Youth Sports

of sportsmanship, ethical conductand moral character. Athletes would be former student-athletes who are being nominated for their achievements in interscholastic athletics. Coaches would be considered on the mehts of their high school coach- ing achievements only and officials on the basis of their service as a high school official.

La salinización del suelo es una problemática a nivel mundial, regional, y local para la agricultura, ya que provoca la degradación de las propiedades físicas, químicas y mecánicas del suelo, esta investigación tiene como objetivo evaluar el efecto de diferentes niveles de materia orgánica, iones sulfatos en la nutrición, el mejoramiento de las condiciones del suelo y el rendimiento del cultivo de arroz (Oryza sativa L.). Se realizaron análisis de propiedades físicas, químicas del suelo, mediciones biométricas de altura de planta, diámetro del tallo, número de hojas, para lo cual se utilizó un diseño (DBCA) y prueba de Tukey, con nivel de significancia de p < 0.05. Para analizar los resultados se utilizó el software Infostat. Las muestras de suelo se tomaron de Crucita-Correagua, Manabí, Ecuador, utilizando semillas de la variedad INIAP 18. El análisis químico del suelo reveló un pH 7.24, con una saturación (PSI) 23.86 %. El tratamiento que incorporó 40 t ha⁻¹ de materia orgánica (T5) presentó mayor (CICE), alcanzando valores de 36.77 cmol/dm³. El tratamiento T1, los niveles de nitrógeno (N), potasio (K⁺) y azufre (S) fueron adecuados, con valores de 3.11 %, 1.52 % y 0.26 %, respectivamente. Los elementos calcio (Ca²⁺), fósforo (P) y magnesio (Mg²⁺) mostraron niveles superiores en rangos recomendados, aunque sin ocasionar problemas fisiológicos en las plantas. Por otro lado, los micronutrientes cobre (Cu²⁺), boro (B), hierro (Fe³⁺), zinc (Zn²⁺), manganeso (Mn²⁺) se encontraron dentro de los rangos óptimos, con valores de 11.00 ppm, 12.30 ppm, 232.00 ppm, 37.00 ppm y 66.00 ppm, respectivamente. Se concluye que el uso de fertilizantes con sulfatos en el tratamiento T1 no afectó significativamente el pH, manteniéndose en 7.20, lo que demuestra que estos iones mantienen el equilibrio de los radicales H + y OH -permitiendo que las plantas tengan una adecuada nutrición y un mejor crecimiento.

Book of Abstracts of the 2nd International Conference Ethics, Bioethics and Sport held in Croatia (22-23 March 2019) Keynote speakers: Mike McNamee (Swansea University, UK/ KU Leuven, Belgium) and Jim Parry (Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic/ Leeds University, UK) Invited speakers: Irena Martynkova (Charles University in Prague); Gilles Lecocq (University of Paris Seine, France); Nenad Dikić (Anti-doping Agency Serbia); Lev Kreft (University of Ljubljana, Slovenia)..

The overall purpose of the present study was to explore the behaviour, comments and unsporting reactions of parent-spectators at football matches. For this, a non-participant naturalistic observation was carried out on 52 groups of parent-spectators of Spanish grassroots football. The observations were supplemented by informal interviews with three referees, a field delegate and three sports facility workers. The results of the study show, on one hand, how parent-spectators often make negative comments about referees, coaches and players. They ridicule and complain about referees' actions to pressure in favour of their team and may also make gratuitous remarks about their physical appearance. Parent-spectators criticise and occasionally even insult coaches, belittling some of their decisions and even supplanting them in their comments to the players in their team. Players of the opposing team receive negative comments for unsporting actions and those in their own team may receive negative comments on their play. Parent-spectators remain passive in the face of their own and other children's negative behaviour and may even unconsciously encourage unsporting behaviour in players and coaches. This study examines different implications for the improvement of the social-moral climate at grassroots football matches.

