) d(-1) (77% of the influent flow rate into the plant). The 30 month monitoring campaign set up at one of the reed beds showed that stormwater infiltration led to a high variation of the hydraulic loading rate (HLR) throughout the bed, which affected its performance in the removal of organic matter, suspended solids and nitrogen. For a HLR below 20 cm d-1 the removal efficiencies for BOD5, COD and TSS doubled. The removal of nitrogen was too low and was associated with the weak development of nitrifying biofilm and the poor growth of reeds. However, it was observed a good relationship between the applied and removed loads for most of the parameters, which seems to indicate that the organic, solid, nitrogen and phosphorus loading rates influenced the respective removal rates. The use of a bed material with high specific surface area, such as LECA, can only improve the treatment capacity of horizontal subsurface flow systems if the organic and solid loading rates, as well as the HLR, can be effectively controlled.

and that the rethoric and visions associated with construction IT are sometimes distant from the reality of construction usage . This paper discusses the observation-participation method as a way to ground construction IT research in industry practice. This research methodology considers the industry as a point of departure, followed by examination of a case study using the observationparticipation method . In this methodology, the researcher is not merely a passive observer, but assumes a variety of roles within the case study and participates in the studied activities. The observation-participation method application to the case study offers the opportunity to see what others have not yet seen and allows gaining access to events and groups, which, in other ways, are innaccesible to scientific research. The researcher perceieves reality from the point of view of someone "in" the case study instead of someone "external" to it.

Reclaimed water from small wastewater treatment facilities in the rural areas of the Beira Interior region (Portugal) may constitute an alternative water source for aquifer recharge. A 21-month monitoring period in a constructed wetland treatment system has shown that 21,500 m3 year−1 of treated wastewater
(reclaimed water) could be used for aquifer recharge. A GIS-based multi-criteria analysis was performed, combining ten thematic maps and economic, environmental and technical criteria, in order to produce a suitability map for the location of sites for reclaimed water infiltration. The areas chosen for aquifer
recharge with infiltration basins are mainly composed of anthrosol with more than 1 m deep and fine sand texture, which allows an average infiltration velocity of up to 1 m d−1. These characteristics will provide a final polishing treatment of the reclaimed water after infiltration (soil aquifer treatment (SAT)),
suitable for the removal of the residual load (trace organics, nutrients, heavy metals and pathogens).
The risk of groundwater contamination is low since the water table in the anthrosol areas ranges from 10 m to 50 m. On the other hand, these depths allow a guaranteed unsaturated area suitable for SAT. An area of 13,944 ha was selected for study, but only 1607 ha are suitable for reclaimed water infiltration.
Approximately 1280 m2 were considered enough to set up 4 infiltration basins to work in flooding and
drying cycles.

— The motive of undertaking this project " cool roofs technology " discusses the various technical and design considerations as applicable for a composite climate. The primary intent of " cool roof technology " is to reduce the amount of energy (heat) absorbed by a roof surface and maintain the temperature of upper floors in building in summer season. The manual addresses architects, engineers, and other building professionals are responsible for the performance and construction of buildings. The direct and indirect benefits and energy savings potential of cool roofs, its helps to reduce the urban heat island, global warming, local air temperature and creates a more comfortable and healthier environment.

This paper describes the methodology and results obtained after productivity improvement work conducted on two consecutive building construction jobs.  The first one was used to evaluate production rates and productivity, current construction methods, potentials and lacks of construction equipment, current construction planning methodology, and existing tools to asses productivity.  These are briefly discussed in this paper. The second job was preplanned based on the experience and detailed documentation obtained in the first one. Work was conducted in order to “design” construction methods in detail, develop a detailed production planning based on the construction methods developed, select crew components and select their specific tasks, and design communication and control tools. Although the second job’s schedule and budget were originally calculated using standard methods (i.e. historical production rates), new schedule and budget were calculated based on the preplanning effort. Construction performance was measured against these values.

