Zooarcheology

In this chapter, both zooarchaeological and historical evidence are used to explore variation in patterns of consumption among different sectors of medieval English society (ca. A.D. 1066-1520). While in the early part of the period the consumption of meat carried a status value, the impact of the Black Death and the resultant shift in the balance of society and the weakening of aristocratic wealth and power changed this. The lower classes of society subsequently had access to a greater quantity of meat while the aristocracy shifted its focus to the consumption of wild birds. It is argued that this change in food consumption represents an attempt to reestablish social differentiation through diet.

Atti del convegno (cavallino, 26-27 gennaio 2012) a cura di liliana giardino e gianluca tagliamonte Bari 2013 2 Bibliotheca Archaeologica Collana di archeologia diretta da Giuliano Volpe 32 e s t r a t t o archeologia dei luoghi e delle pratiche di culto -isbn 978-88-7228-710-1 -© 2013 · edipuglia s.r.l. -www.edipuglia.it 205

Inhalt Michael rinD Vorwort ………………………………………………………………………………… V StePhan Berke unD torSten Mattern Römische Gräber augusteischer und tiberischer Zeit im Westen des Imperiums -Eine Einleitung ………………………………………………………………………… 1 SanDra aMMann unD Daniel caStella Frühe römische Gräber aus der Schweiz -Beispiele aus unterschiedlichen Regionen … 7 Giovanna rita Bellini unD SiMon luca triGona Letti funerari da Aquinum ……………………………………………………………… 35 StePhan Berke Die römische Nekropole von Haltern …………………………………………………… 58 roSeMarie corDie Augusteische Gräber in WederathBelginum …………………………………………… 93 harry van enckevort unD elly n. a. heirBaut Soldaten und Zivilisten -Frührömische Gräber aus Nijmegen ………………………… 109 Manuel fieDler Totenbettbeschläge eines frührömischen Grabes in Köln ……………………………… 123 karin Goethert Die frühen Trierer Nekropolen ………………………………………………………… 146 BirGit GroSSkoPf Anthropologische Befunde von Brandbestattungen der römischen Nekropole von Haltern, Kreis Recklinghausen …………………………………………………… 162 conStanze höPken unD BernD lieSen Augusteische und tiberische Gräber in Köln …………………………………………… 178 Giovanna Montevecchi La via sepolcrale di Sarsina e le tombe augusteotiberiane della Cispadana …………… 189 Wolf-rüDiGer teeGen Ein bemerkenswerter spätlatènezeitlicher bis frühaugusteischer Grabbefund aus Bibracte …………………………………………………………………………… 217 Die römische Nekropole von Haltern 1 Stephan Berke I Einleitung Während der Zeit der römischen Okkupationsversuche rechts des Rheines (12 v. Chr. bis 16 n. Chr.) stellte der Bereich des Lippeverlaufes eine der Hauptachsen des römischen Vordrin gens in das Innere Germaniens dar (Abb. 1). 2 Die zahlreichen römischen Militärstützpunkte 3 entlang des Flusses, Holsterhausen 4 , Haltern 5 , Olfen 6 , Oberaden 7 und Anreppen 8 , übernahmen den Schutz des logistischen Rückgrates für die Operationen des augusteischen Militärs. Der umfangreichste und bedeutendste Komplex dieser Anlagen liegt bei Haltern, etwa 45 km öst lich der Mündung der Lippe in den Rhein bei Wesel. Wie sich in den letzten Jahren immer mehr herauskristallisiert, scheint es sich bei diesem römischen Stützpunkt um die Schaltstelle zur Eroberung und Provinzialisierung des nord westlichen Germaniens gehandelt zu haben. 9 Geographisch lassen sich in Haltern sechs große Befundkomplexe (Abb. 2) benennen. Von West nach Ost handelt es sich um die folgenden Anlagen: 1 Im Rahmen eines Projektes der Universität Trier, Institut für Klassische Archäologie in Kooperation mit der LWL-Archäologie für Westfalen sollen, finanziert durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft und der LWL-Archäologie für Westfalen, die von 1982 bis 2008 ausgegrabenen Befunde und Funde der römischen Nekro pole von Haltern aufgearbeitet und publiziert werden. Weitere Projektpartner sind die Universität Göttingen,