This study aimed to describe and analyse the disciplinary sanctions received by grassroots soccer coaches in the Valencian Community (Spain) over five seasons. Specific objectives included determining the influence of format (8-aside or 11-aside), age (U7, U9, U11, U13, U15, and U18), sex category (male or female), and sanction severity (mild [one to four matches] or serious [five matches to a full season]). A study was conducted based on referees' records from 275,844 games played in 1401 league competitions during five subsequent seasons between 2014 and 2019 in Valencia (Spain). A total of 3563 sanctions were recorded by matchday referees, with the majority being minor offences (92.93%) and most being imposed on 11-aside soccer coaches (87%). The most frequent reasons for sanctions pertained to protests to referees (28%); dismissal due to double reprimands (26.40%); contemptuous and inconsiderate attitudes towards referees, including insults and threats (19.53%); and direct sending-offs (8.84%). Significantly more mild sanctions were found than serious ones, with more sanctions emerging in the 11-aside soccer than in the 8-aside soccer and the men's category compared to the women's category. Finally, we found significantly more sanctions in the U18 men's category compared to all other younger age categories and in the U15 men's category compared to the U7, U9 and U9-U11 female categories (p < .05).

Purpose: Identifying antisocial behaviour among child and youth players is crucial for managing and fostering a safe, supportive, and enjoyable sport. This study aimed to describe and analyse the disciplinary sanctions received by players in Spanish grassroots soccer competitions (6-18 years old). Methodology: Referee records from 275,844 games across 1,401 league competitions during five subsequent seasons were examined using ANOVA and Tukey's HSD post hoc test. Findings: A total of 53,031 sanctions were documented, primarily mild (93.33%). The most common mild sanctions resulted from card accumulation (41.8%), double warning (24.5%), violent or dangerous play (6.5%), and contemptuous and inconsiderate attitudes towards referees (5.5%). Assaults (3.3%) and insults and serious offences (2.7%) received serious sanctions from referees. Severe sanctions (0.004%) were anecdotal. Furthermore, we found significantly (p < .05) more sanctions in 11-aside soccer than in 8-aside, in boys versus girls' categories, and U18 and U15 boys' groups compared to younger age categories. Practical implications: The strategies adopted for improving sportsmanship should especially target players in the U18 and U15 male categories and those who are repeat offenders. Our findings can be used to guide the prevention and intervention efforts of all institutions and agents with responsibilities in children's sports education.

Purpose: This study tested two hypotheses relating young athletes' sports motivations to parental behaviors and cognitive appraisal: (1) young athletes' motivation in sports is related to their parents' behavior; and (2) this relationship is mediated by cognitive appraisal, even after controlling for competitive level and sports records. Method: This cross-sectional study included 673 young athletes and it measured the athletes' perceptions of parental behaviors, cognitive appraisal, and sports motivation. Results: Structural equation modeling confirmed Hypothesis 1 --the mother's behaviors accounted for 15 to 16% of the variance in sports motivation, and the father's behaviors accounted for 12 to 21% of the variance. The correlation patterns differed according to whether the athletes were evaluating the mother's or father's behaviors. Hypothesis 2 also was confirmed, for cognitive appraisal partially mediated the relationship between the perception of parental behaviors and sports motivation (34% of the variance was accounted for by the perception of the mother's behavior; 30% by the father's). The mediating model did not vary with competitive level or sports records. Conclusion: Parental behaviors and cognitive appraisal need to be taken into account to understand young athletes' sports motivations.

This study uses National Sports and Society Survey (N = 3993) data and regression analyses to investigate the racial/ethnic diversity of sport participation experiences, perceptions of the impact of one's athletic experiences, and beliefs about the effectiveness of sports in bringing different racial/ethnic groups together. We find that people overwhelmingly believe that sports bring different racial/ethnic groups together. Also, most individuals believe their athletic experiences improved their understandings of people of other races and backgrounds. While racial/ethnic diversity in sport seems to matter, subjective perceptions of the effects of one's athletic experiences on understanding people of other races and backgrounds are more closely connected to one's general beliefs about sports bringing different racial/ethnic groups together.

