Wind Energy

Nanotechnology in Green Energy Generation provides a comprehensive review of modelling, processing, and applications of all major categories of green energy generation materials. It explores different areas of green energy generation including hydrogen, solar, and wind energies, covering aspects such as synthesis, morphology, materials, and characterization. Presenting the fundamental principles in the design and utilization of green energy generation materials, the book discusses the construction and equivalent circuits of traditional and new green energy cells. In addition, it provides thermal analysis and comparative studies with traditional power generation, including operation and cost-efficiency of new generation cells and modules. The book also includes many case studies, laboratory experiments, and research results throughout the chapters. This book will be a valuable reference for applied researchers, academic researchers and graduate students studying advances in energy engineering, nanotechnology, and materials and composites.

Global offshore wind technology shows increasing progress evidenced in the recent reports of wind power capacity, expectations of market expansion and international research projects. Colombia is privileged with several types of natural resources (e.g. wind, sun, water) but there is not a clear legal context to regulate sustainable and safe exploitation of the offshore wind energy considered nonconventional. The development of offshore wind technology in Colombia could attend the energy demand when the hydroelectric system presents low electricity generation during dry hydrological conditions and El Niño -South Oscillations events. This paper analyses international actions that have motivated different countries to establish strategies to reduce CO2, and their advances and challenges in implementing offshore wind technology. The review of the administrative framework of renewable energy in Colombia proved the lack of information for implementing offshore wind *Revised Manuscript -Clean Version Click here to view linked References

Hammadde ihtiyacina yonelik artislar sanayi devrimi ile baslamaktadir. Kuresellesme ile hiz kazanan uluslararasi ticaret beraberinde enerji kaynaklarinin onemini gittikce guclendirmistir. Artan enerji ihtiyaci ulkeleri alternatif enerji kaynaklari arayisina da itmistir. Ayrica ulkelerin enerji politikalari sadece ulke ekonomileri icin degil bir ulkenin dunyadaki siyasal ve uluslararasi iliskilerdeki rolu acisindan da buyuk onem arz etmektedir. Bu calismada son yillarda onemi giderek artan alternatif enerji politikalarinin Turkiye ekonomisi acisindan onemi incelenecektir. Alternatif enerji kaynaklarinin durumu, verimliligi, Dunya ulkeleri ve Turkiye ekonomisi icindeki payi ortaya konulacaktir. Alternatif enerjinin gelistirilmesi ya da maksimum fayda saglayacak bicimde kullanilmasina olanak saglayacak tesviklerin uygulanmasi konusunda degerlendirmeler yapilarak, Turkiye’nin enerji politikalari ,diger dunya ulkeleri ornekleriyle de kiyaslanmak suretiyle, cesitli verilerle desteklenerek...

Permanent magnet generators' (PMGs) dimensions scale with rated power due the sizing law for PMGs, which necessitates increased rotor volume to provide additional torque, preventing use of PMGs in large scale wind turbines. The use of higher energy density permanent magnets may offset the need to scale dimensions to achieve higher input torque. The properties of a permanent magnet necessary to achieve 25% reduction in dimensions in a 10MW wind turbine were calculated. A 29% increase in torque as a result of a 34% increase in the energy product of the permanent magnet is demonstrated.

Permanent magnet generators' (PMGs) dimensions scale with rated power due the sizing law for PMGs, which necessitates increased rotor volume to provide additional torque, preventing use of PMGs in large scale wind turbines. The use of higher energy density permanent magnets may offset the need to scale dimensions to achieve higher input torque. The properties of a permanent magnet necessary to achieve 25% reduction in dimensions in a 10MW wind turbine were calculated. A 29% increase in torque as a result of a 34% increase in the energy product of the permanent magnet is demonstrated.

This paper investigates the energy investment needs of the European Union (EU), including renewable energy. Europe currently has little or no economic growth, and interest-rates are expected to rise. Given the state of many EU countries' economies, this is a good time to encourage investment because -according to Keynesian economics -extra spending can stimulate economic activity. The current economic situation limits options for many governments in EU countries, so new approaches may be required. This paper uses ideas from the European Commission, on how a 'smart' electricity grid can enable renewable energy -such as solar power. The EU Parliament could enable a market-provided solution by offering incentives to the private sector. Private investment will be encouraged if the EU gives long-term low-interest-rate loans for renewable energy generation. Also, a Europe-wide grid makes it profitable to locate solar panels in low-wage countries in southern Europe, and sell electricity in richer countries.

