Youth Sports

Prospective studies on overuse injuries and their impact on athletic training among youth team sports are scarce. The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence, severity and player related risk factors of overuse injuries among young (12–20 years) basketball and floorball players. A total of 387 players participated in a 3-year prospective study. Each player completed a baseline questionnaire regarding their background information. Overuse injuries that prevented players to fully or partly participate in their regular training were collected. In all, 204 overuse injuries were registered (injury incidence 1.51 injuries/1 000 h of exposure; 95% CI 1.35–1.78). Most of the injuries involved the knee (35%) and lower back (21%), and were classified as severe (44%). Injury incidence was 1.51 (95% CI 1.2–1.82) and 1.61 (95% CI 1.32–1.91) in basketball and floorball, respectively. Incidence was significantly higher among female compared with male players (incidence rate ratio 1....

Questions of modeling of preparation young gymnast are considered In monographs. The Analysis of the models, presented in work, enabled to get new information on speaker motor and functional preparedness young gymnast, about length of the using the burn-in loads of the different value, facilities to primary directivity, their accomodations in scholastic-burn-in process young gymnast, as well as formulate the row of the principle installation to programming scholastic-burn-in process.
The Book is intended for scientific workman, teachers and trainer.

Problems surrounding parental involvement in youth sport have received much attention in the international academic community. Most of the focus has surrounded the frequency and nature of parental verbal behaviour such as criticism, swearing and abuse. While such behaviour has the potential to exert a negative influence in youth sport, little is known about the socially constructed meaning of parental verbal behaviour. In other words, there is a current lack of understanding surrounding the social significance (or lack thereof) of parental comments, criticisms and abuse in the context of youth sport. Addressing this oversight is important given that parents and
youth do not always share a common appreciation of parental involvement in sport. This paper reports on a study which sought to generate a greater understanding of parental involvement in the junior Australian football experience. Interviews and focus groups were conducted with parents and youth participants (n = 86) currently involved in a competitive Australian football season. Data were manually transcribed verbatim and subjected to a thematic analysis. The findings reveal how parents and youth attribute different social meaning to parental verbal behaviour during play, the breaks and the drive home. While youth appear to experience parental verbal behaviour in polarising ways, parents rationalise their own verbal behaviour and in doing so, contribute to a broader social reproduction of sport parenting behaviour.

Adopting an integrated achievement goal (Nicholls, J. G. (1989). The competitive ethos and democratic education. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.) and self-determination theory (Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The "what" and "why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227-268. doi:10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01) perspective as proffered by Duda, J. L. (2013). (The conceptual and empirical foundations of empowering coaching(TM): Setting the stage for the PAPA project. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11, 311-318. doi:10.1080/1612197X.2013.839414), the aim of the current study was to observe empowering and disempowering features of the multidimensional motivational coaching environment in training and competition in youth sport. Seventeen grass-roots soccer coaches were observed and rated in training and competitive settings using the multidimensional motivational climate obse...

Following developments in educational discourse more broadly, learning discourses in youth sport have been shaped by outcome-based and instrumental goals of developing useful life-skills for ‘successful’ lives. There is, however, a need to expand such traditional understandings of sport-based youth development, which we undertook by exploring existential learning in sport through encountering discontinuity. We conducted in-depth qualitative research with 16 Finnish athletes (seven men/nine women, aged 19–20), five of whom had recently disengaged from the athlete development pathway. In the interviews, we used creative non-fiction vignettes to invite reflections on learning experiences in sport. Although participants reported having learnt many useful skills commonly associated with positive youth development discourses (e.g. goal setting, time-management), many also provided rich descriptions of other, important ‘life lessons’. These involved developing awareness of their bodily limitations, the nature of social relationships, and what it was like to live the life of an elite athlete. The findings revealed problematic features of (elite) sport cultures but also showed that encountering discontinuity could be beneficial as an important trigger for existential reflection, clarification of values, and a search for alternative ways of living.

Background: COVID-19 continues to represent the single biggest challenge to contemporary community sport globally. Compliance with social distancing policies, strict return-to-play protocols, and COVID-19 specific training has, perhaps, forever changed the way that children and young people engage in organised sport. Within this context, and while many children and families seek to re-engage with community sport, we (researchers and sport practitioners) have an obligation to ask questions about how the pandemic has impacted youth sport, understand the short-and long-term consequences, and explore what (if any) opportunities can be seized to assist and improve future participation and retention. The aim of this paper was to present an in-depth exploration of the impact of COVID-19 on youth sport in South Australia. Methods: Within an interpretive descriptive methodology, this qualitative investigation draws on rich, individual interview and focus group data with 39 youth (ages 15-18), parents, coaches, and sport administrators. A reflexive thematic analysis was undertaken, leading to the development of four substantive themes. Results: We conceptualised the '4 Rs' to advance theoretical understandings about the pandemic's impact on youth sport, including the themes 'recognising struggle', 'reconnection', 're-engaging after restrictions, and 'reimagining sport'. The themes captured insights about a decline in mental wellbeing and physical activity, an increase in family connectedness, the challenge for sports to attract volunteers and participants back into sport, and the opportunities to reset values and philosophies underpinning the provision of youth sport.

Special Admission contradicts the national belief that college sports provide upward mobility opportunities. Kirsten Hextrum documents how white middle-class youth become overrepresented on college teams. Her institutional ethnography of one elite athletic and academic institution includes over 100 hours of interviews with college rowers and track & field athletes. She charts the historic and contemporary relationships between colleges, athletics, and white middle-class communities that ensure white suburban youth are advantaged in special athletic admissions. Suburban youth start ahead in college admissions because athletic merit—the competencies desired by university recruiters—requires access to vast familial, communal, and economic resources, all of which are concentrated in their neighborhoods. Their advantages increase as youth, parents, and coaches strategically invest in and engineer novel opportunities to maintain their race and class status. Thus, college sports allow white, middle-class athletes to accelerate their racial and economic advantages through admission to elite universities.