Treatment of OA incorporates patient training, weight the executives, prescriptions, restorative activity, actual modalities, orthosis, and surgery. A total of 51 individuals were enrolled in the study after signing consent form. Out of which, 40 individuals diagnosed as chronic knee OA completed the whole interventional program which lasted for 4 weeks and the data for them was analyzed statistically. From the 40 individuals, 20 who were not using knee sleeve previously were assigned to group A which were only given strengthening exercises. The remaining 20 in group B who were using neoprene knee sleeve with patella relief. The questions ask in this part of KOOS was about lifestyle modification to avoid potential damage to the knee, about lack of confidence in your knee and difficulty faced with your knee and how often the individual is aware of their knee problems. As we discussed before, 55% individuals could not modify which indirectly hampered their level of confidence and the difficulty face were increased while walking. When score on the last day was compared between group A & B, pain, symptoms, Neoprene knee sleeve with patella relief could not add any extra effect to improve balance in individuals with chronic knee OA. Strengthening exercises given in both the group has improved balance but no additional effect of neoprene knee sleeve with patella relief is seen in group B. In the exercises group (A) only strengthening exercises were given. These exercises have helped to reduce pain, improve proprioception, balance and functional activity.

Using U.S. survey data (N = 3849), this study examined recognized sports-related mistreatment, investigated risk factors for it, and offered descriptive evidence of types of mistreatment and reasons for mistreatment. Logistic regression analyses emphasized social structural characteristics, childhood contexts that included youth sports experiences, and social and sport contexts in adulthood as predictors of mistreatment. Findings highlight that sports-related mistreatment is common. Evidence suggests greater risks for mistreatment for males and individuals who identify as a sexual minority, have health problems or disabilities, and have dealt with weightrelated stigma and pressures. It also seems to be more common among those who are less popular and less athletic while growing up. Although sports-related mistreatment frequently occurs in various settings and contexts, elite sport contexts and more competitive settings may be more prone for mistreatment. Overall, these results suggest that the structures, cultures, and interactions surrounding sports need to become more focused on enhancing positive development, safety, inclusivity, and participant well-being.

Context: There is increased growth in sports participation across the globe. Sports specialization patterns, which include year-round training, participation on multiple teams of the same sport, and focused participation in a single sport at a young age, are at high levels. The need for this type of early specialized training in young athletes is currently under debate. Evidence Acquisition: Nonsystematic review. Study Design: Clinical review. Level of Evidence: Level 4. Conclusion: Sports specialization is defined as year-round training (greater than 8 months per year), choosing a single main sport, and/or quitting all other sports to focus on 1 sport. Specialized training in young athletes has risks of injury and burnout, while the degree of specialization is positively correlated with increased serious overuse injury risk. Risk factors for injury in young athletes who specialize in a single sport include year-round single-sport training, participation in more competition, decreas...

Growing numbers of youth participating in competitive, organized physical activity have led to a concern for the risk of sports-related injuries during important periods of human development. Recent studies have demonstrated the ability of integrative neuromuscular training (INT) to enhance athletic performance and reduce the risk of sports-related injuries in youth. Successful implementation of INT necessitates instruction from knowledgeable and qualified instructors who understand the unique physical, cognitive, and psychosocial characteristics of the youth to provide appropriate training instruction and feedback. Principles of a classical theory of cognitive development provide a useful context for discussion of developmentally appropriate methods and strategies for INT instruction of youth. INT programs that consider these developmentally appropriate approaches will provide a controlled efficacious environment for youth to improve athletic performance and reduce risk of sports-r...

Racism is a profound mechanism that contributes to poor health and quality of life outcomes for children, adolescents, and emerging adults. Negative impacts of racism on youth influence identity development, psychopathology, and other chronic stressors that arise from entrenched systems of inequity. Racism is compounded by multiple forms of discrimination whereby members of ethnic and religious minorities can also become victims of discrimination based on age, disability, gender, class, or sexual orientation. The dehumanising effect of racism includes the process of 'othering', where youth from racial/ethnic backgrounds can be treated as a member of the 'out-group' as compared to an 'in-group', which situates them away from the promise of community. As physical education and youth sport are visible spaces for interaction with diverse youth, it is imperative for teachers, coaches, mentors, and other leaders to understand the mechanisms by which racism is created and sustained. Similarly, these leaders must be reflective, proactive, and transformative to create a culture of anti-racism in physical education and youth sport. To help ensure this, programmes focused on young people should include 1) improving overall racial literacy and content knowledge, 2) using language that addresses racism and Whiteness, 3) implementing curriculum and lesson approaches that are inclusive of racial and ethnic identities of students in the community, along with contexts that address systemic racism, 4) an examination of race in youth sport to deconstruct socially constructed ideologies and barriers to anti-racism, and 5) and intersectional approaches to address the diverse backgrounds and perspectives of young people.

