Wormholes

October 30, 2016, the web site for the Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies published an article, "Breaking into the Simulated Universe" by Eliott Edge. An attempt to argue against the idea of escaping out of the universe, if it is a simulation, as some Silicon Valley billionaires are rumored to be considering. In this paper, I will reveal why Edge is completely and totally wrong, although he has made an impressive, credible, cohesive and cogent attempt to present a convincing proposition. However, the simulation hypothesis, upon close analysis, is indefensible by anyone because it is based 100% on assumptions, both hidden and otherwise, which in most cases are demonstrably wrong.

The possible process of creation/annihilation of traversable wormholes in the model with phantom (ghost) scalar field is described. It is shown that such process can be realized only for some special choice of a potential energy, in particular, for the Sine-Gordon potential.

Pure thermodynamical considerations to describe the entropic evolution of the universe seem to violate the Second Law of Thermodynamics. This suggests that the gravitational field itself has entropy. In this paper we expand recent work done by Rudjord, GrØn and SigbjØrn where they suggested a method to calculate the gravitational entropy in black holes based on the so-called `Weyl curvature conjecture'. We study the formulation of an estimator for the gravitational entropy of Reissner-Nordström, Kerr, Kerr-Newman black holes, and a simple case of wormhole. We calculate in each case the entropy for both horizons and the interior entropy density. Then, we analyse whether the functions obtained have the expected behaviour for an appropriate description of the gravitational entropy density.

In this paper we have described some Ramanujan incomplete elliptic integrals and Black Holes-Wormholes formulas. Furthermore, we describe new possible mathematical connections with ϕ, ζ(2), and various parameters of Particle Physics

REVISITED AND DEFINITIVE VERSION  11.12.2020

While Moore’s Law is partially correct by addressing that flaw of Close Space Particle Bombardment in Component Package Size, Moore’s Law does not address what is used in powering the entire device in the first place. This flaw adhering to Moore’s Law itself, transistors are not efficient because they need the Bombardment Force. Mostly that flaw is addressed as being the threshold of an isolated device.

In the context of modified f(R) gravity, we attempt to study the thermodynamic properties of the evolving Lorentzian wormholes at the apparent horizon. It is shown that the wormhole can be derived from a particular f(R) model in the radiation background. Moreover, it has been shown that the field equations can be cast to a similar form at the apparent horizon for the evolving Lorentzian wormhole. Compared to the case of Einstein's general relativity, an additional term appears here.


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Portals: Windows, doors, black holes, white holes and worm holes serve as nodes for transport between different systems of  organization in the works and writings of Marcel Duchamp, and in Thomas Pynchon's novels _Gravity's Rainbow_ and _Vineland_.  These portals enable pivoting between different forms of cognition, in the realm of the social and political with respect to subject positions, and in the realm of the individual with respect to subject formation.  Drawing on the philosophy of Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, and on the cognitive science of Francisco Varela and Edwin Hutchins, a connection is made between an avant-garde modernist, and a post-modern novelist, in their attention to a war between top-down and bottom-up processes in society and self.  This investigation becomes a way to rethink the terms modernism and postmodernism.

Time is a simple word, though it remains truly the most mysterious and vicious phenomena where every living and non-living ones are its victim. This antediluvian force of nature shows no mercy as it moves along every path, every corner sniffing over its wounded and marks victory over one after another. Time mystifies us with the maze of moments and wraps up in the illusion that it would last forever. Indeed, some gets time and some even gets the time of their lives but as one stares at the clock know for sure that time is creeping in onto her/his territory. And with the fractured youth and battered adolescent, one finds her/himself feeble against the ultimate ambush of time as it calmly introduces the being to the prime truth of all. Tirelessly, we chase the days as we make it to the journey of life as we know it. The fixture of sunrise and sunset detonates the moments, and all familiarity seems like occasions held seconds ago. There is no escape. The mystic hands of the clock never greet one at the same spot twice.

But, what if we could actually travel back in time and into the future? There has always been a great deal of interest in time-travel. It has been the center of many science fictions. And frankly, who wouldn't want to travel through time and aspire to a part of this surreal experience?  Through time travel and consequently with the aid of time machine, one can explore the different periods of time, both in the context of past as well as of the future and in that way, one can somewhat overlook the existent that is traditionally allocated to him/her.