Sneha Shalar1, Pritam Yadav2, Nikhil Chavan3, Sagar Birajdar4 Students,Guided by Prof.NAMRATHA CHOUDHARI, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Alard Charitable Trust’s Alard College of Engineering and Management, Affiliated by Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra State, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------Abstract -A new concept in wind power harnessing is described which significantly outperforms traditional wind turbines of the same diameter and aerodynamic characteristics under the same wind conditions and it delivers significantly higher output, at reduced cost. Its first innovative feature is the elimination of tower-mounted turbines. These large, mechanically complex turbines, and the enormous towers used to hoist them into the sky, are the hallmark of today’s wind power industry. They are also expensive, unwieldy, inefficient, and hazardous to people a...

While the development and adaptation of renewable energy sources are widely undertaken and fully established globally, in Chad, however, up to now, there is only a little, published data on the assessment or feasibility study on renewable energy resources. They are now starting to take a turn in the last couple of years. Currently, assessment of wind and solar resources have emerged and begins to see the light. Far too little attention has been paid to other forms of renewable resources. This partly due to lack of political will, limited skills and public awareness pertaining to the impact of renewable resources on the ground. Thus, they are still unexploited and underutilized in both industrial and household scales. Recently, Didane et al. [6] studied broadly the potential of wind energy in Chad while covering thirteen meteorological stations from the three main zones in the country which are the Sahara desert, the Sahel and the Sudanian zone. It was found that the potential of wind energy in Chad is promising with the Sahel and the Sahara zones seem to show the highest potentials of wind energy harvesting in the country. Soulouknga et al. [8] also carried wind assessment in the Sudanian zone in Chad. It is, however, indicated that in this zone, wind energy could be regarded as a potential alternative only at 67 m height above the ground for electricity generation, heating and

Hybrid renewable energy power systems have proven their ability to address limitations of single renewable energy system in terms of power stability, efficiency and reliability while running at minimum cost. In the present decade, lots of research and practical experiences have been done. This paper will present an overview of the different hybrid solar (PV)-wind renewable energy systems for power generations. Different criteria of selecting the right sizing of different component of hybrid renewable energy power plant at the most preferable economical, logistical environmental considerations will be discussed. In some cases when the weather data are not available, this paper will discuss some optimization approaches which are used to compare the performance and energy production cost of different system configurations using simulation techniques. Based on the fact that, potential of the wind and solar energy is not equal in Oman, this paper will discuss the optimum sizing process of two proposed hybrid solar-wind plants in Oman.

Blade Element Momentum Theory (BEMT) is a computationally efficient method of calculating the performance of a tidal stream turbine (TST) generating energy from the ocean. This efficiency is achieved by making several simplifying assumptions; an unintended consequence of these assumptions is the omission of some phenomena that can significantly alter the performance and loads of a TST. We can ameliorate this by incorporating suitable corrections into a BEMT model, which allow us to account for some of the effects of these phenomena. This paper examines the implementation of corrections in an established BEMT solver for two such phenomena: tip/hub losses and high induction conditions. Tip losses are attributable to the flow of fluid around end of the blade, a flow feature omitted in the classical BEMT treatment of turbines. At high tip speed ratios, above the designed operating range of the device, the theory based on an axial interference factor, a, diverges from experimental results and, indeed, becomes physically untenable. Buhl proposed a high induction correction factor for wind turbines operating in air and a modified version of his correction is implemented here for a TST operating in water. The tip/hub loss and high-induction corrections are well-integrated with one another. The validity of the high-induction correction is checked against experimental results; we find that our model predicts power output well but overpredicts axial thrust compared to laboratory observations.

A modelling approach based on Blade Element Momentum Theory is developed for the prediction of tidal stream turbine performance in the ocean environment. Through the coupling of the Blade Element Momentum method with Computational Fluid Dynamics, the influence of upstream hydrodynamics on rotor performance is accounted for. Incoming flow onto the rotor can vary in speed and direction compared to free-stream conditions due to the presence of obstructions to the flow in the upstream, due to other devices for example, or due to the complexity of natural bathymetries. The relative simplicity of the model leads to short run times and a lower demand on computational resources making it a useful tool for considering more complex engineering problems consisting of multiple tidal stream turbines. Results from the model compare well against both measured data from flume experiments and results obtained using the Classical Blade Element Momentum model. A discussion considering the advantages and disadvantages of these different approaches is included.