The purpose of this paper is to make a study on opinions of Youth Services and Provincial Directors of Sports related to decentralization of sports services according to demographical variables like educational background, age, total professional working period, and working period as a director. While the population of the study consists of 81 Youth Services and Provincial Directors of Sports from all over Turkey, the sample of the study consists of 49 Youth Services and Provincial Directors. While assessing research data of the scale that was used as data collection tool in research, Kruskal Wallis analysis was used in order to determine the relationship between sub-dimensions and variables and Mann Whitney U test was used in order to determine the source of significance as a result of analysis. As a result of the study, it was determined that the provincial directors who are 40 or above have a stronger belief than those who are between 35-39 years old in that decentralization is necessary and that it is more beneficiary. It was also determined that provincial directors who have Bachelor's degree have a stronger belief than those who have Master of Science (M.Sc.) and Philosophy of Doctorate (Ph.D.) degrees in that decentralization and anticipated services dimension in decentralization are necessary.

Background and purpose: meritocracy in the appointment of managers of any organization is a fundamental pillar in the realization of organizational goals. In this study, the aim of the research was to identify the criteria for diagnosing the damage of meritocracy in the process of appointing police managers.
Methodology: This research is a descriptive phenomenological qualitative research in terms of practical purpose and in terms of the nature of data collection. The population of this research was all the senior managers in Police, from whom 20 people were selected with the purposeful sampling method according to the theoretical saturation of the data. Semi-structured interview method was used for data collection and retest and repeatability technique was used for data validity and reliability, and theme analysis method was used for data analysis.
Findings: The results of the analysis of the interviews showed that; Strategies for promoting meritocracy, institutionalization of promoting meritocracy, flexibility and resistance, organizational planning for meritocracy, support of managers and senior commanders, rule-oriented and accountability, as well as job performance evaluation system from The most important criteria for diagnosing the damage of meritocracy is in the process of appointing managers.
Conclusion: The results show; Improving the indicators and criteria identified in the diagnosis of the harms of the appointment process can create and develop a positive atmosphere of the meritocracy system in the appointment of police managers in the public space of the organization.

The Urabá subregion is one of the most prominent cradles of Colombian elite athletes and, therefore, highly recognized within the "Land of Athletes" framework of the Colombian Ministry of Sports. In order to contribute to the young talent identification and selection of sports specialization, the aim of this STROBE-based cross-sectional study was to determine the morphological characteristics (MC), body composition (BC) and maturity status (MS) of U16 athletes from this subregion (7 municipalities). Eighty-one young athletes (66 weightlifters, 15 boxers) with at least one regional-competition of experience participated (33F; 48M; 14.9 ± 1.4 years; 62.28 ± 16.6 kg; 162.8 ± 9.9 cm). After parental informed consent, ISAKstandardized anthropometric data were collected during a youth sports championship. Athletes were subdivided in clusters using the PAM (k-Medoids clustering) and the bottom-up agglomerative (hierarchical clustering) algorithms. Both clustering methods were based on 55 variables that encompassed MC (raw variables, indices, somatotype), BC (five-compartment model, %BF-equations, ∑S) and MS (maturity offset, PHV, inter alia). The number of clusters was predefined as k = 2 since was the best solution according to 18 criterion-algorithms (100 bootstrap simulations). Non-parametric tests showed significant differences between sex, sports, municipalities and clusters for certain analysed variables. Internal validity of the clustering showed that sport type might explain the variation in the data; thus, it is noteworthy reasonable to recommend the implementation of unsupervised machine learning strategies along with other supervised methodologies in the identification and characterization of young talents and early sports specialization in Colombian athletes with Olympic projection but further research and support is needed.