The idea of time travel has fascinated human beings for quite some time and from scientists to writers to artists, everybody alike fancied the idea of time travel, pondered about going back to the past as well as take a journey into the future and ultimately unlock and master the mysteries of time itself. And, this book timely tells the story of the spectacular journey of the phenomena now known as Time Travel.

Abstract. This paper will demonstrate that the transportation of high energy subatomic particles through wormholes occurs at superluminal speeds through an ‘elastic ’ wormhole entity which adjusts its diameter based upon the kinetic energy of the subatomic particle. Additionally, it is shown that the diameters of such wormholes are of sub-Planckian lengths for energetic subatomic particles. This is demonstrated by the use of the Phi-based solution to the Schrödinger wave equation, the theorem of residues and the Cauchy integral formula of complex analysis. Furthermore, it will be shown that a possible quantum gravitational constant called the Giandinoto-Amoroso-Rauscher Quantum Gravitational Constant (GAR-QGC) may be the quantal unit of the hypothetical spin-2 graviton. It will also be shown that the expansion of the universe at the Planck time occurred with a kinetic energy of approximately 4.14 x 1029 eV.

“This product is one is a series of advanced technology reports produced in FY 2009 under the DIA, Defense Warning Office’s Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Application (AAWSA) Program. Comments or questions pertaining to this document should be addressed to James T. Lacatski, D.Eng., AAWSA Program Manager, DIA, ATTN: CLAR/DWO-3, Bldg 6000, Washington, DC 20340-5100”

Dört temel kuvveti birleştirmeniz söylenseydi?

Bakışımın temelinde birkaç varsayım var.
İlki evrenin basit tekrarlar sonucunda bu kadar karmaşıklaştığıdır. Fraktal geometrideki gibi, kendini tekrarlayan olguların ilişkisi ile bu karmaşık sistemin oluştuğu. Çünkü evren tamamen simetrik ve homojen bir yapıdan başlıyor. Bu kadar karmaşık olabilmesi için, ya tüm bu ayrıntılar baştan belirlenmiş olmalıydı ki, bugünkü yapısını alsın. Ya da basit bir tekrarlar zinciri üstüne kurulmalıydı.
Evrendeki tüm olguların sebebi de tekrar bu homojen ve simetrik yapıya geri ulaşmak, dengeye gelmek, olmalıydı bu durumda…

Konuyu makro düzeyden ele alırken, bu çalışmanın devamı olan "Yeni bir evrene bakış", mikro düzeyden değerlendirmektedir.

Stephen Hawking has flirted with the subject of time travel, off and on, during his career but he is most famous for his argument that history should be safe for historians, due to the fact that although he has revisited the subject repeatedly, the nature of time, in particular - time travel, is his poorest subject. And so, when he suggests a theory that would prevent time travel due to the geometry of closed timeline curves, it is not surprising that it is a failure once carefully analyzed as he described it in his Discovery Channel special, Into The Universe with Stephen Hawking.

Examining the possiblity of violation of Relativity and Einstein causation thru superluminally transmitted signals and messages embedded in art (primarily antique music).  The parallels to 'acoustic black holes' and the Hawking Black hole "Information-loss" Paradox are obvious.  A theory of possible origin for the superluminally transmitted signals (via "Virtual" or superluminal phonons) is involved, as an attempt to demonstrate that such phenomena have already been conclusively shown to exist.

The aim of this paper is to expand the possibilities of political cartography beyond the limited scope that current cartography offers. Over the last century visual models have improved tremendously, and yet political mapping has not evolved, and still portrays the same territorial structuring of the world, as it did since the seventeenth century. Although social, cultural and political circumstances have changed, these have only affected the choice of symbols, scales and colors, and not the larger picture, the geometry of the political map. As a result, we are trapped by this geometry, which affects our understanding of political spaces, and spatial connections. I intend to illustrate alternative geometries that enable other interpretations of politics in space, and consequently free us from the shackles of Euclidean geometry.