The paper introduces two new rock art sites from the Dakhla region in Egypt's Western Desert showing representations of Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia) being hunted by dogs. Together with another site discovered a few years ago in the same region, altogether three sites with engraved depictions of these animals are now known from the central Western Desert -a fact that contrasts with the scarcity in both rock art and archaeozoological evidence of Barbary sheep west of the Nile. Judging from stylistic and iconographic parallels in pictorial representations of Ammotragus lervia in the Nile Valley, arguments are presented for a dating of the new Barbary sheep hunting scenes into Late Predynastic/Early Dynastic times, i. e. around 3000 BC. Likewise, this implies a close cultural affiliation to an iconographic tradition that seems to attest ancient Egyptian activity in the central Western Desert during a time when this was hitherto not expected. In the inner Western Desert, the occurrence of the hunting scenes, moreover, questions the past distribution of Barbary sheep in Egypt where this species is currently critically endangered with extinction, and reduced to refuges in the Eastern Desert and the Jebel Ouenat/Gilf Kebir region in Egypt's far southwest. Predynastic female figurines from the Nile Valley, decorated with painted hunting scenes (including representations of Barbary sheep), are considered the predecessors of the women of the 'Acacia House' textually attested by the beginning of the Old Kingdom, and illustrate the ritual context of desert hunting, which is at the same time an important element of elite behaviour.

En este artículo se tocan los puntos centrales en el origen del perro, el animal doméstico más antiguo conocido. Desde el tiempo de origen, hasta los cambios en su morfología, comportamiento y metabolismo, el perro ha pasado por transformaciones mayores que recientemente estamos empezando a entender gracias a avances en el estudio del ADN antiguo y a nuevos descubrimientos paleontológicos y arqueológicos de Asia.

This paper aims to highlight developments in archaeological knowledge relating to dog remains found in deposits from Late Prehistoric contexts at sites along the Iberian Peninsula. Preliminary results from ongoing osteometric and 2D Geometric Morphometric studies applied to these remains are here presented and discussed to contextualize future studies by the author.
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The additional file for this article can be found here:  https://doi.org/10.5334/pia-487.s1  as "Appendix 1" with results of shoulder height and bone stoutness for specimens found in Iberian Late Prehistoric Sites througt the application of indexes from some authors (Harcourt 1885, Koudelka 1974, Clark 1975) to measumerements. Individual measurements with * from Sanchís and Sarrión (2004). Individual measurements with ** from Liesau, Esparza and Sánchez (2014).

The study of faunal remains from archaeological sites is based on qualitative and quantitative data that contribute to our understanding of the consumption of animal protein, environment, and lifestyle often goes beyond understanding daily activities. Indeed, faunal remains in archaeological sites vary among societies, as choices are both availability and culturally defined. Here I discuss available faunal data from shell mounds in the Babitonga Bay, in conjunction with the presence of pottery in some of their archaeological layers. Forte Marechal Luz, Enseada I, Bupeva II and Itacoara sites have pottery and two different stratigraphic horizons. The results show some interesting differences in taxa and quantity of the animal remains, when the different layers of the same site and between sites are compared. I discuss cultural identity and diversity of the prehistoric dwellers living in the Babitonga Bay, in the light of a relatively late introduction of ceramics that affected less than 10% of the shell mounds in the area., coast of the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil RESUMEN El estudio de los restos de fauna de los sitios arqueológicos se basa en datos cualitativos y cuantitativos que contribuyen a nuestra comprensión del consumo de proteínas de origen animal, el medio ambiente y estilo de vida, y van a menudo más allá de la comprensión de las actividades diarias. Aquí discuto los datos disponibles sobre la fauna de concheros en la Bahía Babitonga, en relación con la presencia de cerámica en algunas de sus capas arqueológicas. Los resultados muestran algunas diferencias interesantes en los taxa y la cantidad de restos de animales entre las diferentes capas del mismo sitio y entre sitios. Discuto la diversidad cultural y la identidad de los habitantes prehistóricos que vivían en Bahía Babitonga, a la luz de una introducción relativamente tardía de la cerámica que afectó a menos del 10% de los conchales en la área.