This study uses National Sports and Society Survey (N = 3,993) data to further investigate U.S. public opinions about transgender athletes’ rights, rights for athletes with varied sex characteristics, and sex testing. We focus on the additional implications of wanting to support, promote, and watch female athletes; traditional views of women’s idealized physical appearances; and homophobia for adults’ opinions about these issues. Findings revealed that more strongly believing that female athletes are undeserving, suggesting that women should more fully conform to traditionally idealized physical appearances, and expressing more homophobic views were negatively associated with support for transgender athletes’ rights and rights for athletes with varied sex characteristics—including a restriction of their rights due to sex testing.

inspiration throughout my graduate education experience. Foremost, I thank Dr. Suzanna D. Smith, my committee chair, who spent many patient hours working through this process with me. She is a brilliant person and an exceptional writer who pushed me to learn and excel in a field far from my previous profession. She is a friend and a mentor for whom I am very grateful. I also extend my deepest appreciation to my other committee members Mickie Swisher, PhD, and John Scanzoni, PhD, whose insights and experience provided excellent direction in the development of this thesis. Thanks go also to Kenneth Portier, PhD, for his statistical guidance! Most of all, I thank my husband, Jeff, for his love, patience and support throughout my graduate program and my wonderful children John, Nick and Rachel, who also provided me love, strength and inspiration. They are all extraordinary people and extraordinary athletes who are excellent examples on and off their fields of play. Thanks go also to my moms and dads, biological and in-law. They have been great role models and cheerleaders throughout the crazy paths my life has taken. Finally, I thank the high school soccer parents who were very eager and willing to participate in this research, although they proved to be a very cordial group of fans (and that's a bad thing?).

Objectives: This study was designed to assess developmental outcomes underserved youth report from their sports participation; identify perceptions of the sports climate their coaches create; and, measure the relationships between participants reported gains and perceptions of the psychosocial sports climate. Method: Participants were 239 urban youth sports participants from an underserved community who completed the Youth Experiences Scale (YES-2), Sport Motivational Climate Scale, Caring Climate Scale and measures of the importance their coaches placed on life skills. Results: Multivariate analyses revealed a number of significant relationships between YES-2 outcomes and motivation and caring climate predictor variables, which clearly show that the more coaches create caring, mastery-oriented environments, the more likely positive developmental gains result. Conclusion: These findings are consistent with the previous motivational (Smith, Smoll, & Cumming, 2007) and caring climate (Fry & Gano-Overway, 2010) research and shows that coaching actions and climates have an important influence on personal and social development of young people.

The so-called "athletic triangle," consisting of coach, athlete, and parent is a natural element of the social system comprising youth sports. With respect to the coach-parent dyad, a coach's role in relating to parents critically affects the consequences of participation for young athletes. The objective of this article is to assist coaches in working effectively with parents by fostering better understanding of i) the difference between youth and professional models of sport, ii) the goals of youth sports, iii) parental responsibilities and challenges, iv) how to achieve effective twoway communication with parents, and v) how to organize and conduct sport meetings with parents.

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This study aimed to explain youth definition and characteristics of youth, and also evaluate the importance of the youth political participation. Part of the this aim first of all youth definition is given, after that factors and constraints are evaluated on the participation of youth. And also youth needs and importance of media are focused. All this together with the dynamics associated with young people's participation in voting, volunteering, youth programs and organizations are evaluated.

Identifying concussion and initiating removal from play is challenging for even the most diligent youth sports organizations. Empowering parents to implement removal from play protocols and sideline testing may be the most practical plan at community levels to protect young athletes. We developed paradigms for community-based youth sports teams that incorporated both standard concussion protocols and research investigations. The research studies were designed to determine how sideline tests of vision, cognition and balance augment the capacity for parents and other responsible adults to identify youth athletes with concussion in ice hockey, football, lacrosse and cheerleading. Research-based sideline tests were performed at pre-season baseline sessions and during the season at the time of injury or as soon as symptoms were recognized by trained volunteer parent team testers. The combination of standard concussion protocols and research studies were performed for 510 athletes, aged 5-17 years, over 2.5 years through 5 athletic seasons. To implement the protocols and studies, approximately 80 student volunteers and parents were educated and trained on early concussion recognition and on baseline and sideline test administration. Over 80% of parent-identifi ed head injuries were physician-confi rmed concussions. Of the sideline tests performed, over two-thirds were administered within 24 hours of injury; the rest were performed within an average of 2.6 days post-injury since some athletes had delayed development of symptoms. Removal from play guidelines and standard concussion evaluation protocols were maintained in the context of the sideline testing research investigations. Based on this observational study, parents of youth athletes can be successfully empowered to perform rapid sideline tests in the context of existing concussion protocols. Implementation of objective testing may improve concussion identifi cation and shift the culture of advocacy and responsibility towards parent groups to promote safety of young athletes. Ongoing investigations will further examine the impact of these programs on concussion management in youth sports.