In contemporary sport, it is common to see children initiating their specialization at ever younger ages with the hope that this early start will assist them in making the elite ranks at a later age. The growing acceptance of early sport specialization has led to equally growing concerns among researchers. Clearly, as this thematic volume attests, early sport specialization is a controversial phenomenon. Sport philosophers have started to study the challenging issues related to early sport specialization and thus there is emerging literature addressing such issues. This paper reviews the sport philosophy literature touching on early sport specialization and focuses on some fundamental philosophical issues raised by early sport specialization. These issues are related to the right of children to an open future, dangerous sports, competition and coaching, and doping and genetic enhancements. The paper concludes with a brief commentary on the relevance of these issues for policy making.

Thoughts on US Soccer As someone who is a fan of the world's game, and works in the industry as well, it was undoubtedly difficult to watch the World Cup competition last year without seeing the USA a part of it. America's failure to earn a result at Trinidad and Tobago, which resulted in our exclusion from the 2018 World Cup finals, led to months of criticism of the soccer structure in the US, from the leadership all the way down to the grassroots level. Since then, any poor performance by the men's or women's teams at the international level have been met with the usual complaints about our youth soccer system: the pay to play structure eliminates quality players who don't have the funds to play, there's not enough coaching education, there is no specific direction, curriculum or style of play that is followed by the member clubs in the US, too many of our athletes are lost to other sports, and so on. Even worse, the failure of the US team to qualify for the World Cup came on the heels of two somewhat controversial decisions by US Youth soccer within the last few years. The first decision was the age group mandate, which resulted in teams being formed using calendar birth year instead of school year, a change that really seemed unnecessary to many involved in the game. The second change, which has especially seemed to affect the girl's side of the game, was the creation of the Development Academy (DA), and it's mandate which discourages top youth soccer players from playing for their high school teams. All of the above criticisms of the US soccer environment certainly have some merit. The cost to play competitive soccer for top clubs, especially at the DA level, can be prohibitive for many. Many coaches at the youth level are volunteers who may or may not have any type of formal coaching education. At the higher levels, strict and expensive licensing requirements can tend to limit the inclusion of good coaches instead of encouraging their involvement. In a country the size of America, with over 300 million people, it can be difficult to have a truly organized and systematic soccer direction which can be effectively implemented across the many youth clubs and organizations in the country. Soccer also competes with football, baseball, lacrosse, hockey, and individual sports, to name a few, to attract the best athletes across the nation. Probably the largest hurdle that the US faces in developing competitive soccer teams on the international stage, is the political nature of US Soccer and the country itself. Politics, for lack of a better term, which refers to the leadership and bureaucratic structure of any organization, is instrumental in either developing the talents of the membership or hindering that development. In other words, does an organization allow its members to shine, or does it prevent them from realizing their true potential? That's the challenge that US Soccer currently faces. Soccer is a behemoth sport in the US. Despite the naysayers who have incorrectly stated that soccer doesn't matter in our country (who are thankfully becoming fewer and far between over time), soccer is a huge youth sport. There are more kids involved in the beautiful game than any other sport in the country. Steering a ship this big is not easy. It takes vision, patience, and an ability to set policy which can be effectively followed by state and local soccer affiliates, and ultimately result in the consistent development and promotion of quality footballers who can then find their way up to the national teams. I give a lot of credit to US Youth Soccer, the state organizations, member clubs, and other related affiliates who are trying to do just that.

An emerging area of research has focused on understanding how the group dynamics of a sport team influence positive youth development (PYD). The identities that youth form through their membership in sport teams (i.e., social identities) have been found to influence teammate behavior and team performance. Yet, minimal work exists on social identity and PYD in youth sport. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between social identity and PYD in sport. Youth engaged in recreational sport (N = 219; Mage = 11.61 years, SD = 1.39 years) completed measures of social identity and PYD in sport. The social identity measure assessed 3 dimensions including ingroup ties (IGT; perceptions of similarity, bonding, belongingness), cognitive centrality (importance of being a team member), and ingroup affect (IGA; feelings associated with group membership). A regression analysis was performed separately for 4 PYD outcomes (personal and social skills, goal setting, initiative, ...

Youth have very high participation and injury rates in sport. Sport is the leading cause of injury in youth. Sport injury reduces future participation in physical activity which adversely affects future health. Sport injury may lead to overweight/obesity and post-traumatic osteoarthritis. The objective of the systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the efficacy of injury prevention neuromuscular training strategies in youth sport. Three electronic databases were systematically searched up to September 2014. Studies selected met the following criteria: original data; analytic prospective design; investigated a neuromuscular training prevention strategy intervention(s) and included outcomes for injury sustained during sport participation. Two authors assessed the quality of evidence using Downs and Black (DB) criteria. Meta-analyses including randomised controlled trials only (RCTs) to ensure study design homogeneity were completed for lower extremity and knee injury outco...

Sport presents an opportunity for young people to experience the joys of
success and cope with setbacks to develop resilient behaviours. However,
there is a lack of clarity about how sport can cultivate resilience, particularly
within a female youth gymnastics context. The purpose of this study was
to investigate gymnast and coach perceptions about the development of
resilience through gymnastics participation. Underpinned by a qualitative
framework, 22 female gymnasts and seven gymnastics coaches
participated in semi-structured interviews. Data analysis revealed that
aspects of the gymnastics environment created stress and exposed
gymnasts to many challenges in training and competition. Features of the
sport environment, such as interpersonal relationships and positive coach
behaviours, supported gymnasts through these challenges and
encouraged them to overcome failure. Gymnastics participation was
perceived to develop resilience, as well as life skills, self-efficacy, and selfesteem.
The findings support the notion that youth sport may be an
appropriate avenue for the development of resilience and have implications
for future coaching practice.