Recent thought experiments and calculations in the field of quantum gravity research have led to the idea that spacetime may be intimately related, if not identical, to quantum mechanics, rather than agonistic towards it. This finding comes despite gravity being nonrenormalizable as a perturbative quantum field theory. The two primary works that have spurred this conclusion have been the mathematical discovery of correspondences between anti-de Sitter spaces and conformal field theories, and the resolution of the firewall problem for black hole event horizons. For every quantum mechanical property, there appears to be a corresponding property of the spacetime, and vice versa. In particular, microscopic entanglement seems to build spacetime locally, and macroscopically entangled black holes are equivalent to Einstein-Rosen wormholes. We review this research, the implications thereof in the foundations of interpreting the quantum theory, and the outstanding issues which yet need resolving.

During the last century, entanglement was the bone of contention between the two main pillars of Physics: General Relativity (GR) and Quantum Mechanics (QM). This began in 1935 with the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox (EPR paradox) which concluded that although Quantum Mechanics is not wrong, it is an incomplete theory to represent physical reality. In this paper it is demonstrated that some byproducts resulting from entanglement, which we will call avatars, act as a hinge that link both theories making the completeness of QM clear. Moreover, a thorough analysis of the non-locality of this effect will be carried out while demonstrating that entanglement is an instantaneous phenomenon, and that it does not require the use of a superluminal signaling for this purpose. Finally, the avatars will also appear in each wormhole resulting from an entanglement process (WREP) demonstrating that they are traversable with an equivalent path of null length which can be crossed in a null time with all that this implies in Quantum Communications.

We numerically construct a symmetric wormhole solution in pure Einstein gravity supported by a massive 3-form field with a potential that contains a quartic self-interaction term. The wormhole spacetimes have only a single throat and they are everywhere regular and asymptotically flat. Furthermore, their mass and throat circumference increase almost linearly as the coefficient of the quartic self-interaction term Λ increases. The amount of violation of the null energy condition (NEC) is proportional to the magnitude of 3-form, thus the NEC is less violated as Λ increases, since the magnitude of 3-form decreases with Λ. In addition, we investigate the geodesics of particles moving around the wormhole. The unstable photon orbit is located at the throat. We also find that the wormhole can cast a shadow whose apparent size is smaller than that cast by the Schwarzschild black hole, but reduces to it when \LambdaΛ acquires a large value. The behavior of the innermost stable circular orbit around this wormhole is also discussed. The results of this paper hint toward the possibility that the 3-form wormholes could be potential black hole mimickers, as long as Λ is sufficiently large, precisely when NEC is weakly violated.

The very bad error is with respect to breaking down time first and force complex time of
Einstein and Lorentz which may be beyond all particles to manage and make haphazard
waste of energy. 'In the nonrelativistic
theory, this product annihilates
two particles at x and x,
and has zero expectation value in any state [4]. In order to have a
nonzero matrix element, this operator product must be between states with two more
particles on the right than on the left:
$ \langle 0| \phi(x)
\phi(x) |\psi\rangle $
Performing the rotation, all that we learn is that rotating the 2particle
state $ |\psi\rangle $
gives the same sign as changing the operator order. This gives no additional
information, so this argument does not prove anything.'
If a particle exists, one may not destroy it by necessity which may make anti particles.
To consider spin statistic relativistic then does not follow where QED [2] is the expectation
of a single electron particle. Once this next phase occurs to the problem of momentum
based on time correction does occur and is from energy and time dependence.
Time correction is a method which shows energy depends on time can also change to
8/16/2015 Weak Statistics and Spin Statistics Discussion
http://www.science20.com/print/156571 2/17
momentum and follow the definition of conservation of Energy E=mc2 at times of even
Liebnitz [4] as long as total energy is model of Etot= mv2imvo
. The possibility of small
amounts of energy and mass can involve spin.

Published in the Journal of Historical Sociology : https://t.co/Zm334jkkWT

Neo-Weberian historical sociology and political science establishes that territory is a defining feature of the modern state. Drawing on insights from political geography, I argue that ‘territory’ is not a pre-existing physical location, but an effect produced by state practices and technologies. The spatial fetish of territory, moreover, distracts analytical attention from the equally important non-territorial dimensions of the state. To map these new and unfamiliar dimensions, I propose three analogies from the study of physics - wormholes, gravitational fields, and quantum entanglement - as powerful conceptual devices with the potential to reorient social scientists towards a fuller understanding of state-space.