The research is carried out within a historical-archaeological framework, conceived as the study of the worldwide modernization process after the European expansion. The archaeological site Alero Tala Huasi, occupied since pre-Hispanic times, is analyzed. The continuities and changes in its occupation during early colonial times -late 16 th and early 17 th centuries-are taken into account. The temporal persistence of certain economical, technological and ritual practices of pre-Hispanic roots and the selective incorporation of European elements, like the consumed livestock, are interpreted as a kind of resistance to colonial domination and an effort to maintain the social integration. The relevance of historical archaeology to study the social processes beyond the written sources is emphasized, since it leads to the understanding of daily life practices and the agency of collective groups not registered by Colonial society's official discourse.

Consumo di carne e macellai nel Medioevo costituiscono i temi su cui studiosi di matrice diversa si sono confrontati smantellando alcuni cliché (sporcizia delle città, carne alimento per pochi, barbarie dei macellai) illustrando per Italia e Spagna, grazie allo studio di ossa e scrittura, le metamorfosi dei paesaggi scomparsi dettate dal cambiamento delle abitudini alimentari, i conflitti, il nesso forte tra campagna e città, il variare delle economie e la convivenza tra i macellai delle religioni del Libro.

El consumo de carne y el mundo de los carniceros en la Edad Media son dos temas sobre los que diferentes especialistas han sabido desmantelar ciertos lugares comunes (suciedad en las ciudades, la carne como alimento para pocos, violencia de los carniceros) para mostrar, gracias al estudio de huesos y escrituras en contextos históricos italianos y españoles, la metamorfosis de los paisajes dictados por los cambios en la dieta, los conflictos sociales, los fuertes vínculos entre ciudad y mundo rural, las alteraciones económicas y la convivencia entre carniceros de las religiones del Libro.

Se presenta el estudio de la fauna recuperada en el tholos de Montelirio, perteneciente al yacimiento calcolítico de Valencina-Castilleja de Guzmán (Sevilla). La fauna pertenece a depósitos calcolíticos y a depósitos alterados en época romana. En este último caso, se observa como se ha producido una mezcla de los materiales provenientes de las cámaras funerarias. El rasgo que lo define por encima de todo es la escasa
presencia de fauna en esta estructura funeraria, situación recurrente en gran parte de los contenedores funerarios localizados en este yacimiento. Se ha documentado la presencia de ovicaprino, Bos taurus, Sus sp., Orictolagus cuniculus, Bufo bufo, Struthio camelus, malacofauna terrestre y dentro de la marina, Ruditapes decussatus. La presencia más significativa corresponde al colmillo de elefante (Elephas antiquus) y a la magnífica colección de productos elaborados en marfil cuya procedencia es de elefante africano de estepa (Loxodonta africana africana).

This paper presents the results of the zooarchaeological analysis of the recovered faunal remains at tholos de Montelirio from the archaeological site of Valencina de la Concepción-Castilleja de Guzmán (Seville). The
faunal remains belong to the chalcolithic deposits but also to levels disturbed in Roman times. The main characteristic of this assemblage is the very few animal remains found at this funerary structure. However,
the following species have been documented: ovicaprids, Bos taurus, Sus sp., Orictolagus cuniculus, Bufo bufo, Struthio camelus, terrestrial shells and marine shells such as Ruditapes decussatus. The most interesting findings are the elephant tusk (Elephas antiquus) and the magnificent collection of elaborate ivory products of steppe african elephant (Loxodonta africana africana).