RESUMO O propósito deste estudo, dividido em duas partes, foi desenvolver um método para medir a técnica de remo indoor nos jovens. No primeiro estudo, 39 participantes completaram um programa de remo onde a técnica foi medida pré e pós participação por dois treinadores experts de remo com 10 anos de experiência de experiência combinada usando uma rubrica (ARTY1) projetada especificamente para o estudo. ARTY1 focado especificamente no curso correto demonstrado muitas vezes para raramente. Os participantes não melhoraram a sua técnica durante o programa, mas uma rúbrica revista foi desenvolvida para o segundo estudo com base nos comentários dos especialistas. No segundo estudo, 79 iniciados e remadores entre o intermediário/avançado completaram uma série de 500m cronometrada que foi analisada usando a rúbrica revista (ARTY2) por dois treinadores experts diferentes de remo com oito anos de experiência combinada e não associados com os participantes. O ARTY2 foca-se mais especificamente na qualidade do movimento do corpo e na colocação do corpo entre componentes técnicas em oposição à frequência correta da técnica. O teste de Mann-Whitney U revelou uma diferença estatisticamente significativa de médias para a técnica de remo entre iniciados e remadores mais avançados, com um grande effect size (U = 2.00, p < 001, r =.87). Os Treinadores experts, no estudo 2, avaliaram remadores iniciados como tendo uma técnica mais pobre em comparação com remadores mais avançados. O Alfa de Cronbach foi de .97, indicando uma medida interna consistente. O sresultados suportam o uso de ARTY2 em níveis distintivos da técnica, mas é necessária mais pesquisa em diferentes idades e níveis de habilidade. ABSTRACT The purpose of this two-part study was to develop a method for measuring indoor rowing technique in youth. In the first study, 39 youth completed a rowing program where technique was measured pre and post participation by two expert youth rowing coaches with 10 years combined coaching experience using a rubric (ARTY1) specifically designed for the study. ARTY1 focused specifically on correct stroke demonstrated very often to very seldom. Participants did not improve their technique during the program, but a revised rubric was developed for the second study based on expert feedback. In the second study, 79 novice and intermediate/advanced youth rowers completed a 500m timed row which was analyzed using the revised rubric (ARTY2) by two different expert youth rowing coaches with eight years combined coaching experience who were not associated with sample participants. The ARTY2 focused more specifically the quality of body movement and body placement between component techniques found in the rowing motion as opposed to how often correct technique was demonstrated. A Mann-Whitney U test revealed a statistically significant difference of mean ranks for rowing technique between novice and more advanced rowers, with a large effect size (U = 2.00, p < .001, r = .87). Expert coaches in Study 2 assessed novice rowers as having poorer technique compared to more advanced rowers. Cronbach's alpha was .97 indicating an internally consistent measure. Findings tentatively support the use of ARTY2 in distinguishing levels of technique, but further research is necessary across different ages and skill levels.

Talent identification and selection in soccer is typically based on subjective evaluations of experienced coaches. Recently, there has been a trend to complement these subjective assessments with objective tests. However, there is currently no comprehensive overview of the prognostic relevance of objective measurements in youth soccer. Therefore, the primary purpose of the current study was to systematically review published empirical studies related to the prognostic relevance of physiological (e.g. endurance and speed) and physical characteristics (i.e. height and weight). Of 6876 initially identified studies, nine articles were included. In those studies, endurance (nine studies), change of direction (seven), height (seven), and weight (seven) received the most meaningful consideration within the literature. In regard to physiological predictors, between 16 and 29 effect sizes were tested for endurance, sprint, and change of direction, and about half of them were found to be sign...

Researchers argue that sport must be deliberately structured to teach life skills. The purpose of this study was to examine differences in program quality and positive developmental outcomes across three youth programming contexts (intentional sport, non-intentional sport, intentional leadership) pertaining to the importance of intentionally teaching life skills. Researchers conducted 184 observations and 377 youth completed two questionnaires. Results indicated intentionally structured programs scored higher on program quality and PYD outcomes than non-intentionally structured programs, with intentional sport scoring significantly higher on some measures of program quality and PYD than leadership programs. Practical implications and future research areas are discussed.

The participation of children and young people in sport has been a perennial concern; despite claimed benefits, many sports have witnessed waning levels of participation. This is true of golf, with reports of dwindling numbers of juniors in clubs, especially girls. This article offers the first expert consensus study of approaches to increase the participation of juniors in golf. 29 professional golf coaches were led through an iterative process of prioritising their thoughts on two questions: ‘What should be done to attract more children and young people into golf?’ and ‘What barriers currently exist to more children and young people coming into golf?’. 10 themes emerged from this process for each question, with ‘Target children living close to the golf course’ and ‘Friends are not playing’ the strongest responses, respectively. The limited research into the participation of juniors is noteworthy, and it is hoped that the insights generated by this study contribute to a discussion about engaging and retaining juniors.

An overview of peer-reviewed research on the physical impact of training on adolescents.  Topics covered include: pros and cons of early specialization; growth, maturation, and selection; effects on bone density; risks of intensive training before puberty; cultural implications; and implications for sport psychology professionals.

Objectives
This study aimed to gain an in-depth understanding of overuse injuries in rhythmic gymnastics from a psychosocial perspective. More specifically, it examined how sport culture impacts overuse injuries.

Design
To develop an understanding of the culture of rhythmic gymnastics and gymnasts' behaviour within the context of this culture, ethnography was the chosen method and written product of this research.

Method
A 12-month ethnography was conducted in an elite rhythmic gymnastics club in Italy, with 43 participants, consisting of 16 gymnasts, three female coaches, one physiotherapist, 22 parents, and the club's president. Eight qualitative methods of data collection were used to provide rigor and depth. Following data transcription, a thematic analysis was conducted to identify the emergent themes. Findings are presented using ethnographic creative nonfiction for ethical, theoretical and practical reasons.

Results
Two stories were created portraying the same training session through the eyes of a gymnast and her coach. The stories reflect the differences in the interpretation of the same situations and the cultural norms, values and behaviours that influenced the occurrence and experience of overuse injuries.

Conclusions
This study extends research on overuse injuries in three ways: (a) it honours athletes as social agents by exploring the intersection between psychology and sociology, (b) it uses a rigorous methodology to elicit a more in-depth understanding of overuse injuries, and (c) it adopts an innovative form of representation to increase the accessibility of the findings to non-academic audiences.

Sport and physical activities offer a sensitive environment where the values of humanity, human rights, empathy and fair play come to the fore. However, at the same time the competition nature of sport and the interest of winning at any cost represent a risks of harm, especially for young preadolescent athletes. Therefore, the need arises to identify the main ethical conceptual and normative issues of the top youth sport. Our critical review of possible risk factors and empirical findings of semi-structured in-depth interviews with four top-level gymnastics' coaches showed that achievements of children in sport are the result of multiple factors driven by the main force of the ethics of maximum behind. Gymnasts' intrinsic motivation, pleasure to sport, persistent hard work, start at early age, and the role of parents are essential for success. However, the morality of the coach as a reflection of society values should be carefully considered in the future.