Stephen Hawking has flirted with the subject of time travel, off and on, during his career but he is most famous for his argument that history should be safe for historians, due to the fact that although he has revisited the subject repeatedly, the nature of time, in particular - time travel, is his poorest subject. And so, when he suggests a theory that would prevent time travel due to the geometry of closed timeline curves, it is not surprising that it is a failure once carefully analyzed as he described it in his Discovery Channel special, Into The Universe with Stephen Hawking.

We consider a configuration consisting of a wormhole filled by a perfect fluid. Such a model can be applied to describe stars as well as neutron stars with a nontrivial topology. The presence of a tunnel allows for motion of the fluid, including oscillations near the core of the system. Choosing the polytropic equation of state for the perfect fluid, we obtain static regular solutions. Based on these solutions, we consider small radial oscillations of the configuration and show that the solutions are stable with respect to linear perturbations in the external region.

We examine the compatibility of the mirror matter concept with the non-orientable wormholes. If any particle (or classical object) is traversing through the non-orientable wormhole, it turns into a corresponding mirror particle and vice versa. The critical sonic point in the hydrodynamical flow of the perfect fluid is located exactly at the throat of the wormhole. This means that wormholes are traversable for the fluid. The astrophysical signatures of the presence of non-orientable wormholes in the Universe are discussed. Some non-trivial aspects of the non-orientable wormholes electrodynamics are considered.

Recent work has shown the existence of a unique nonlinear extension of electromagnetism which preserves conformal symmetry and allows for the freedom of duality rotations. Moreover, black holes and gravitational waves have been found to exist in this nonlinearly extended electrovacuum. We generalise these dyonic black holes in two major ways: with the relaxation of their horizon topology and with the inclusion of magnetic mass. Motivated by recent attention to traversable wormholes, we use this new family of Taub-NUT spaces to construct AdS wormholes. We explore some thermodynamic features by using a semi-classical approach. Our results show that a phase transition between the nut and bolt configurations arises in a similar way to the Maxwellian case.

In the Ellis wormhole metrics we study characteristics of fluid dynamics and the properties of linear sound waves. By implying the energy-momentum equation and the continuity equation in the general relativistic manner we examine the flow dynamics and solve the corresponding equations for a relatively simple case - radial flow. To study the linear sound waves the equations governing the mentioned physical system are linearized and  solved and interesting characteristic properties are found.

In this paper, we review modified f (R) theories of gravity in Palatini formalism. In this framework, , we use the Raychaudhuri's equation along with the requirement that the gravity is attractive, which holds for any geometrical theory of gravity to discuss the energy conditions. Then, to derive these conditions, we obtain an expression for effective pressure and energy density by considering FLRW metric. To simply express the energy conditions, we write the Ricci scalar and its derivatives in terms of the deceleration (q), jerk (j) and snap (s) parameters. Energy conditions derived in Palatini version of f (R) Gravity differ from those derived in GR. We will see that the WEC (weak energy condition) derived in Palatini formalism has exactly the same expression in its metric approach.

Questions of cost and time distance have long been of interest to geographers and have become a more central concern as globalization advances. We analyze the global air travel system by examining the differences in the costs, distances, and times of one aspect of globalization. We review the extant literature on airline transportation by geographers and others, noting especially the near-century-long interest in unraveling cost, time, and distance issues and designing innovative ways to map these interrelated variables. We expand on this base to bring recent scholarship on power and positionality of cities to our understanding of air travel. Our analysis expands on previous work on airline transport geographies in four distinct ways. First, we developed an international database for a large number of cities worldwide that includes measures of distance, cost, frequency and flight duration of airline connections. Second, this database is examined statistically through ordinary least squares (OLS) regressions to measure variations in airline volume with selected socioeconomic variables. Third, these global airline data are mapped using conventional mapping techniques, and finally, we prepare a set of ''position-grams'' or intersecting spheres of regional variation that measure and map regional patterns and variations in airline connectedness.

Pure thermodynamical considerations to describe the entropic evolution of the
universe seem to violate the Second Law of Thermodynamics. This suggests that the gravitational
field itself has entropy. In this paper we expand recent work done by Rudjord, Grøn
and Sigbjørn where they suggested a method to calculate the gravitational entropy in black
holes based on the so-called ‘Weyl curvature conjecture’. We study the formulation of an
estimator for the gravitational entropy of Reissner-Nordström, Kerr, Kerr-Newman black
holes, and a simple case of wormhole. We calculate in each case the entropy for both horizons
and the interior entropy density. Then, we analyze whether the functions obtained have
the expected behavior for an appropriate description of the gravitational entropy density.