Because of the current shift away from fossil fuels and toward renewable energy sources, it is necessary to plan for the installation of new infrastructure to meet the demand for clean energy. Traditional methods for determining wind turbine site suitability suffer from the selection of arbitrary criteria and model parameters by experts, which may lead to a degree of uncertainty in the models produced. An alternative empirically based methodology for building a wind turbine siting model for the state of Iowa is presented in the study. We employ ‘ecological niche’ principles traditionally utilized to model species allocation to develop a new multicriteria, spatially explicit framework for wind turbine placement. Using information on suitability conditions at existing turbine locations, we incorporate seven variables (wind speed, elevation, slope, land cover, distance of infrastructure and settlements, and population density) into two machine‐learning algorithms [maximum entropy metho...

Wind generation connection to power system affects steady state and transient stability. Furthermore, this effect increases with the increase of wind penetration in generation capacity. In this paper optimal location of FACTS devices is carried out to solve the steady state problems of wind penetration. Two case studies are carried out on modified IEEE39 bus system one with wind reduction to 20% and the second with wind penetration increase by 50% in the two cases system suffer from outage of one generator with load at bus 39 decreases from 1104 MW to 900 MW. The system suffers from min voltage reduction, total loss increases and violated of power and power angle limits. This paper found that series FACTS devices in certain range are the best type to solve these problems associated with wind penetration in power systems.

Bu calismada, Ic Anadolu Bolgesi sinirlari icerisinde kalan kullanilmamis ruzgâr enerji potansiyeli belirlenmis ve modelleme calismalari yapilmistir. Calisma gerceklestirilirken WindoGrapher programindan saglanan uzun sureli “long-term” veriler ayni programda analiz edilmis ve sonuclar WindFarmer programina uyum saglayacak sekilde cevrildikten sonra WAsP Map Tool kullanilarak proje sahalari icin haritalar olusturulmustur. Elde edilen harita ve veriler WindFarmer programina entegre edilmis ve ruzgâr enerjisi analizi gerceklestirilmistir. Proje sahalari secilirken tasarlanacak ruzgâr enerji sahalarinin, maksimum kapasitede olmasi planlanmistir. Google Earth programi ile sehir sinirlari baz alinarak Vaisala Oyj. Firmasinin saglamis oldugu harita ile ruzgâr enerjisi kaynak alanlari tespit edilmistir. Belirlenen alanlar “multi-criteria” yontemi ile incelenerek, ruzgâr enerji santral sahasi olabilmesi icin hem teknik acidan ve hem de mevzuat acisindan uygunlugu arastirilmistir. Teknik inc...

Snižovani energeticke narocnosti a maximalni využiti obnovitelných zdrojů v energetickem mixu je předpokladem pro udržitelný rozvoj a minimalizaci dopadu lidske cinnosti na ekosystemy. Výjimecný význam ma v mistech, ktere jsou doposud lidskou cinnosti teměř nedotcene, jakými je tež Antarktida. Jedna se o kontinent nejchladnějsi, s nejvyssi průměrnou nadmořskou výskou, nejnižsim slunecnim ozařenim a soucasně nejmeně prozkoumaný. Objem výzkumných aktivit v Antarktidě každorocně roste, vznikaji nove vědecke zakladny, roste i pocet statů podilejicich se na výzkumu terestrických ekosystemů Antarktidy. Využiti obnovitelných zdrojů pro zajistěni potřeb personalu vede ke sniženi spotřeby fosilnich paliv a emisi a hraje důležitou roli v ochraně zdejsi přirody. Tento přispěvek popisuje soucasný stav, technicke a ekonomicke možnosti využiti obnovitelných zdrojů na vědeckých stanicich v Antarktidě s ohledem na klimaticke poměry a požadavky provozu. Podrobněji popisuje energetický system na Cesk...

This study presents a proposal based on controlled capacitor switching at the moment of three-phase induction motor start-up, when such motors are fed by isolated synchronous generators. This procedure allows for the mitigation of voltage sag that occurs during this transitory period, since a large portion of the reactive power requested during the motor start-up is provided by capacitor banks, thereby relieving a portion of current from the synchronous generator, and with it mitigating the voltage sag. Traditionally, oversizing of the generator was used, under the pretext of mitigating voltage sag. This proposal represents not only an economy, but also power optimization, developed through the motor-generator group, leading to a greater working life.