— An overhead water tank had been constructed to cater the water supply needs of Steel Melt Shop and Rolling Mill Furnace. The tank has the total capacity of 275cu.m at a height of 36.75 meter above ground level. The overhead tank consists of twin chambers, each having capacity of 75cu.m and 200cu.m supported on a circular shaft. Generally, extensive scaffolding and formwork for the full height is done which is an uneconomical and time consuming solution. In the present scenario, any project is time bound and we have to modify our scheme in order to suit the requirements. To arrive at an economical solution as well as to complete construction quicker, a method has been adopted using " Slip forming and Heavy Lifting Technique ". In this method, after the construction of foundation the shaft is constructed by " Slip forming Technique ". Later the tank bowl is cast encircling the shaft at ground level and then it is lifted along the shaft. Finally the tank bowl is placed on the shaft. In order to implement this method, the original diameter inside the tank bowl has been increased so that it can be lifted along the shaft and at the same time the capacity requirement of tank is satisfied. It is found that this combination is not only cost-effective but also time saving.

Perkiraan biaya pelaksanaan pekerjaan yang disebut harga perkiraan perencana (HPP) atau harga perkiraan sendiri (HPS) merupakan jumlah dari harga total seluruh mata pembayaran ditambah dengan Pajak Pertambahan Nilai (PPn). Contoh HPS untuk berbagai pekerjaan infrastruktur SDA dapat dilihat pada (Bagian 2) Lampiran B s.d. Lampiran I. Lampiran…-550jdih.pu.go.id Lampiran A (Normatif/Informatif) Koefisien AHSP Bidang Sumber Daya Air C. Pekerjaan tanah cara manual dan semi-mekanis 1) Pelaksanaan galian tanah T.06 s.d T.11 secara umum sudah termasuk pembuangan hasil galian dengan jarak angkut L < 5 m serta perataan dan perapihan, jika diperlukan angkutan dengan jarak lainnya lihat T.15: angkutan material dan/atau hasil galian. 2) Jika pada pelaksanaan penggalian tanah diperlukan perkuatan dinding galian tanah, perlu ditambah dengan analisa pada T.12 atau TM.06: Pemancangan Cara Mekanis. T.06.b Cara semi mekanis Pelaksanaan galian tanah biasa pada kondisi kering dimungkinkan juga perlu menggunakan Jack Hammer + Genset 2 KW (minimum); 6 HP. T.06.b.1) 1 m 3 galian tanah biasa sedalam > 0 s.d. 1 m No Uraian Kode Satuan Koefisien HargaSatuan (Rp) Jumlah Harga (Rp) U r a i a n ANALISIS PRODUKTIVITAS ALAT BERAT GALIAN TANAH DANG ANGKUTAN Keterangan-561jdih.pu.go.id TM.01.1.a Galian Tanah TM.01.1.a.1) Striping/kupas top soil menggunakan Buldozer TM.01.a.3) Menggali… No Kode Koefisien Satuan (c) Excavator Long Arm (2 < D < 4m) E.15.h Kapasitas Bucket V 0,60 m3 Daya 158 HP, Berat Operasi 15 ton Faktor Bucket (Tabel 9) Fb 1,00 Kondisi operasi sedang, tanah biasa Faktor Efisiensi Alat (Tabel 11) Fa 0,83 Kondisi kerja baik Waktu Siklus Ts3 menit Menggali D = 2-4 m, swing + memuat ke DT T. 1 0,38 menit (Tabel 6.3) sedang + swing 8s + muat 5s Swing kembali dan Lain-lain T. 2 0,18 menit (Tabel 6.4) swing 90 0 + dan lain-lain 5s Ts.3 0,57 menit Kap.Produksi =(VxFbxFax60)/(Ts3xFk) Q.2 52,73 m3/jam Koefisien Alat/m3 = 1/Q.3 0,01896 jam Kode Satuan Koefisien No. Uraian Kode Satuan Koefisien Uraian Kode Satuan Koefisien 2 No. Uraian Kode Satuan Koefisien 2 No. Uraian Kode Satuan Koefisien 2 No.-563jdih.pu.go.id TM.01.1.a.6) Galian Cadas/Tanah Keras TM.01.1.a.6) Galian Cadas/Tanah Keras kedalaman 0-< 2 m; JH+Genset 2KW TM.01.1.b Galian… JENIS PEKERJAAN : Galian Tanah Keras/Cadas/Batu Lunak dan pemuatan ke DT SATUAN PEMBAYARAN : m3 No jdih.pu.go.id

— As known from very upsetting experiences, liquid storage tanks were collapsed or heavily damaged during the earthquakes all over the word. The economic lifetime of concrete or steel tanks is usually in the range of 40 to 75 years (ALA 2001).Damage or collapse of the tanks causes some unwanted events such as shortage of drinking and utilizing water, uncontrolled fires and spillage of dangerous fluids. Due to this reason numerous studies done for dynamic behavior of fluid containers; most of them are concerned with cylindrical tanks. In this study, Seismic forces acting on an Elevated water tank e.g. circular Tank and rectangular tank are studied with constant stagging height. Seismic forces acting on the tank are also calculated changing the Seismic Response Reduction Factor(R). IS: 1893-1984/2002 for seismic design and then checked the Design of Tanks by using the software STAAD PRO.