Knightly Weaponry Play - the Manual of Fencing and Archery for German Scouting

This is an instructional manual for the basic, fun, and clever wielding by youth of longsword, single stick, bow & arrow, and crossbow & bolt.  Published in Germany in 1935 as Ritterliche Waffenspiele (Knightly Weaponry Play), this second edition book was originally written by a patriotic forester, naturalist, and Scouting leader, Herr-Doktor Wilhelm Fabricius, who along with his faithful wife, Frau Anna Schweickhardt, worked to inspire their nation’s various juvenile environmental-survival fellowships & brotherhoods like Deutsche Freischar, Wandervögel, Deutsche Jungenschaft, Adler und Falken, Deutsches Jungvolk, Bündische Jugend, Pfadfinder (German Volunteers, Wandering Birds, German Youngship, Eagle and Falcons, German Youngfolk, League of Youth, Path-Finders = Scouts).  This little field manual, now exceedingly rare, was the combined 23rd/24th final volume of the once-popular series of the chocolate-bar-sized Scouting Rucksack-Bücherei (rucksack-library), codicologically remarkable for their finely wrought pictures and bold yet delicate fonts, plus archival quality paper and sturdy bindings.

Fabricius evidently wanted the German youth of his day to learn something of the noble and manly arts of combat pursued by Medieval German Ritter (knights).  Indeed, his book’s swordplay clearly interprets moves of Kunst des Fechtens (art of fencing/fighting) as illustrated centuries earlier by venerable Fechtmeister (fencing/fight-masters) like Hans Talhoffer (1467) and Joachim Meyer (1570 & 1600), and a probable Fechter & Ringer (fencer & wrestler) like Albrecht Dürer (1512).  All such were constituents of the array of martial arts correctly known as Ritterlich Kunst (Knightly/Chivalric Arts).  Howsoever imperfect his interpretation of those past teachings might be, Fabricius made up for it by his motivational vitality.

The goal of this book is juvenile martial prowess, which is the organic outcome of suprarational self-worth and historical curiosity leading to autodidactic achievement.  Training at such positive athletic activities makes for a higher quality citizen.  These were specifically intended, along with a kaleidoscopic variety of other worthwhile activities, to help the Scouts make themselves from boys into men for the benefit of, and to the credit of, their Volksgemeinschaft (ethnic community: i.e. Germany = nation, people, culture).  That said, weaponry play—with some vigorous wrestling along the way—simply makes for great joy!

The purpose of the study was to conduct a qualitative investigation into what factors affect middle distance runners in the transition from junior to senior athletics. The secondary purpose was to investigate how the nature of the Coach-athlete relationship may change during this period.
Whilst Existing literature has helped to significantly develop our understanding of the nature, content and correlates of both athletic transitions and the coach-athlete relationship (e.g. Čačija,2007; Jowett & Cockerill, 2002; Pummell, 2008; Stambulova, 2003 ). However, current literature fails to address how the transition from junior to senior competition and the significance of the coach-athlete relationship in facilitating the process may vary between different sports.  Furthermore, Lyle and Cushion (2010) have suggested that coaching can be better understood when the specific sporting environment in which athletes and coaches participate is considered. Poczwardowski , Barott, & Jowett (2007), suggest that future research should take into account differences between sports e.g. age groups, training demands, competition structures and performance pathways. Rich qualitative data was collected through six, face-to-face, semi structured interviews with three male and three female middle-distance runners. The raw data was then transcribed verbatim and analysed by using sentence categorisation ( Čačija,2007; Gratton & Jones, 2010). Quotations were used to underline the results. The results were divided into three categories:  factors affecting transition, coping strategies and coach athlete relationship: The results of the study indicate that athlete awareness about the transition from junior to senior sport was relatively low. However a majority of participants identified that there were clear differences between junior and senior levels of competition and training. Participants identified that that social formed a significant barrier to smooth transition.  As suggested by previous research athletes attributed successful transition with a strong coach-athlete relationship (Pummell, 2008). As suggested by Hogg (1995), athletes displayed signs of growing independence as the relationship progresses, however the ages at which these changes occur appear differ from hogs model, therefore the researcher presents a revised version of hogs model adapted to middle distance runners

The researcher discusses how the results of this study can be further strengthened by, and strengthens, the results of earlier studies and theory.  The researcher concludes the study, with research as a background and the results of the study as support, by presenting several implications of the results and makes recommendations for future research.

The lack of physical activity is an epidemic problem among American youth today. In order to combat this, many schools are incorporating youth running programs as a part of their comprehensive school physical activity programs. These youth running programs are being implemented before or after school, at school during recess at the elementary level, or as a community physical activity program at both the primary and secondary levels. This article highlights 13 nationwide youth running programs and 19 additional programs offered in geographic-specific locations within the United States. Moreover, many adult marathon races now provide a simple “Kid's Marathon” mileage training plan so that youth can try to accumulate 25 (or 25.2) miles in the weeks leading up to the race so they can then run their final 1.2 (or 1) mile at a youth race in conjunction with the marathon. A sampling of marathons that offer training plans prior to a youth race, as well as additional marathons offering youth races, is also provided.