Background The current approaches used to develop coaches within many sport organisations extend beyond merely the professional knowledge related to sport-specific aspects. Effective coaching notably entails intrapersonal skills related to learning through experience and developing one’s own approach, and these skills are often targeted in coach development. Recognising that researchers have delivered Coach Development Programs (CDPs) that use strategies like reflective practice to foster coaches’ strategies and attitudes toward reflection, reviewing research in this domain could inform the development of our field. We conducted the current review to examine nonformal intrapersonal CDPs within the academic literature with goals of summarising existing CDPs, while also identifying factors related to their implementation. Method: The PRISMA guidelines informed our search strategy, including a database search along with supplemental strategies to identify studies. In addition to descri...

The social identities formed through membership on extracurricular activity groups may contribute to the frequency with which youth engage in prosocial and antisocial behavior. However, researchers have yet to disentangle the individual- and group-level processes social identification effects operate through; sex and perceived norms may also moderate such effects. Thus, we investigated the hierarchical and conditional relations between three dimensions of social identity (i.e., ingroup ties, cognitive centrality, ingroup affect) and prosocial and antisocial behavior in youth ice hockey players (N = 376; 33% female). Multilevel analyses demonstrated antisocial teammate and opponent behavior were predicted by cognitive centrality at the team level. Further, prosocial teammate behavior was predicted by cognitive centrality and ingroup ties at the individual-level. Also, perceived norms for prosocial teammate behavior moderated the relations between ingroup ties, cognitive centrality, a...

The overall aim of this article was to present a positive case study about how a sport club can foster both elite athlete development in parallel with offering a diverse range of sport activities to attract and maintain a greater number of children and youth for continued participation in a long term sport program.  To this end, an in-depth case study was conducted of a model Spanish Basketball Club, considered an example of success in achieving consistent level of performance and high rates of participation among their youth. Data were collected from in-depth interviews with administrators, setting observation, and analysis of current and archived club documents. The results show that the club has created changes over the years that have led to a clear organizational structure with a philosophy that connects its youth development teams and elite teams. An increase focus on youth development, the addition of recreational activities, and the implementation of a coach education progra...

This paper reviews the literature, outlines practical implications, and discusses future studies in youth sport research. The literature is discussed in light of three potential benefits of youth sport participation 1) physical health, 2) psycho-social development, and 3) motor skills acquisition. The ultimate objective of youth sport programs is to consider all the benefits of youth sport participation rather than focusing on one or two at the cost of the other(s). It is suggested that researchers, sport administrators, coaches, and parents work together to promote sporting activities and programs that are more likely to enhance children's physical health, psychosocial development and lifelong recreational or elite sport participation.

The overall objective of this paper is the conceptualization of sport as a territorial ecosystem, clearly defining the roles and participation modalities of the different actors and stakeholders. The intention is to guarantee a consolidated social inclusion and a socio-professional integration creating sustainable territorial development through sport. In this perspective, the sport ecosystem represents a precious asset for research. Sport can represent a good factor for the inclusion of socially disadvantaged groups, especially young people, and can be a truly powerful educational tool in promoting social inclusion and professional integration. In this logic, this paper aims to find a new, innovative way to explain different elements of sport and social inclusion and improve youth proactivity. The topic is important, because of the problem of increasing number of young people that have problem of social exclusion, less physical activity and unhealthy lifestyle. Therefore trough the...

Book of abstracts of 4th International Conference Ethcs, Bioethcs and Sport held in Zagreb and Varaždn, Croatia on May 3rd and 4th, 2024. Keynote speakers were: Silvia Camporesi (Italy), Angela Schneider (Canada), Emily Ryall (Great Britain) and Jim Parry (Czech Republic/United Kingdom).