— Rainfall data of Sangli District were analyzed for drought investigation, which may be used for long term planning of irrigation system in the area. During 34 years period, three times drought was experienced which occurred in 1972, 2005 and 2015. Rainfall data is of great importance of any agricultural and non-agricultural programme. If proper and comprehensive study of various rainfall data was analyzed, the severity and reoccurrence of drought can be predicted and various measures can be taken to cope up with the problems arising due to drought.

The development industry has been scuffling with quality issues for several years, and therefore the cost to our economy is dramatic. The price could potentially be reduced significantly if the industry were to embrace the concept of quality assurance that has been used with great success by many other sectors of the economy. Building owners also have to be compelled to be educated on what's quality assurance so they'll begin using their voice to encourage adaptation of this approach to guard their investments and reduce the price of construction. Internal control (QC) and Quality Assurance (QA) represent increasingly important concerns for project managers. Defects or failures in constructed facilities may result in very large costs. Even with minor defects, reconstruction is also required and facility operations impaired. Increased costs and delays are the result. Quality Assurance and internal control is an important a part of any construction process to boost the standard and uniformity of the project. The requirement for QA and QC in construction projects has increased considerably in recent times because of significant changes, advancements in technology and high expectation of the users. The QA and QC maintain uniformity in construction process and ensure more economical utilization of materials leading to significant reduction in cost to the users. The extra cost involved in QA and QC is directly proportional to the advantages. A technique has been developed for QA and QC in housing industry. The methodology accomplishes the required quality in construction process. Ultimately the presence of quality is vital. So generally we are able to define the standard in several ways as follows, Quality is conformance to requirements or specifications. Quality is fitness to be used. Quality is that the degree to which a collection of inherent characteristics fulfills requirements.

Site investigation is essential prior to all construction activities of engineering structures for determining the suitability of the site for the construction of the proposed structure. The results from the site investigation gives us the information about the soil profile and the ground water table condition at the site. Various in-situ tests are carried out like Standard Penetration Test (SPT), Electrical Resistivity Technique (ERT), Vane Shear Test (VST), Plate Load Test (PLT), Pile Load Test, Flat Plate Dilatometer Test, Packer Test, Cone Penetration Test (CPT) and many others during the site exploration. The data and results obtained from these tests are essential in identifying the soil type, analyzing and the strength and deformation properties and parameters of soil as well as the ground water condition of the site. This paper intends to summarize the processes and various corrections that are involved in Standard Penetration Test (SPT) and its importance and implication in geotechnical analysis and site exploration. The tools and equipment in this test involved are cable percussion drilling rig, soil sampler (especially split spoon sampler), spirit level, boring machine and a hammer with few other miscellaneous. The soil sampler is pushed or penetrated into the ground by hammer of 63.5kg making it fall freely from a standard height of 750mm. The collected disturbed and undisturbed soil samples, hammer blows and energy are analyzed and interpreted to determine or more specifically to estimate the shear strength of soil, relative density and bearing strength of the soil at different depths. This test also helps in determining the aspects of soil which later can be improved by soil stabilizing or by any one or combination of various ground improvement techniques. In accordance of these interpretations, analysis and estimates, suitable foundation design and further construction work for the proposed structure are recommended.

 To learn to apply a system approach to a plan, execute and manage a survey given specification as a group  To learn and undertake site measurements and calculations using proper equations  To learn how to analyze data with respect to error theory and produce scale plots  To learn how to work in a team  Read information from maps and plans  To learn how to use the survey equipment such as total stations and auto level  To learn how to interpret the data obtained and how to use the spread sheets to reduce, adjust and analyze the data According to J. Uren's and W.F.Price's book, Surveying for Engineers, they describe surveying as an art of determining the relative positions of different object on the surface of the earth by measuring the horizontal distance between them and by preparing a map to any suitable scale.