The learner's guide reflects the tendencies of modernization of educational space and the adoption of the Third Generation Federal State Education Standard of the Higher Professional Education.
The system concept of the youth healthy life style presupposes the necessity of its adequate value and meaning orientation, the substantial analysis of such aspects, as the regime of life-sustaining activity, food hygiene, pernicious habits prevention, and motion activity. Considerable attention has been given to health-improving physical training. Techniques, exercises, forms of trainings are under consideration. Various kinds of physical training, innovative technologies of health-improvement, training analysis with special medical group are presented. To gain a better perception of the material it is illustrated by tables and drawings. Theoretical aspects are combined with practical recommendations, fragments of scientific researches. The learner's guide will be useful for teachers of physical training, instructors, students, and also for everybody who wants to be healthy.
Учебное пособие отражает тенденции модернизации образовательного пространства, перехода к ФГОС ВПО третьего поколения. Системный взгляд на здоровый образ жизни молодежи предполагает необходимость ее адекватной ценностно-смысловой ориентации, содержательного анализа таких аспектов, как режим жизнедеятельности, гигиена питания, профилактика вредных привычек, двигательная активность. Большое внимание уделяется оздоровительной физической культуре. Рассматриваются методики, упражнения, формы организации занятий. Представлены разнообразные виды физической культуры, инновационные технологии оздоровления, особенности работы со специальной медицинской группой. Для лучшего восприятия материал иллюстрирован таблицами и рисунками. Теоретические аспекты сочетаются с практическими рекомендациями, фрагментами научных исследований. Учебное пособие будет полезно преподавателям физической культуры, инструкторам, студентам, а также всем, кто хочет быть здоровым.

Developmentally Appropriate' is one of those phrases, isn't it? It is a phrase that is simultaneously compelling and artfully vague. 'Child-centred' is another; 'Individualised' and 'personalised', too. Their power lies partly in the fact that they capture a quality that most of us would simply take for granted as a good thing. After all, who would knowingly advocate inappropriate activities? An inherent problem with these sorts of concepts, though, is that their very credibility can mean that they are not fully examined. When this happens important, even crucial ideas are in danger of becoming empty clichés. With this concern in mind, I want to save 'developmentally
appropriate sport' from the curse of credibility, so that it can
offer direction and guidance for teachers and coaches as they
plan and deliver their work with young people. In doing so, I
offer my interpretation of research from a number of relevant
fields, such as psychology, anatomy, physiology, and sport
pedagogy. I claim no final authority here. On the contrary, this
article will have fulfilled its purpose if it stimulated others to
articulate the principles of 'developmentally appropriate' more
coherently that I have here.

Sport talent identification and development (TI and TD) in youth continues to attract strong interest among coaches, sport scientists and sport administrators. TI for sport in youth with the anticipation of future elite level sport achievement is both an art and a science, and is strongly influenced by within athlete and extraneous-to-athlete factors (ecosystem of support or the lack of). The returns from investment on current TI and TD models of sport in youth are subpar in that few continue in the sport to achieve podium positions at the elite sport level in adulthood. Why, where and how one succeeds in sport, and what that success means to the athlete and stakeholders are dependent on the culture and context of the country. We advocate harnessing the power of sport to help in youth development, to be holistic in its nurturance, to allow for individual idiosyncratic expressions of the athletes, to provide for talent transfer across sport, and to facilitate key stakeholders to &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;join&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; hands to work for the common interest and understanding for as many youth and adults so as to provide them with opportunities through support and coaching to compete at the different levels of competition in sport. Governments, policy makers and administrators of sport must decide, within their specific circumstances, if TI and TD in sport in youth is serving a meaningful purpose and is a viable return on investment; in short, is it mission possible or is it… a quest for the Holy Grail for a podium finish in elite level sport competition?

Introduction
Dropping out of sports in adolescence represents a risk factor for the development of adolescents, but also a problem for the sports community in the form of a limited selection of players for senior competitions and national teams. Self-Determination Theory assumes that there are three universal psychological needs that affect the activities and intentions of an individual: need for relatedness, competence and autonomy. In this study, this model has been expanded by the need to enjoy sports, as a basic hedonistic need, which plays an important role in adolescence behavior. Given the high percentage of adolescents who drop out of sports in this period, this study examines the predictive role of basic psychological needs in sports in the intention of young athletes to drop out of sports.
Method
The sample consisted of 245 athletes (volleyball=129, handball=116), of which 124 girls, from Vojvodina, an average age of 14 years. In order to assess the basic psychological needs in sports (competence, relatedness, and autonomy), Basic Need Satisfaction in Sport Scale (BNSSS, Ng, Losdale, & Hodge, 2011) and subscale Enjoyment from Sport Commitment Questionnaire-2 (Scanlan et al., 2015) were applied.
Results with discussion
The need for competence, relatedness, autonomy and enjoyment were considered as predictive variables, while the intention to drop out of sports (estimated on a five-point scale) as criteria variable. The results of regression analysis show that this predictive model is statistically significant, F(4.239)=13.73, p=.00, and explains 18.7% variance. Significant predictors of the intention to drop out of sports were need for enjoyment,β=-.197, p=.00, competence,β=-127, p=.02, and autonomy, β=- 119, p=.02.
Conclusion
Unsatisfied basic psychological needs lead to higher intention to drop out of sports in adolescence. The results are in line with previous research (Brustad et al., 2001; Sol Avarez, et al., 2012) and call for redefining training processes with young athletes.
Key words: autonomy, competence, enjoyment in sports, sports needs, young athletes
Literature
Sol Alvarez, M., Balaguer, I., Castillo, I., & Duda, J.L. (2012). The Coach-Created Motivational Climate, Young Athletes' Well-Being, and Intentions to Continue Participation. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 6, 166-179.
Brustad, R. J., & Partridge, J. A. (2002). Parental and peer influence on children's psychosocial development through sport. In F. L. Smoll, & R. E. Smith (Eds.), Children and youth in sport: A biopsychosocial perspective (2nd ed.) (pp. 187-210).

An important characteristic and intensifying trend in the twenty-first century within Western sporting cultures is an increase in the range and diversity of sports practices, particularly more informal and individualistic activities. A vibrant example of this trend is the emergence and growth of what the academic and popular literature has variously termed extreme, alternative, adventure and lifestyle sports. In this chapter we consider the growing popularity and significance of these sports, illustrating their impact on the contemporary sporting landscape. First, we explore what lifestyle sports are and the ways in which they have impacted contemporary youth lifestyles, focusing on the UK, where much of our own research has been conducted and North America, where many of these sports originated and have had most impact on the sportscape. We consider how we can understand and conceptualise the youth (sub)cultures and identities that underpin them, and highlight some of the key trends in their development, including commercialisation. Second, the chapter reviews literature on lifestyle sports as an urban spatial practice and the attendant cultural politics associated with youth lifestyles expressed in urban environments through street sports like skateboarding and parkour/free-running. Third, acknowledging the virtual/real interface at the forefront of youth identities and experiences, we consider the role of digital media in fuelling the popularity, culture and economy of lifestyle sports.