The Burgstraat is an archaeological site which is located within the high-medieval part of the town of Ghent. Excavations conducted by BAAC Vlaanderen in 2011 revealed numerous structures, artefacts and ecofacts at the site - some of which date to the 12th century. This paper focuses on SP141, a 13th century waste deposit. The contents of SP141 are mostly zooarchaeological remains. The investigated sample consists of 2652 animal bone fragments, which predominantly represent domestic cattle (Bos p.f. Taurus). Interestingly, this large concentration of cattle remains consists primarily of cranial fragments. At the Burgstraat, mandibles and maxillae appear to have been divided in a systematic manner of butchery. The function of the processing of the cranial parts presents part of an economic chain where animals are brought into the urban economic system for their meat, horn, hide and bone. This paper explores the role of the cattle remains from SP141, and presents the results of preliminary analyses at the site, including age and demographic data.

Mastaba AS 104 is located above the Wadi Abusiri, to the south-east of the tomb of Kaaper (AS 1). It was preserved almost to the height of the former roofing, hence almost completely. The whole structure was built on a platform with a trapezoid section and, looking from the south, it must have appeared as a two-stepped structure. The core of the upper step was built of rather small undressed blocks of local limestone and contained a rectangular room (Serdab 2) and three deep shafts. It was covered with a layer of large and heavy mud bricks. The superstructure contained the main focal point of the funerary cult (cruciform chapel and Serdab 1). Contrary to other similar structures of roughly the same date, niching decorated only the eastern wall. The tomb was built for a custodian of the king's property, Nyankhseshat, whose other titles reflect his position in the organization of work, the overseeing of gold procurement and a religious connection to metallurgy. This tomb represent...

This paper presents the results of an analysis of fish remains from the pre-Hispanic coastal settlement of Xcambó, Yucatan, Mexico dating from the Early to Late Classical period (350-750 AD). This is one of the first ichthyoarchaeological studies in a Mayan settlement with a dominant presence of fishes in the zooarchaeological assemblage. The results showed an abundance of estuarine species such as sharks, snooks and catfishes, which were particularly important for the ancient inhabitants of Xcambó. Fishing was practiced near coastal and estuarine environments using simple, but highly productive, technological tools. In paleoecological terms, the ichthyofauna indicated healthy coastal environments where the presence of species currently absent and threatened represents an important source of ecological data.

Dos áreas de montaña delimitan Aragón como región natural e histórica: el Pirineo y el Sistema Ibérico. La posición geográfica de ambos conjuntos montañosos determina las características físicas de clima, relieve, fauna y vegetación del territorio aragonés y configura paisajes, modos de vida y actividades humanas singulares que sólo se comprenden en su complejidad al ser contemplados desde la historia. La investigación que hemos desarrollado trata de profundizar en el conocimiento y evoluciones de los sistemas alimentarios de estas sociedades de montaña durante buena parte del período medieval (siglos xi-xv). Para ello, ha sido necesario analizar los mecanismos tradicionales de explotación de los recursos naturales en algunos de los principales territorios montañosos de Aragón: nuestra atención se ha centrado en las actividades de subsistencia y de intercambio que generaron en estas centurias la agricultura, la ganadería, la caza, la pesca y los aprovechamientos alimentarios del bosque. Desde este observatorio hemos podido percibir y valorar las evoluciones experimentadas en la alimentación, el paisaje y las formas de vida de unas sociedades de montaña que se han visto afectadas por profundos cambios demográficos, por la instalación de diferentes formaciones políticas, sociales y religiosas en su territorio, por las sucesivas orientaciones económicas de los poderes establecidos o por las crecientes influencias exteriores que convergen en el marco temporal y espacial de estudio.