The purpose of this study was to validate physical activity time in middle school physical education as measured by pedometers in relation to a criterion measure, namely, students' accelerometerdetermined moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Participants were 155 sixth to eighth graders participating in regularly scheduled physical education classes from a suburban public school. Physical activity levels were measured by Yamax pedometers and Actical accelerometers. Descriptive analyses were conducted to calculate steps per minute (SPM) for pedometers and time engaged in MVPA (TMVPA) and percentage of time engaged in MVPA (PMVPA) for accelerometers, respectively. Correlation analyses yielded that SPM were positively and significantly related to TMVPA and PMVPA. Additionally, the percentage of agreement and modified kappa between SPM and PMVPA were .45 and .24, respectively. In conclusion, pedometer-based SPM is a valid tool to survey physical activity time against accelerometers.

Context: There is increased growth in sports participation across the globe. Sports specialization patterns, which include year-round training, participation on multiple teams of the same sport, and focused participation in a single sport at a young age, are at high levels. The need for this type of early specialized training in young athletes is currently under debate. Evidence Acquisition: Nonsystematic review. Study Design: Clinical review. Level of Evidence: Level 4. Conclusion: Sports specialization is defined as year-round training (greater than 8 months per year), choosing a single main sport, and/or quitting all other sports to focus on 1 sport. Specialized training in young athletes has risks of injury and burnout, while the degree of specialization is positively correlated with increased serious overuse injury risk. Risk factors for injury in young athletes who specialize in a single sport include year-round single-sport training, participation in more competition, decreas...

India's youth need lot of encouragement to achieve excellence in sports, firstly from the parents, secondly from the sponsors and last but not the least the government. Sports can foster good citizens and build life skills and positive values. As a result Government and Non-government organizations need to come forward. Best facilities are required for producing best sports wo\man. The funds allotted to the sports ministry in various States and the Union Government is always meagre. The Governments do not feel it necessary or important to provide an adequate fund for sports. Even the funds allotted are seldom spent properly. The Sports Authorities in many states are mere ornamental organizations. They should be filled with people who have adequate knowledge of sports and interest to promote sports. This is an attempt to explore the role of government and non government institutions to encourage students take to sports. This is the situation in our country which requires reforms at all levels so that the Indian youth can be encouraged to achieve excellence in sports. Despite many flaws there is reason for optimism as we are witnessing fast changes in each and every field in our country towards betterment; it should hold well in case of sports as well.

The purpose of this study was to gain understanding of the choices made by coaches in their construction of youth sport pedagogies from the perspective of experienced youth sport coaches in the Southeast United States (SEUS). Although youth sport is believed to provide long-term physical, social, and psychological benefits for many participants youth sport also suffers from a high rate of attrition. Attrition in youth sport is primarily attributed to the use of nonnormative training pedagogies by coaches. The extant literature shows that youth sport has become bereft of fun, that youth do not want to take part in joyless games, and that this disinterest threatens the entire sport industrial complex. Ten youth sport coaches from the SEUS were interviewed using semistructured interviews. Data were collected and analyzed using Merriam and Tisdell’s (2016) constant comparative method for thematic analysis. Five major themes emerged from the data: 1) Location in the SEUS impacted pedagogy choice, 2) Differentiating normative from nonnormative training was difficult, 3) Parents of youth sport participants impacted pedagogy choice, 4) Autonomy, relatedness, competence, and beneficence were encouraged, and 5) Success was assessed by wins and losses and long-term feedback. Results indicated that youth sport coaches in the SEUS believe that they play the most important role in keeping youth playing sport and that some common youth sport pedagogies that are nonoptimal in other contexts have become perfectly normative in sport training. Findings from this study may enable more informed decisions on pedagogy design and application in youth sport.
Keywords: Achievement goal theory, exercise as punishment, fun integration theory, great sport myth, motivation, operant conditioning, self-determination theory, youth sport coaches, parent-coach-athlete triad