In this article I present an analysis of how traditionally run competitive, organized team sports reproduce multiple socionegative effects for youth who play them. After explicating how the structure and culture of traditionally run competitive team sports operates in western cultures, I explain that cultural resistance toward changing sport is beginning to wane. I analyze a consumer-oriented neoliberal approach to transforming these negative outcomes of youth sport through the creation of a new sporting organization, i9 sports. I draw on this example to conclude that structural and cultural changes to youth sport are increasingly viable for at least middle and upper class parents who are critical of traditional sport options and to initiate a conversation about consumer-led social change initiatives in youth sport.

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La pratique sportive comme moyen pour contribuer au développement d’un individu est la pierre d’assise de ce projet de recherche. Découlant d’une hausse d’intérêt envers la pratique sportive organisée et encadrée (ParticipACTION, 2015), une tendance nouvelle se dessine : la multiplications des programmes sportifs hautement spécialisés, bâtis et imaginés pour maximiser le potentiel sportif des jeunes athlètes, sans égard à leur participation sportive à long terme ou à leur développement psychosocial (Côté & Hancock, 2016). Au Québec, le programme Sport-études a vu le jour au milieu des années 80 afin de répondre aux besoins croissants d’élèves-athlètes souhaitant s’engager dans une démarche d’excellence sportive, sans pour autant délaisser les bancs d’école. Au fil des années, ce projet à vocation particulière a grandement évolué de manière à permettre, annuellement, à plus de 5000 élèves de niveau secondaire de pratiquer leur discipline de prédilection de façon intensive. Si des mesures spéciales sont prises pour intégrer le sport à leur horaire scolaire quotidien, les exigences en terme de temps consacré à l’entrainement dès l’entrée au secondaire ainsi qu’un contexte fortement incliné vers la performance porte à réflexion. Quels sont les effets de la participation à ce programme sur le développement des élèves-athlètes?

Pour répondre à cette question, la théorie bioécologique du développement humain (Bronfenbrenner & Morris, 2006) est adoptée comme lentille théorique. Celle-ci, combinée avec l’approche par développement positif de l’adolescent (J. V. Lerner, Phelps, Forman, & Bowers, 2009) et du modèle développemental de la participation sportive (Côté & Fraser-Thomas, 2016) nous offre les outils pour décrire les conditions de participation de ce programme, mieux comprendre l’environnement dans lequel l’élève-athlète évolue ainsi que les expériences développementales qu’il vit.  Ainsi, nous avons d’abord effectué une analyse documentaire des programmes de soutien au développement de l’excellence que chaque fédération sportive doit soumettre pour être mandataire du programme Sport-études. Le fruit de cette analyse nous a permis de positionner le programme Sport-études comme un programme résolument axé vers l’excellence sportive. Ensuite, nous avons distribué un questionnaire en ligne à 226 élèves-athlètes âgés de 11 et 17 ans (M=15,08, ÉT=1,46) de deux établissements scolaires différents. Ce questionnaire nous a permis d’évaluer les conditions de participation, les expériences développementales vécues (D. J. MacDonald, Côté, Eys, & Deakin, 2012), les sources de plaisir liées à la pratique sportive (Wiersma, 2001) ainsi que la perception du soutien à l’autonomie de l’entraineur (Hagger et al., 2007). Pour compléter notre méthodologie, nous avons mené deux entretiens de groupes (N=15) avec des élèves-athlètes de cinquième secondaire. Durant ces entrevues nous avons repris les thèmes abordés dans le questionnaire en ligne, en plus d’aborder la relation avec les parents.

En résumé, nous constatons que le programme Sport-études induit résolument une approche par spécialisation et investissement hâtif en ayant des conditions de participation sportive intensive dès l’entrée au secondaire. Si cette approche convient pour l’atteinte de l’expertise de certains sports comme la gymnastique (Law, Côté, & Ericsson, 2008), elle comporte son lot d’effets négatifs telles les blessures sportives et le stress (Hecimovich, 2004), deux éléments que nous avons observé. Malgré cette approche, les élèves-athlètes ont rapporté des expériences plutôt positives – l’initiative et la capacité à se fixer des objectifs obtenant les meilleurs scores – et semblent tirer leur plaisir de sources motivationnelles intrinsèques. Les relations avec les agents socialisants déterminants – parents et entraineurs – nous ont apparu comme positives. La nature du sport s’est avérée la variable contrôle engendrant le plus de différences significatives. De manière générale, les élèves-athlètes de sports individuels semblent avoir une expérience significativement plus positive que ceux de sports d’équipe. La dichotomie entre les exigences des sports d’équipe et les conditions de pratique sportive intensive semble être l’explication la plus plausible pour expliquer ces différences. En conclusion, si la mission de concilier avec succès le sport et les études tout en maintenant un équilibre de vie est atteinte, une meilleure organisation des conditions de participation pour répondre aux besoins particuliers de chaque sport est à considérer, sans quoi la participation à long terme et le développement psychosocial des élèves-athlètes pourraient être compromis.


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Sport as a means to foster youth development is fundamental to this research project. In regards to the growing popularity toward organised sport practice among youth (ParticipACTION, 2015), a new trend has arisen: the proliferation of highly specialized sport programs, built and thought of as a way to maximise youth’s performance potential, regardless of their long term sport participation or personal development (Côté & Hancock, 2016). In Québec, the programme Sport-études saw the light in the mid-80’s with the sole purpose of addressing a fast growing need in the sport community, that is: to help youth committed to excellence in sport pursue their goals without hindering their educational process. As time passed, this program grew to a point where, yearly, more than 5 000 student-athletes (age 12 to 17) benefit from the special circumstances within which they can fully commit to a single sport. If that intensive training regimen is well integrated to the student-athlete’s daily school schedule, we question the early specialisation and investment that seems to be encouraged by the program’s own settings. Therefore, we seek to understand what the impacts are of programme Sport-études’s participation on youth development?