Industrial attachment is one of the main courses in civil engineering programme. The period of
the training was ten weeks started at 11
th
June to the 24
th
August 2018.
The purpose of this course is to apply the class theoretical knowledge into real practical work.
There was two main parts in my training the first part was practical part and the second part
was office work. The student can be trained as site engineer; it gives opportunity to
supervise the construction work closely, or as design engineer using software programs such
as AutoCAD, ArchiCAD, Microsoft Excel in Civil Engineering project.
In order to comply the industrial attachment objectives, I gained and learnt more from my
summer internship.
I participated in all technical works done at construction site include site preparation;
interpretation of technical drawings; building setting out; rebar reinforcement works such as
cutting, bending, reinforcement binding of structural members; footing and foundation
excavations; carpentry works such as formwork preparation, scaffolding; quality assurance
and quality control of concreting operations such as volumetric batching, concrete
ingredients mixing, transportations, placing into well prepared formworks, compactions
with the aim of consolidating fresh concrete to remove void and avoiding bleeding and
segregation, curing with aim of achieving cement hydration which leads to the strength of
concrete, removal formwork and finishes; stone and brick masonry works; checking quality
of construction materials; human resources management; site management; practical skills
of using tools and equipment at construction site.
During my internship, I also increased knowledge about team work skills, time management
skills, working under pressure, meeting with deadline, multitask management.
Industrial attachment played great role in my studies where I practiced the class theoretical
knowledge. So, I am hopeful and confident that the future will be bright in my career of
civil engineering profession.

Indonesia merupakan negara yang secara geografis terletak pada garis khatulistiwa dan tiga lempeng kerak bumi aktif sehingga menyebabkan Indonesia sebagai daerah rawan gempa. Maka dari itu, pembangunan struktur tahan gempa menjadi urgensi Pemerintah Indonesia, utamanya untuk bangunan sekolah, rumah sakit, maupun rumah. Pembangunan struktur tahan gempa material ringan, yaitu pada elemen struktural menggunakan baja dan pada dinding menggunakan GRC board dan kalsiplank. Baja merupakan material perpaduan antara besi dan karbon yang memiliki beberapa keunggulan antara lain kekerasan, kekuatan tinggi, kemudahan dalam pemasangan, homogen, rasio antara berat sendiri dan daya dukung beban, serta daktilitas untuk mencegah keruntuhan tiba-tiba pada suatu struktur. Pengunaan baja di bidang teknik sipil pada umumnya berupa baja konstruksi atau baja profil, baja tulangan untuk beton. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perbandingan perilaku struktur antara perencanaan bangunan sekolah struktur baja menggunakan dinding pasangan bata, dinding GRC board dan pasangan bata, dan dinding kalsiplank, serta mengetahui kapasitas elemen struktural dan gaya-gaya dalam elemen non struktural.
Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan pemodelan dengan menggunakan software analisis struktur SAP2000. Terdapat tiga pemodelan yang terdiri atas sekolah struktur baja dengan dinding pasangan bata, dinding GRC board dan pasangan bata, serta dinding pasangan kalsiplank. Pada pemodelan ini dilakukan pembebanan berdasarkan SNI 1726:2012 dan SNI 1727:2013 dan analisis struktur berdasarkan SNI 1729:2015. Parameter yang digunakan sebagai perbandingan adalah perilaku struktur terhadap gempa, mode shape struktur, gaya geser yang terjadi, gaya-gaya dalam, hingga kapasitas elemen struktur.
Hasil analisis struktur pada penelitian ini antara lain massa struktur, gaya geser, gaya akibat respon spektrum, kapasitas penampang, serta gaya-gaya dalam yang terjadi pada kolom, balok, dinding, sambungan, dan atap menunjukkan bahwa bangunan sekolah dengan material ringan memiliki angka yang lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan bangunan sekolah dengan pasangan bata. Namun, kekakuan bangunan sekolah dengan pasangan bata lebih baik dibandingkan dengan kekakuan bangunan sekolah dengan material ringan.