In order to predict the energy production of photovoltaic (PV) modules, it is necessary to predict the module temperature as a function of ambient temperature, wind speed, wind direction, total irradiance, and relative humidity. This paper presents a mathematical model to predict the module temperature based on the field monitored real data of module temperature, ambient temperature, wind speed, wind direction and relative humidity.

Self excited induction generators (SEIG) are widely used to harness energy from wind power. However, maintaining constant voltage output from SEIG with varying loads and wind speeds is still a major challenge. This paper proposes a control scheme which provides stable voltage output with changing loads and widely varying wind speeds. A capacitor is employed to provide the bulk excitation for the induction generator. An inverter with a photovoltaic (PV) module supplies the variable reactive current needed to regulate the generator output voltage under variable wind speeds and variable loads. Appropriate simulations and experiments with a laboratory prototype validate the proposed model.

Advancement in electricity is the key ingredient that can actively take part in alleviating poverty and drastically improve the socio-economic status of the people of Bangladesh. The incorporation of renewable energy sources would help the country meet the energy requirement as well as contribute positively towards building a sustainable planet. The paper has extensively discussed the potential aspects of renewable energy resources in Bangladesh and how the Internet of Things can facilitate the implementation of intermittent sources. The regulatory and socio-economic aspects of the renewable energy industry have been explored and sustainable solutions will be discussed to fast-track the process of integrating various renewable energy sources in the power grid to meet the energy demand. The paper discusses the challenges associated with the RE integration in Bangladesh’s power mix and tries to mitigate it through the IoT. Besides that, an RE map for Bangladesh along with prospective ...

In 2011 the DeepCwind Consortium, led by the University of Maine (UMaine), performed an extensive series of floating wind turbine model tests at the Maritime Research Institute Netherlands (MARIN) offshore basin. These tests, which were conducted at 1/50th scale, investigated the response of three floating wind turbine concepts subjected to simultaneous wind and wave environments. The wind turbine blades utilized for the tests were geometrically-similar models of those found on the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) 5 MW reference wind turbine and performed poorly in the Froude-scaled, low-Reynolds number wind environment. As such, the primary aerodynamic load produced by the wind turbine, thrust, was drastically lower than expected for a given Froude-scaled wind speed. In order to obtain appropriate mean thrust forces

Introduction page 2 1. Why indicators? 2. Between energy statistics and industry statistics 3. Structure of report 2. Innovation systems and the sustainability challenge page 5 1. Innovation system indicators i. Research focused perspective ii. Firm focused perspective iii. Change focused perspective 3. Examples of measurements page 19 1. Output indicators -measuring the current performance 2. Input indicators and actor landscape 3. Throughput indicators 4. Ongoing efforts and debates: Five measuring challenges page 34 A. The challenge of classifications of technologies and products B. The challenge of energy efficiency innovations C. The challenge of greening of markets and the role of standards D. The challenge of measuring interaction patterns E. The challenge of measuring investments and identifying investors 5. Conclusion

Impact is one of the most important subjects which always have been considered in mechanical science. Nature of impact is such that which makes its control a hard task. Therefore it is required to adopt a safe and secure mechanism for transferring the impact to other vulnerable parts of a structure, when it is necessary. One of the best methods of absorbing impact energy is using Thin-walled tubes, where the tubes collapse under impact by absorbing energy, while this prevents the damage to other parts. Purpose of the present study is to survey the deformation and energy absorption of tubes with different type of cross section (rectangular or square) and with similar volumes, height, mean cross section, and material under different speed loading. Lateral loading of tubes are quasi-static type and in addition to the numerical analysis, also experimental experiment has been performed to evaluate the accuracy of the results. Results from the survey indicates that at the same conditions ...

RESUME -Les travaux présentés comparent expérimentalement l'effet de deux topologies de conversion AC/DC sur la courbe de rendement d'une éolienne équipée d'une génératrice à aimants permanents à flux axial. Les deux stratégies de conversion étudiées sont (i) un redresseur passif à diodes et (ii) un redresseur actif à transistors MOSFETs piloté par commande vectorielle sans capteur mécanique. Il est mis en évidence que les deux stratégies ne peuvent couvrir les même points de fonctionnement mécaniques avec la même tension de bus. La configuration (i) permet uniquement une adaptation d'impédance localisée dépendante de la tension DC aux bornes du redresseur. La configuration (ii) permet de maximiser le rendement de conversion sur toute la plage de vitesses de vent mais son opération à haute vitesse est limitée par la tension du bus continu. ABSTRACT -This work studies the effect of two rectifying strategies on the energy conversion efficiency of a wind turbine equipped with an axial flux permanent magnet synchronous generator. The experimental comparison involves (i) a diode full bridge rectifier and (ii) a PWM MOSFETs rectifier with sensorless vector control. It has been shown that the two configurations cannot cover the same operating points with the same DC bus voltage. Configuration (i) allows a localized impedance matching which is highly dependent on the DC bus voltage. Strategy (ii) allows to maximize the conversion efficiency along a wide wind speed range. The latter is limited by the DC voltage for high speeds. MOTS-CLES -Eolienne -Rendement -AC/DC -Commande vectorielle sans capteur -Machine synchrone à aimants permanents