In ons land wordt al sinds ongeveer 5500 voor Christus aarde-werk gemaakt. In eerste instantie werd het vooral gebruikt om voedsel te bewaren, te bereiden of als eetgerei. Ook werd aarde-werk meegegeven aan de doden of diende het om hun verbran-de resten in bij te zetten. In de loop der tijd nam het aantal vor-men en functies sterk toe, vooral in de Romeinse tijd en vanaf de late middeleeuwen. Aardewerk kreeg heel specifi eke vormen en functies, zoals kaarsenbak, kuikendrinkbak, visschotel, aard-beienkop, suikervorm, bollenpot, spreeuwenpot of wijwaterbak. Sommige vormen werden behalve in aardewerk ook in ande-re materialen gemaakt, zoals hout, glas of metaal. En soms is aardewerk in de loop der tijd verdrongen door deze andere ma-Bij opgravingen worden regelmatig op onverwachte plaatsen complete of bijna complete aardewerken potten gevonden. Bijvoorbeeld in kuiltjes rond hooibergen, in paalsporen van ge-bouwen of op kerkhoven. Ook bij restauratiewerkzaamheden in historische panden worden soms in muren ingemetselde of onder vloeren en drempels geplaatste potten ontdekt. Verder kennen we verschillende vondsten van complete potten uit veentjes. Vaak is ook de inhoud verrassend. Deze varieert van babyskeletjes of knaagdierbotjes tot een of enkele munten. Meestal gaat het om normaal gebruiksaardewerk. De potten komen letterlijk uit de keuken of van de eettafel. Waaruit be-stond het vreemde gebruik van potten, en welke functies en rituelen gaan hierachter schuil? 10 Jan van Doesburg Vreemd gebruikt aardewerk Op zoek naar het 'tweede leven' van aardewerken potten m

The Magdalenian of the Cantabrian region is a well-known  archaeological period with many sites contributing to the understanding of the economic and social organization dating ca. 14,800 cal BCE. Nevertheless, concerning the faunal management little is known on the role of carnivores as resource during this chronology, although they appear in many sites and archeozoological collections. Generally, carnivores have been related with site formation processes as bone accumulators and modifiers although they also play an important role as a multifunctional resource.
The Lower Gallery of La Garma is a site where exceptional preservation conditions allows archaeologist to analyze and interpret faunal remains with a unique perspective, that shows how carnivores can be seen as a
resource linked with meat exploitation, fur procurement, ornament production or social/symbolic activities during the Magdalenian.

This paper introduces some of the invaluable aspects of, and new perspectives arising in, the field of zooarchaeology. Studying archaeological animal remains provides clear evidence of past human diet, but the contributions zooarchaeology can make to archaeological research have a much broader scope. Zooarchaeological research provides an interesting insight into the study of past environments, animal domestication, biostratigraphy, the social side of food, animal remains as clothing or even as building materials and art manifestations, amongst others. Zooarchaeology is subdivided here into environmental or physical zooarchaeology, which mainly deals with climate, seasonality and dating of a site, and social zooarchaeology, which deals with hunting techniques, animal management, social hierarchy and symbolism. This array of possibilities is illustrated through examples drawn from diverse periods and places. Some of the issues concerning zooarchaeology are analysed in more depth through the site of Cueva Negra del Estrecho del Río Quípar (Murcia, Spain). This case study provides a practical application of zooarchaeological perspectives in the study of human evolution.

The field of zooarchaeology is therefore not limited to the study of past dietary habits. Rather the study of animal remains allows a deeper understanding of complex human-animal interactions and a greater comprehension of archaeological societies and cultures.

En este trabajo se presenta un ejemplar de concha de molusco marino recuperado como parte de un depósito funerario de época altoimperial. El elemento procede de una tumba excavada en la ciudad de Mérida (España). El análisis taxonómico indica su pertenencia a la especie Cypraea pantherina. Se trata de un elemento exótico de procedencia indopacífica incluido muy ocasionalmente en depósitos funerarios en el mundo romano desde el s. I a. C. La especie suele aparecer asociada a tumbas femeninas por sus connotaciones relativas a la fertilidad, la procreación y el buen parto. El caso emeritense es el único del que se tiene noticia hasta el momento en la Península Ibérica, permitiendo así ampliar nuestro conocimiento sobre la distribución de especies exóticas procedentes de mares lejanos mediante la actividad humana.