Kata kunci: sekolah, gempa bumi, GRC board, kalsiplank, pasangan bata

The article is about the work of Joseph Hatzinger, son of builder Paul (Pál) Hatzinger from Székesfehérvár (Hungary), and Joseph’s sons Heinrich and Paul. Joseph worked in Osijek and in Slavonia in the second half of the 18th century. In the early 19th century, his older son Heinrich spent almost a decade as a professor at the Genie-Akademie (Military Academy of Engineering) in Vienna and designed two important Early Neoclassical churches at Terezin and Josefov fortresses in Bohemia. His younger son Paul, after a brief period as a lecturer at the Genie-Akademie, worked as an engineer in various parts of the Habsburg Monarchy during the first half of the 19th century, from Galicia, across Dalmatia, to Vienna and Lower Austria in the final phase of his career. Finally, his great-great-grandson Gusztáv Kasper, the grandson of Paul Hatzinger Jr, became a Hungarian railway engineer at the turn of the 20th century.

org/civie/index Scope 6 th International Conference on Civil Engineering (CiViE 2022) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications impacts and challenges of Civil Engineering. The conference documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the development of Civil Engineering. The aim of the conference is to provide a platform to the researchers and practitioners from both academia as well as industry to meet and share cutting-edge development in the field. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews are invited for publication in all areas Civil Engineering.

In recent decades, several definitions of competency have been presented by prominent thinkers and scholars of this field, each of them deals with the competency from a certain angle and expressed different dimensions. Furthermore, the competency approach in human resource management (HRM) is not a new trend, and the subject of competence is a very old subject matter. On the contrary, human resource competence is one of the most important issues of any organization, which includes diverse, attractive and, at the same time, sophisticated topics. Today, due to the dramatic changes in the field of human resource management and the trend of managers to meritocracy in the organization, the planning of an organization based on competency has a special place. Different studies in this field show that the necessity to pay attention to the mission perspective, strategy, organizational goals and structure will be an integral part in the successful assignment of human resources and, without regard to this, the organization's approach cannot be determined. The use of human resource competency models in multiple construction projects requires a major paradigm, which in HRM literature refers to the competency-based human resource management (CBHRM), and changes the thinking of human resource managers across individuals and organizations, generally. This competency-based management approach is a coherent approach for managing human capital in the long term, based on a common set of competency models related to the macro strategies of each project in this field. In this paper, the researcher initially reviewed the diversity of conceptual frameworks and components of competency models in construction projects. Then, the competency models of the project manager, civil engineer, and construction foreman and worker are identified in project-oriented organizations. At the end of the research, a set of competencies of professional, ethical, cultural and social behaviour is presented in a variety of competency models.

Contracts are designed to govern the relations between business partners and allocate risk among them, yet they cannot mitigate all risks; hence, dispute resolution mechanisms have been developed to assist. According to research, arbitration is considered one of the most efficient legally binding dispute resolution mechanisms. Since initiating an arbitration case against business partners often severs the business relationship between them, predicting the arbitrator's decision becomes valuable to the arbitrating parties. To do so, arbitration prediction models are suggested in this paper through modeling the arbitrator's award in two stages: evidence admissibility and evidence evaluation. While arbitrators currently admit evidence in a relatively unsystematic way, this proposed admissibility framework systemizes the current practice by preserving its subjectivity, yet aligning it with the widely deployed rules of arbitration. This research further proposes an evidence evaluation model, providing a rapid answer to the famous commercial arbitration battle, discovery. While the current arbitrators' practice in allowing discovery is not systematic, the proposed optimization model is a tool that could systematically assist arbitrators trading between the arbitration key characteristic, efficiency, and justice. This is achieved by assigning weights to evidence parameters such as sufficiency and credibility, which in turn provide numerical measures to reduce the decision's subjectivity.

El Proyecto PER/98/G31 "Electrificación Rural a Base de Energía Fotovoltaica en el Perú" tiene como objetivo promover la aplicación sostenible de energía fotovoltaica en zonas rurales del país, como una alternativa limpia, libre de la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero. Su ejecución está a cargo de la Dirección Ejecutiva de Proyectos del Ministerio de Energía y Minas (DEP-MEM) y es co financiado por el Fondo Mundial para el Medio Ambiente (GEF), a través del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD).

and that the rethoric and visions associated with construction IT are sometimes distant from the reality of construction usage . This paper discusses the observation-participation method as a way to ground construction IT research in industry practice. This research methodology considers the industry as a point of departure, followed by examination of a case study using the observationparticipation method . In this methodology, the researcher is not merely a passive observer, but assumes a variety of roles within the case study and participates in the studied activities. The observation-participation method application to the case study offers the opportunity to see what others have not yet seen and allows gaining access to events and groups, which, in other ways, are innaccesible to scientific research. The researcher perceieves reality from the point of view of someone "in" the case study instead of someone "external" to it.