Background: Early sport specialization has increased its popularity mostly based on the deliberate practice theory premises. In this study, we examined the influence of the age of onset of deliberate basketball practice on body size, functional performance (countermovement jump, line drill and yo-yo intermittent recovery level 1), motivation for achievement and competitiveness, motivation for deliberate practice and sources of enjoyment among young Brazilian basketball players. In addition, we adjusted for the influence of gender, age group, maturity status and state basketball federation on the outcomes. Methods: The sample included 120 female and 201 male adolescent basketball players aged 14.0 (1.7) years, on average. We grouped players by the age of onset of deliberate basketball practice as related to biologic maturation milestones (pre-puberty deliberate practice onset, mid-puberty deliberate practice onset and late-puberty deliberate practice onset). Results: There was no substantial variation among contrasting players by the onset of deliberate practice in all of the outcomes. Adjusting for gender, male players with late-puberty deliberate practice onset had better functional performance than players with pre-and mid-puberty onset of practice. Females players with late-puberty deliberate practice onset had slightly worst functional performance than players with pre-and mid-puberty onset of practice. Conclusions: Early deliberate basketball practice does not appear to provide an advantage for the development of physiological functions. Likewise, enjoyment, motivation for deliberate practice and motivation for achievement and competition do not appear to be negatively influenced by early deliberate basketball practice. The debate about the relationship between time spent in deliberate practice and performance development in young athletes will need to emphasize the coaching pedagogical quality and the training environment and account for informal practice and deliberate play.

This study aimed to examine the influence of achievement goals in sports on the quality of life among students in Philippine higher education. The research utilized a quantitative-correlation design involving 1,494 respondents selected through simple random sampling. Data were collected using the Achievement Goal Scale for Youth Sports questionnaire and the Youth Quality of Life Instrument. Results revealed that students exhibited a moderate achievement goal orientation in sports and perceived their quality of life as moderate. Notably, a significant positive relationship was found between achievement goals in sports and perceived quality of life, indicating that as students' achievement goals in sports increased, their quality of life also improved. These findings highlight the importance of fostering a balanced approach to sports participation, promoting intrinsic motivation and personal growth, and addressing specific needs to enhance overall wellbeing among students. Future research endeavors may explore additional factors influencing the relationship between sports participation and quality of life, considering cultural, contextual, and individual differences. Interventions and programs to support students' achievement goals in sports should be prioritized to promote holistic development and well-being in educational settings.

Racism is a profound mechanism that contributes to poor health and quality of life outcomes for children, adolescents, and emerging adults. Negative impacts of racism on youth influence identity development, psychopathology, and other chronic stressors that arise from entrenched systems of inequity. Racism is compounded by multiple forms of discrimination whereby members of ethnic and religious minorities can also become victims of discrimination based on age, disability, gender, class, or sexual orientation. The dehumanising effect of racism includes the process of ‘othering’, where youth from racial/ethnic backgrounds can be treated as a member of the ‘out-group’ as compared to an ‘in-group’, which situates them away from the promise of community. As physical education and youth sport are visible spaces for interaction with diverse youth, it is imperative for teachers, coaches, mentors, and other leaders to understand the mechanisms by which racism is created and sustained. Similarly, these leaders must be reflective, proactive, and transformative to create a culture of anti-racism in physical education and youth sport. To help ensure this, programmes focused on young people should include 1) improving overall racial literacy and content knowledge, 2) using language that addresses racism and Whiteness, 3) implementing curriculum and lesson approaches that are inclusive of racial and ethnic identities of students in the community, along with contexts that address systemic racism, 4) an examination of race in youth sport to deconstruct socially constructed ideologies and barriers to anti-racism, and 5) and intersectional approaches to address the diverse backgrounds and perspectives of young people.

This study aims to explore the moderating effect of the nature of sport on the relationship between lifestyle and sports engagement for different types of sports and how it affects each student-athlete. A sample comprised of 408 consisting of 29.9% individual sports (n=122), 18.87% dual sports (n=77), and 51.23% (n=209) student-athletes answered a packet of questionnaires assessing lifestyle and sport engagement. The results showed that overall lifestyle is a significant predictor of sports engagement, as students who demonstrate good exercise habits, engage in regular exercise, and maintain good nutrition are more likely to engage in sports. Interestingly, the type of sport did not significantly affect sports engagement. These findings provide empirical evidence that the type of sport does not moderate the relationship between lifestyle and sports engagement, which suggests that student-athletes can participate in any sport of their choice, whether it is an individual or dual sport or a team sport, to support them in achieving their maximum potential. However, there may be other factors that moderate the relationship between student-athletes' lifestyles and sports engagement that require further investigation.