The developmental process is the heart of our interests. To assess it, we align this project within the bioecological model of human development (Bronfenbrenner & Morris, 2006). Also, we integrate knowledge from the positive youth development literature (J. V. Lerner et al., 2009) as well as the Developmental Model of Sport Participation (Côté & Fraser-Thomas, 2016). Combined all together, these conceptual tools will help us effectively describe program’s orientations, the sport’s environment as well as student-athlete’s developmental experiences.

To answer the main question of our research, we first conducted an analysis of documents that sport federations need to submit to be admitted as a part of the programme Sport-études. By doing so, we confirmed that this program firmly supports the sport expertise development pathway. Thereafter, we distributed an online questionnaire to 226 students-athletes aged between 11 and 17 years old (M=15.08, SD=1.46) from two different schools. This questionnaire helped us evaluate sport’s setting, sources of enjoyment (Wiersma, 2001), developmental experiences (D. J. MacDonald et al., 2012) and perceived coach-autonomy support (Hagger et al., 2007). To complete our methodology, we organised focus groups of student-athletes in their final year of the programme Sport-études (N=15). For these groups our in-depth discussion focused mainly around some of the items from questionnaire, as well as the relationships with parents in the sport’s settings.

With regards to the settings of the sport, we noted that the program Sport-études indeed encouraged an early specialization and investment approach. Even if such an approach can be beneficial to attain sport expertise in certain sports like gymnastics (Law et al., 2008), literature pinpoints that it can be detrimental for most of the others, notably reducing health and inducing stress (Hecimovich, 2004), two elements that emerge from our analysis. That said, even within these settings, student-athletes still reported more positives experiences – initiative and goal-setting as the most important – than negatives and seemed to draw the enjoyment mainly from intrinsic sources. Other than that, we noted that relationships with parents and coaches were both positive and, as expected (Côté, 1999, 2002) evolved over time. One of our main findings was a significant difference between the perception of the environment of athletes involved with individual sports and those who participate in a team sport. Generally speaking, the first had a much more positive perception than the latter. To explain that, we hypothesize that the environment within the program Sport-études are well suited for individual sport, but failed to meet the needs of team sports – too much practice, too early in youth’s sport development, we might suggest.

As a concluding comment, if the main purpose of program Sport-études is to offer a way to combine success in school and sport, and all that with something of a life equilibrium, it is partly working. To ensure the maximum benefit of sport participation – performance, long term participation and personal development – a higher consideration of the setting of the sport must be taken into account, especially to be better tailored on each sport’s need in terms of development.

Research suggests participation in youth sport does not guarantee physical activity (PA) guidelines are met. Studies indicate few children achieve recommended levels of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) during their youth sport involvement, and habitual levels of MVPA are below the recommended 60 min per day. Informed by self-determination theory, this study examined whether the coach-created social environment and related player motivation predict variability in objectively measured MVPA within the youth sport setting. Seventy three male youth sport footballers (Mean age = 11.66 ± 1.62) completed a multisection questionnaire assessing their perceptions of the social environment created in youth sport (autonomy supportive and controlling) and motivation towards their football participation (autonomous and controlled). Intensity of PA during youth sport was measured using accelerometers (GT3X, ActiGraph). Results supported a model in which perceptions of autonomy support ...

Youth sports-related injuries represent a major public health challenge, and overuse injuries, which result from repetitive microtrauma and insufficient rest, are a particular and growing concern. Overuse injuries are increasingly prevalent within youth sports, can lead to lifelong disabilities, and are almost entirely preventable. We explore the question of whether parents, who have been shown to significantly influence their children's sports experiences and behaviors, can be held responsible for overuse injuries. We also discuss the role of other actors, including medical practitioners and coaches, and the duties that they may have to prevent such injuries to child athletes. We argue that, in many cases, contributions to overuse injuries are the result of non-culpable ignorance, and that a better way to help prevent overuse injuries may be to enact policies that educate parents, as well as schools, coaches, and organizations, about overuse injuries.

Although evidence supports the effectiveness of interpersonal Coach Development Programmes (CDPs), which are designed to foster coach-athlete relationships, an intervention&#39;s impact is shaped by numerous factors over and above effectiveness. The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the extent that published articles describing interpersonal CDP trials reported on indicators of internal and external validity, as conceptualised in the RE-AIM framework (ie, Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation and Maintenance). The search strategy was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines, involving a database search and supplemental manual search of key articles and journals. After initial screening, the full-text search strategy involved identifying articles describing CDP trials and then selecting a specific subgroup of articles involving interpersonal CDP trials and excluding ineligible articles. Resulting ...

Recent media coverage and peer-reviewed research has called attention to Canadian minor
hockey, highlighting problematic parent behaviours. The purpose of this study was to explore
negative parental behaviour in Canadian minor hockey through the perspectives of 10 hockey
insiders. Results revealed negative parent behaviours related to stakeholder abuse, excessive
investments and rewards, over-stepping coaching lines, and encouragement of aggression.
Participants provided insight into the motives behind these behaviours including the lure of
professional sport, the hockey hierarchy, parents’ return on hockey investments, and living
vicariously through one’s children. Participants also proposed potential solutions to prevent and
manage these issues including effective parent education programs with targeted curricular
content, and stronger systems for reporting and discipline. Findings are discussed through the
lens of the what, why, and how of negative parental behaviours in youth sport, and
contextualized within the current changing climate of minor hockey in Canada.

The social identities formed through membership on extracurricular activity groups may contribute to the frequency with which youth engage in prosocial and antisocial behavior. However, researchers have yet to disentangle the individual- and group-level processes social identification effects operate through; sex and perceived norms may also moderate such effects. Thus, we investigated the hierarchical and conditional relations between three dimensions of social identity (i.e., ingroup ties, cognitive centrality, ingroup affect) and prosocial and antisocial behavior in youth ice hockey players (N = 376; 33% female). Multilevel analyses demonstrated antisocial teammate and opponent behavior were predicted by cognitive centrality at the team level. Further, prosocial teammate behavior was predicted by cognitive centrality and ingroup ties at the individual-level. Also, perceived norms for prosocial teammate behavior moderated the relations between ingroup ties, cognitive centrality, a...