The energy flux emitted during the accretion of matter onto a wormhole in the Brans-Dicke the  ory has been calculated. This characteristic is compared with its values calculated previously for wormholes in general relativity and for a Schwarzschild black hole.

We tend to think that evolution is a smooth line of changes in the characteristics of a species over several generations and relies on the process of natural selection. This, by the majority, accepted theory of an almost vivid and detailed description of human ascent from a tiny, one-celled monad is so convincing that one could almost believe science has seen the microscopic amoeba turn into a man with their own eyes. But does the theory of evolution merit a fanatical support, which would silence all opposing ideas?

The idea of a “cesspool”. It does not seem so farfetched. It would seem that the “cesspool” idea, adds a few strings to the process of LIFE creation. THE ENERGY as well, does not obey the common rules of current to resistance variations, see Figures 1, 2 & 6. Therefore, compounds like water, would be a tool, just as resistance would be another tool. Very High Resistance allows barricading, allowing a process to occur as like being in an Egg Domain; How else would there be all nutrients needed for the process of Genes, DNA, and Protein creation—Not completely in that order—? If elementary particles to elements, to compound creation, are not questioned as being rare commodities in the LIFE creation process of being in an Egg Domain; We would not know the answer concerning the Origin of LIFE.

The AI Machine

In reference of a body construction for an AI, there are materials that already exist to construct a physical body. Unlike the building of an AI mind, building the body is easier. Material construction, does not have to include anything such as DNA. What would be the purpose of DNA, when building materials already exist?

We compute the graviton one loop contribution to a classical energy in a traversable wormhole background. Such a contribution is evaluated by means of a variational approach with Gaussian trial wave functionals. A zeta function regularization is involved to handle with divergences. A renormalization procedure is introduced and the finite one loop energy is considered as a selfconsistent source for the traversable wormhole.

In the frame work of Palatini approach to modified f (R) theories of gravity, we attempt to investigate the thermodynamic behavior of time-dependent wormhole geometries. By considering an evolving wormhole spacetime, we find the field equations in Palatini f (R) gravity. The energy density and pressure are redefined in order to satisfy the continuity equation. To discuss the thermodynamic behavior, an expression for the variation of total entropy is obtained. Then, we extend our discussions to apparent and event horizons of evolving wormholes. We employ the radius of apparent and event horizons to determine the validity of generalized second law (GSL) of thermodynamics which states that the variation of total entropy is non-negative.

This is a presentation I gave in the second semester of a quantum field theory course I took. I reviewed the problem of black hole thermodynamics and Gerard 't Hooft's solution that, in order to preserve the 2nd law of thermodynamics, dimensional reduction must occur in quantum gravity. Then I looked at the modern research regarding the relationship between entanglement and spacetime, including Leonard Susskind's ER=EPR conjecture.

The Schwarzschild solution of the Einstein field equation leads to a solution that has been interpreted as wormholes. Many have been skeptical about this interpretation. However, many researchers have also been positive about it. We show that wormholes are not mathematically allowed in the spherical metric of a newlyreleased unified quantum gravity theory known as collision space-time [1-3]. We therefore have reasons to believe that wormholes in general relativity theory are nothing more than a mathematical artifact due to an incomplete theory, but we are naturally open for discussions about this point. That wormholes likely do not exist falls nicely into line with a series of other intuitive predictions from collision space-time where general relativity theory falls short, such as matching the full specter of the Planck scale for micro black "holes".

Recent work has shown the existence of a unique nonlinear extension of electromagnetism which preserves conformal symmetry and allows for the freedom of duality rotations. Moreover, black holes and gravitational waves have been found to exist in this nonlinearly extended electrovacuum. We generalise these dyonic black holes in two major ways: with the relaxation of their horizon topology and with the inclusion of magnetic mass. Motivated by recent attention to traversable wormholes, we use this new family of Taub-NUT spaces to construct AdS wormholes. We explore some thermodynamic features by using a semi-classical approach. Our results show that a phase transition between the nut and bolt configurations arises in a similar way to the Maxwellian case.