Opportunities offered by the explosion of Information Technology (IT) tools are not being adequately used to solve productivity, schedule, cost and quality problems faced by the design and construction of industrial projects.
The Computer Advanced Visualization Tools (CAVT) concept defined as “the collection of all the necessary tools, which allow for the visual representation of the ends and the means of AEC/EPC needed to accomplish an AEC/EPC design and construction project” was developed and its impact in the design process of industrial projects was described as an answer to the stated problem.
The research was carried out using the observation-participation method in which the industry became a laboratory that offered the opportunity to have access to events and groups that are not commonly accessible to scientific research.
The design process was studied considering the state of the art about production principles applied to the construction industry through the Lean Construction approach. This allowed the ability to model, analyze, understand and describe the design process, providing and adequate framework to study the impact of CAVT which is presented mainly considering activities that add value to the design process.
The research led to discover change patterns and trends in the design process of industrial projects that can lead to obtain benefits in terms of cost and schedule reduction, and productivity, quality and safety increase in construction industry projects.

Information Technologies being used by the AEC industry are numerous. From fax machines to internet communications, from office automation software to advanced CAD applications, from laser sensors to automated data acquisition; all these technologies deal with information within the AEC industry. All these technologies reduce or replace human efforts, either physical or mental and have a profound effect on the AEC industry. The study of IT applications in construction is however, still a young field of research, still struggling to define its place within the large family of academic disciplines (Bjork, 99). This paper presents results of research about IT in construction. The focus of the paper are CAVT applied to the design and construction planning processes at the project operational level. Within the AEC industry we need to represent not only the visual animation information, but also the underlying information about facility components and activities (Kunz et al, 99). In that sense CAVT definition involves more than graphical representation features. A wider definition of CAVT is presented, involving their ability to visualize information regarding the ends (Product Models) and means (Process Models) for AEC project process development. Computer Graphics issues, central to CAVT in the AEC industry are overviewed and briefly discussed in this paper. Demand for higher quality displays and limitations of existing interfaces, powerful and affordability of new processors and software capabilities, and interoperability needs are discussed. Information Technology for the AEC industry involves the integration of all product development processes and the management of the information flow between them, irrespective of the data models chosen in the different implementations of one and the same process (Scherer, 94). Product and Process Modeling are the main topics related with the former approach, that have gained more attention in the last years within IT research in the AEC industry. Central to Product Models is the visual representation of the project product, commonly associated to some 3D CAD modeling effort. Different approaches have extended the "physical" representation of the project product, to include not only geometric information within it, but also the relying data which support the different activities during the several phases involved in an AEC project. This paper extends this approach to what will be defined as the Digital Reality. Process Modeling has been trying to represent the detailed tasks and transformation of specific entities among simultaneous activities oriented to complete a design into a constructed facility within AEC industry. Construction process modeling in form of 4D models is presented in this paper as the technology that will trigger the major changes expected from CAVT impact. The research is mainly based in the application of CAVT to a real project by an Engineering and Construction company which design stage is currently near 70% advanced. Three main processes were studied in the case project during the design phase: (1) 3D Modeling Design, (2) Constructability and (3) Construction Planning and Scheduling. The description of the impact of CAVT to these processes is described in this paper, and it is the main source from which insights presented in this paper come from.

The present investigation deals with the influence of Bacillus Subtilis bacteria on strength properties of fly ash concrete. In fly ash concrete, cement was partially replaced with 10%, 20% and 30% with fly ash by weight and optimizes the percentage of fly ash for making bacterial concrete. The bacteria Bacillus Subtilis of different cell concentrations 10 3 , 10 5 and 10 7 cells/ml were used for making bacterial concrete. The experimental investigations were carried out for 28 and 56 days. Tests conducted include Compressive strength, Split tensile strength, Flexural strength and Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity. In fly ash concrete, maximum strength properties observed for 10% replacement of cement with fly ash and the percentage of fly ash is fixed as 10% for making bacterial concrete. In bacterial concrete, maximum strength properties obtained for the bacteria cell concentration of 10 5 cells/ml. The improvement in the strength properties of fly ash concrete is due to the precipitation of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3) in the micro environment by the bacteria Bacillus Subtilis.