There is mounting evidence that sports participation benefits children and young people. These benefits include improved physical health, enhanced self-esteem and self-efficacy, more effective life and social skills and better grades at school. There is concern however that children and young people do not always experience sports participation positively.  There seems to be a fundamental shift of emphasis from a dominant conception of sport as playful, fun-orientated activities, primarily led by the children themselves, towards highly structured training programmes and competitions organised by adults.

The idea of early specialisation and intensive training in one sport from an early age has become increasingly common. The attraction for children and their parents seem obvious. The pursuit of early elite sporting success, athletic scholarships and professional contracts as well as the social prestige and financial security that come with them can be compelling. The tales of athletes who succeed first in sports and then in life have become the stuff of Hollywood movies. Add to this the perception that foreign competitors are training harder, more intensively and from an earlier age, and the tendency towards the early specialisation is hardly surprising.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of parents of elite specializing stage youth footballers. Design: A descriptive phenomenological approach guided the study design. Methods: Data from interviews with five mothers and five fathers of youth players registered to English football academies were analysed using descriptive phenomenological analysis (Giorgi, 2009). Results: Three essences characterized the phenomenon of being a parent of an elite youth footballer: parent socialization into elite youth football culture; enhanced parental identity; and increased parental responsibility. Parents' socialization into the football academy culture was facilitated by their interaction with coaches and parent peers, highlighting the social nature of parenting. Being the parent of a child identified as talented meant that parents experienced enhanced status and a heightened responsibility to facilitate his development. Although parents were compelled to support their son in football, their instinct to protect their child meant they experienced uncertainty regarding the commitment required to play at an academy, given the potential for negative consequences. Together, these findings illustrate that parents experienced a transition as their son progressed into the specialization stage of football. We postulate that formal recognition of a child as talented contributed to this transition, and that knowledge of sport and perception of the parent-child relationship shaped how parents adapted. Conclusions: This study provides a new way of understanding the psychological phenomena of parenting in elite youth football. Implications for practitioners working with parents in sport are provided.

Soccer is considered as the vehicle for developing everyday life skills such as the coordinative abilities which are required in everyday life. This ability enables the control of motor actions. An important component of coordinative skills is the balance which is responsible for the protection of injuries, and improvement of technical ability. It has been found that soccer develops the balance of the players. However, practice sessions do not include specialized balance training. The aim of the current study was to examine if soccer practice through small-sided games improve the balance of young players. The results indicated a significant improvement of both the right and left foot balance (p< .005). Furthermore, the study concluded a tendency for better balance for players with low levels of height, weight, and high rates of vertical jump.

Involvement in organized sport can be highly demanding for young athletes who encounter
many difficult situations and stressors. This can be exacerbated among youth athletes who
have been recruited into talent-identification youth sport programs. Given that there are a
range of negative consequences that can result when talent-identified (TI) youth athletes are
unable to cope with the stressors they encounter, additional support is therefore necessary.
Parents are uniquely situated to assist in this regard, but they are not always equipped to
provide optimal levels of support. Therefore, the aim of this study was to understand the experiences
of being a TI youth athlete and present the findings as “lessons” for parents seeking to
enhance their involvement in TI youth sport settings. This article reports on qualitative data
collected from the 1st year of a 3-year longitudinal study involving TI youth athletes from
South Australia. Fifty male athletes (M age = 14.6 years) participated in focus groups to hear
their experiences of being a TI youth athlete and understand what difficulties they want their
parents to know. From the thematic analysis, 3 major themes were identified from the focus
groups with TI youth athletes: (a) difficulties with being talented, (b) negotiating the future,
and (c) playing for improvement. From the findings, a number of lessons for parents and
youth sport organizations are offered to assist the transmission of knowledge to an applied
setting.

A problemática da competição para crianças e jovens é um tema bastante explorado na literatura e que se mantém vivo na sua expressão prática. Neste trabalho, tenho por objetivo analisar uma competição de basquetebol, no escalão de Sub-14 Masculinos, sublinhando vantagens e desvantagens dos quadros competitivos atuais, ao mesmo tempo que aponto soluções para uma reformulação dos mesmos.

It has been suggested that sport is increasingly becoming a ‘no-touch zone’ as some coaches, driven by a desire for self-protection, restrict their use of physical contact with (child) athletes in the belief that this reduces their risk of being accused of abuse. Research on coach-athlete physical contact is limited, however, and no studies have yet explored how athletes’ parents understand such behaviours. This paper reports on a study that investigates athletes’ parents’ perspectives of appropriate coach-athlete physical contact within youth swimming. Parents constructed physical contact as necessary and legitimate in three specific contexts and drew on children’s rights principles to rationalise this. The paper discusses the significance of this and explores the benefits of adopting child-centred coaching practices.

Youth have very high participation and injury rates in sport. Sport is the leading cause of injury in youth. Sport injury reduces future participation in physical activity which adversely affects future health. Sport injury may lead to overweight/obesity and post-traumatic osteoarthritis. The objective of the systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the efficacy of injury prevention neuromuscular training strategies in youth sport. Three electronic databases were systematically searched up to September 2014. Studies selected met the following criteria: original data; analytic prospective design; investigated a neuromuscular training prevention strategy intervention(s) and included outcomes for injury sustained during sport participation. Two authors assessed the quality of evidence using Downs and Black (DB) criteria. Meta-analyses including randomised controlled trials only (RCTs) to ensure study design homogeneity were completed for lower extremity and knee injury outco...

To provide an evidence-based review of muscle metabolism changes with sex-, age- and maturation with reference to the development of youth sport performance. A narrative review of data from both invasive and non-invasive studies, from 1970 to 2015, founded on personal databases supported with computer searches of PubMed and Google Scholar. Youth sport performance is underpinned by sex-, age- and maturation-related changes in muscle metabolism. Investigations of muscle size, structure and metabolism; substrate utilisation; pulmonary oxygen uptake kinetics; muscle phosphocreatine kinetics; peak anaerobic and aerobic performance; and fatigue resistance; determined using a range of conventional and emerging techniques present a consistent picture. Age-related changes have been consistently documented but specific and independent maturation-related effects on muscle metabolism during exercise have proved elusive to establish. Children are better equipped for exercise supported primarily ...