The following paper is purely hypothetical in nature in that it is based on pure hypothesis and mathematical physics. The effect of Mach’s principle on the quantum regime has been studied especially with reference to the quantum mechanical vacuum and the Hawking radiation. A new concept of history dependent “energy reservoir” has been introduced as a consequence of Mach’s principle and associated with every free quantum particle-antiparticle pairs, based on Feynman’s idea of sum over histories of a particle and application of Mach’s principle to the quantum regime. A new H-field-anti-H-field has been associated with this reservoir that is shown to have a repulsive gravitational effect. It is in principal possible that these fields constructs a wormhole in spacetime taken as a (non-)classical one. This is in accord with the fact that wormholes cannot be constructed by classical means for all observable matter with positive energy. The large distance traversed by a particle in curved ...

The following paper is purely hypothetical in nature in that it is based on pure hypothesis and mathematical physics. The effect of Mach's principle on the quantum regime has been studied especially with reference to the quantum mechanical vacuum and the Hawking radiation. A new concept of history dependent " energy reservoir " has been introduced as a consequence of Mach's principle and associated with every free quantum particle-antiparticle pairs, based on Feynman's idea of sum over histories of a particle and application of Mach's principle to the quantum regime. A new H-field-anti-H-field has been associated with this reservoir that is shown to have a repulsive gravitational effect. It is in principal possible that these fields constructs a wormhole in spacetime taken as a (non-)classical one. This is in accord with the fact that wormholes cannot be constructed by classical means for all observable matter with positive energy. The large distance traversed by a particle in curved space in a very short time scale has been treated as a barrier penetration problem. The tunnel effect is produced by the associated H-field via the wormhole mechanism. An expression has been derived for the transmission coefficient for the potential (distance) barrier. The time scale of travel from one event situated k

In this work, we explore the possibility that quantum fluctuations induce a topology change, in the context of Gravity's Rainbow. A semi-classical approach is adopted, where the graviton oneloop contribution to a classical energy in a background spacetime is computed through a variational approach with Gaussian trial wave functionals. The energy density of the graviton one-loop contribution, or equivalently the background spacetime, is then let to evolve, and consequently the classical energy is determined. More specifically, the background metric is fixed to be Minkowskian in the equation governing the quantum fluctuations, which behaves essentially as a backreaction equation, and the quantum fluctuations are let to evolve; the classical energy, which depends on the evolved metric functions, is then evaluated. Analysing this procedure, a natural ultraviolet (UV) cutoff is obtained, which forbids the presence of an interior spacetime region, and may result in a multipy-connected spacetime. Thus, in the context of Gravity's Rainbow, this process may be interpreted as a change in topology, and in principle results in the presence of a Planckian wormhole.

The purpose of this study is to investigate observational features of Brans-Dicke wormholes in a case if they exist in our Universe. The energy flux from accretion onto a Brans-Dicke wormhole and the so-called "maximum impact parameter" are studied (the last one might allow to observe light sources through a wormhole throat). The computed values were compared with the corresponding ones for GR-wormholes and Schwarzschild black holes. We shown that Brans-Dicke wormholes are quasi-Schwarzschild objects and should differ from GR wormholes by about one order of magnitude in the accretion energy flux.

The SYK model has a wormhole-like solution after averaging over the fermionic coupling in the nearly AdS2 space. Even when the couplings are fixed the contribution of these wormholes continues to exist and new saddle points appear which are interpreted as "half-wormholes". In this paper, we will study the fate of these wormholes in a model without quenched disorder namely a tensor model with O(N)q−1 gauge symmetry whose correlation function and thermodynamics in the large N limit are the same as that of SYK model. We will restate the factorization problem linked with the wormhole threaded Wilson, operator, in terms of global charges or non-trivial cobordism classes associated with disconnected wormholes. Therefore in order for the partition function to factorize especially at short distances, there must exist certain topological defects which break the global symmetry associated with wormholes and make the theory devoid of global symmetries. We will interpret these wormhol...