Riassunto -Il presente lavoro esamina i resti archeozoologici provenienti dall'area dell'anfi teatro e dal cosiddett o criptoportico della citt adina di Alife, nell'alto casertano. I due insiemi faunistici coprono un arco cronologico che va dal II all'XI secolo e permett ono di ricostruire i cambiamenti socio-economici susseguitisi dall'età imperiale all'alto medioevo. I dati ott enuti dai livelli databili al II-IV secolo nell'area del criptoportico testimoniano il consumo di prodott i pregiati quali ostriche, pernici e fagiani, collegati ad una probabile villa appartenente ad una famiglia molto agiata, di cui l'ambiente ipogeo faceva probabilmente parte, mentre la forte incidenza di mammiferi selvatici presenti nei livelli altomedievali dell'area dell'anfi teatro sembra collegarsi con la progressiva decadenza economica e demografi ca di Alife, testimoniata anche dalle fonti storiche.

The vertebrate fauna from Sector I of Perdigões (Ditchs 3 and 4 and pits)

This paper presents the results of the faunal analysis of Sector I from Perdigões. The assemblage consists of 4987 fragments of bones and teeth, extended over the various archaeological contexts: sections of ditches 3 and 4 and the 12 pits. The specific list point to the presence of Sus sp., the most important species in number, followed by Ovis/Capra, Bos taurus, Cervus elaphus, Equus sp.,  Canis familiaris, Canis sp., Oryctolagus cuniculus, Lepus sp., Eliomys quercinus and unidentifiable birds and a chelonian. Also have been identified a single remain of auroch (Bos primigenius).
The collection shows a good archaeological condition, besides the high percentage of excavation breakage due to the hardness of sediment.  A small part of the assemblage reveals cut marks or other anthropic manipulation. The majority of taphonomical signatures are root marks, calcium carbonate and stains of manganese oxides. 
Perdigões enclosure is a paradigmatic case to study the multiclass of archaeological faunal association’s through the different contexts: in one hand there are the ritual associations with human burials, whether with articulated faunal remains or isolated bones, on the other there are the assemblages coming from ditches and pits. In the first case, the faunal interpretation is obliged to a more carefully approach, strongly guided by observations of ritual and symbolic matters. Concerning the faunal remains from ditches and pits, the interpretation is somewhat difficult of carry on, if our aim is to run off from the functional observations.
We stated elsewhere (Costa & Valera, 2009) that the horizontal and vertical distribution of the faunal remains in the ditches has some characteristics that doesn’t fit on the discard patterning like garbage or an accidental natural accumulation due to the abandonment of the site. The patterning seems to fit better on an intentional deposition of some animal parts, sometimes in association with specific artefacts. Thus, the validity of the socio-economic and ecologic readings should be cautious. 
Beyond this question, the data available seems to point to hunting and domestication, and to the use of animal skin and bone as raw material.

Excavations near Orosháza (SE Hungary) included a site over 300 Arpad Period (10th-13th c.) settlement features. One of them contained a set of manufactured bones with a late 12th c. silver denarius. Some bones showed saw marks and knife carving, while others bore dot- and circle motifs and other forms of decorative carvings.