The wireless networks and mobile computing applications are rapidly changing the landscape of network security. These technologies create new vulnerabilities that do not exist in wired network. Some of the techniques and methods of network securities are ineffective. The traditional way of protecting networks with firewalls and encryption software are not sufficient for detecting new types of attack in wireless environment. So, we need to develop new architecture and mechanisms to protect the wireless networks and mobile computing applications. Many network security systems available in market are capable to secure networks from various kinds of attacks. These techniques are rule dependent and some are rule independent and they are playing important role in information security. The modern network security systems are too complex and timeconsuming. These are not affordable on the basis of its cost as well as performance. Many network security systems are not platform independent. In this paper, we demonstrate and revisit experimental standalone methodologies that detect the message modification, replay attacks, an identification of unauthorized users in ad-hoc networks. The proposed system is simple, economical, and platform independent.

A quote attributed to Albert Einstein points out that intuition is the source of great ideas while mathematics is only intuition's faithful servant. Prior to being assaulted by equations, the two diagrams below immediately show a great similarity between Mercury’s precession and Planet Nine’s effect on the perihelia of several TNOs (Trans Neptunian Objects). On one side of the Sun, Mercury’s orbit displays an ascending pattern while its perihelion on the opposite side of the Sun maintains a constant level. In the second diagram, the TNOs on one side of the Sun show what can be viewed as a (less orderly) ascending or descending pattern. The greatest part of the orbit of the alleged cause of their perihelia being attracted to more-or-less the same point in space (Planet Nine) is on the other side of the Sun. 

This leads to consequences for the structure of space-time and for the Big Bang, for interstellar travel and radioactive dating, as well as for dark matter and dark energy. The proposed method of interstellar travel also leads to intergalactic travel plus elimination of distance between all points in the past, present, and future. To use a popular term, this is "time travel" which has the potential to remove the electronic and topological construction of the universe described in this article from any supernatural agency. That construction might be the result of presently unimaginable electronics, programming, and mathematics which won't be developed, in the words of astronomer Carl Sagan, until "billions upon billions" of years from now.

The curvature invariants of three Lorentzian wormholes are calculated and plotted in this paper. The plots may be inspected for discontinuities to analyze the traversability of a wormhole. This approach was formulated by Henry, Overduin, and Wilcomb for black holes (Henry et al., 2016). Curvature invariants are independent of coordinate basis, so the process is free of coordinate mapping distortions and the same regardless of your chosen coordinates (Christoffel, E.B., 1869; Stephani, et al., 2003). The four independent Carminati and McLenaghan (CM) invariants are calculated and the nonzero curvature invariant functions are plotted (Carminati et al., 1991; Santosuosso et al., 1998). Three traversable wormhole line elements analyzed include the (i) spherically symmetric Morris and Thorne, (ii) thin-shell Schwarzschild wormholes, and (iii) the exponential metric (Visser, M., 1995; Boonserm et al., 2018).

The problem of how many colors are required for a planar map has been used as a focal point for discussions of the limits of human direct understanding vs. automated methods. It is important to continue to investigate until it is convincingly proved map coloration is an exemplary irre-ducible problem or until it is reduced. Meanwhile a new way of thinking about surfaces which hide N-dimensional volumes has arisen in physics employing entropy and the holographic principle. In this paper we define coloration entropy or flexibility as a count of the possible distinct colorations of a map (planar graph), and show how a guaranteed minimum colora-tion flexibility changes based on additions at a boundary of the map. The map is 4-colorable as long as the flexibility is positive , even though the proof method does not construct a col-oration. This demonstration is successful, resulting in a compact and easily comprehended proof of the four color theorem. The use of an entropy-like method suggests comparisons and applications to issues in physics such as black holes. Therefore in conclusion some comments are offered on the relation to physics and the relation of plane-section color ability to higher dimensional spaces. Future directions of research are suggested which may connect the concepts to not only time and distance and thus entropic gravity but also momentum.

We provide an in depth study of the theoretical peculiarities that arise in effective negative mass lensing, both for the case of a point mass lens and source, and for extended source situations. We describe novel observational signatures arising in the case of a source lensed by a negative mass. We show that a negative mass lens produces total or partial eclipse of the source in the umbra region and also show that the usual Shapiro time delay is replaced with an equivalent time gain. We describe these features both theoretically, as well as through numerical simulations. We provide negative mass microlensing simulations for various intensity profiles and discuss the differences between them. The light curves for microlensing events are presented and contrasted with those due to lensing produced by normal matter. Presence or absence of these features in the observed microlensing events can shed light on the existence of natural wormholes in the Universe.