Data on the late 12th century bone industry of Orosháza. Bone manufacturing refuse from a workshop

Angaben zur Industrie von Orosháza Ende des 12.  Jahrhunderts. Abfälle einer Beinschnitzwerkstatt

Im Laufe der Freilegung des Umleitungswegs Nr. 47 bei Orosháza kamen die Denkmäler  des Siedlungsteiles des arpadenzeitlichen und vermeintlich noch in der Arpadenzeit verwüsteten  Orosháza ans Tageslicht. Die freigelegten Objekte enthielten Tierknochen in sehr  großer Menge. Die Verteilung der Zucht-und Jagdtiere wird in der vorliegenden Studie  nicht behandelt. Diesmal machen wir das Fundmaterial einer annehmbaren Beinschnitzwerkstatt  bekannt. Das Objekt 239 war ein in die Erde getieftes arpadenzeitliches Haus, in dessen sekundärer  Auffüllung zahlreiche Knochen mit Sägespuren, mit Zugmesser angefertigte, bzw.  geschliffene Halbfertigprodukte und einige geschnitzte, aber verfehlte Stücke mit PunktKreis-
Verzierung vorkamen. Die Mehrheit der Funde ist vermutlich Abfall einer in der
Nähe tätigen Beinschnitzwerkstatt. Unter den Funden sind die Epiphysen der Metapodien  und die Zehenglieder von Rindern in der größten Zahl vorhanden, aber auch die Metatarsalknochen  von Kleinwiederkäuern, Hirschgeweihbruchstücke, sogar ein Stück Hundeknochen  mit Sägespuren kamen vor. Es ist bemerkenswert, dass kein einziger Gegenstand  aus Rinderknochen im Fundmaterial der freigelegten Siedlungsobjekte gefunden wurde.
Die wenigen vorgekommenen Nadelhalter und das einizige beinerne Mundstück wurden  vermutlich aus Knochen von Kleinwiederkäuern und aus Vogelknochen gemacht. Die  Funktion der im Abfall vorgekommenen, aus Metatarsalknochen von Rindern gemachten  Knochenleisten und abgesägten Knochenringe konnte nicht bestimmt werden.

In der Beinschnitzwerkstatt von Orosháza wurde nicht die bisher bekannt gewordene
Technik angewandt, die Gegenstände wurden nicht gedrechselt. Die Produkte wurden mit
Hilfe von Zugmesser, Meißel und Säge, bzw. Schleiftechnik hergestellt. Schlussendlich ist es feststellbar, dass Beinschnitzwerkstätten in den 14. und 15. Jahrhunderten
nicht nur in den größeren Städten, Burgen und königlichen Zentren tätig waren:
Mit Knochenbearbeitung beschäftigte man sich nachweisbar mindestens zwei Jahrhunderte  früher, schon im 12. Jahrhundert auf dem Lande in einigen Zentren, die den Bedarf eines kleineren Gebietes befriedigten und in denen offensichtlich eine primitive Technik in engeren Rahmen angewandt wurde.

In der sekundären Auffüllung des Hauses kam das Bruchstück einer Silbermünze
ebenfalls vor. Aufgrund dieser Münze war die Zeit, als die Funde in die Erde gelangen
konnten, das Ende des 12. Jahrhunderts.

n dieser Arbeit wurden zwei kleine Tierknochenkomplexe aus der Schicht Troia VI untersucht. Es wird analysiert, ob die gefundenen Tierarten mit vorherigen Publikationen zu den Tierknochen in Troia VI zusammenpassen. Der erste Teil der Arbeit besteht aus einer Beschreibung des Fundortes und der Umgebung der Funde im Areal K7 sowie der Situation zu den Tierknochen aus Troia VI. Danach folgt eine Abhandlung über die beiden Komplexe. Für jeden Knochen wurde die Art, die anatomische Position und, wenn möglich, Alter, Werkzeug- und Fraßspuren sowie weitere Auffälligkeiten notiert. Die beiden Fundkomplexe wurden danach miteinander verglichen und es werden Schlüsse auf die Ernährungs- und Umweltsituation der Bewohner in Troia VI gezogen.

Die WISP – Angaben sind falsch berechnet und dürfen daher nicht 1:1 für die weitere Verarbeitung verwendet werden.Die Angaben sind leicht aus den Tabellen am Ende der Arbeit nachzuberechnen. Gewicht je Art zusammenzählen (nicht durch die Anzahl der Tiere teilen!) und mit dem Gesamtgewicht die prozentualen Verhältnisse berechnen.