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El biodiesel es un combustible obtenido a partir de materias primas de base renovable como los aceites vegetales . El objetivo de este trabajo es realizar un análisis de calidad de dos tipos de biodiesel obtenidos a partir de materias primas disponibles en Colombia como es el caso de los aceites de palma e higuerilla. El biodiesel de aceite de palma cumple con la mayoría de especificaciones contempladas en las normas ASTM D-975 y D-6751. La principal deficiencia técnica de este biodiesel es el alto punto de nube que resulta de su naturaleza química altamente saturada. Por su parte el biodiesel de aceite de higuerilla presenta más limitantes técnicas para su uso en motores diesel, dado su bajo índice de cetano y alta viscosidad.

Bakalářská práce se zabývá hodnocením potenciálu chráněných krajinných oblastí pro jednodenní rekreaci obyvatel Plzně. V práci je provedeno objektivní hodnocení potenciálu chráněných krajinných oblastí pro jednodenní rekreaci obyvatel Plzně. Jednalo se o hodnocení lokalizačních faktorů, které byly rozděleny na přírodní a kulturní složku. Samostatná kapitola je věnována zhodnocení dopravní dostupnosti mezi Plzní a vybranými chráněnými krajinnými oblastmi. Řešena je časová dostupnost a to jak automobilovou, tak i veřejnou dopravou. Poslední částí práce je subjektivní zhodnocení potenciálu chráněných krajinných oblastí pro jednodenní rekreaci obyvatel Plzně, kde je využito dotazníkového šetření vybrané skupiny obyvatel Plzně a rozhovorů v infocentrech. Samotný text práce je doplněn o mapové výstupy, tabulky a grafy. Základní poznatky, které práce přinesla, jsou následující: potenciál zkoumaných území je zpravidla tvořen zejména přírodní složkou, kvalitu dopravní dostupnosti ovlivňuje z...

Demand for solar energy increases and it is required to manage the supply of energy effectively. Accurate detection on patterns of energy consumed assist in taking appropriate decisions on generating energy. Even though many traditional techniques have predicted the consumption rate, still improvement is needed in prediction accuracy. The pre-processing is performed initially for handling missing values. The feature selection is accomplished using improved greedy based genetic algorithm (GGA) to extract best features to enhance the performance of the model. Output from feature-selection is passed as input to the classification phase using proposed deep convolutional neural network (CNN) in which future solar energy patterns are classified and predicted timely basis power consumption and it optimize the model by minimize the error. The prediction accuracy is estimated through evaluation metrics such as mean square error (MSE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and root mean square error (RMSE) 0.423, 0.652, and 0.215, respectively. The outcomes achieved in terms of accuracy at 99.75, precision at 99.28, sensitivity, and recall at 100 revealed the efficiency of the proposed classification model. As a result, the proposed future prediction of solar energy was considered efficient since it achieved reduced error values than other prediction algorithms. It assists in maintaining stability in solar-energy based systems.

Solar and wind can be considered as sustainable environmentally friendly and omnipresent renewable energy sources for generating a part of required electrical energy for inhabitants of the remote areas in different countries. Accordingly, this study investigates the techno‐economic evaluation for two‐hybrid renewable energy systems for Bandar Dayyer. The findings of this study shows that using the HOMER software, the total amount of electricity production by these systems are equal to 470,176 kW, of which 22,409 kW is provided by PV‐generic system and 447,767 kW is supplied by PV‐diesel‐generic system. It should be mentioned that this area has an appropriate potential of wind speed and solar radiation; therefore, the area can be suitable for investing on a hybrid renewable energy site.

Abstract:-In this paper the wind field of the broader area of Chania is statistically analyzed. This analysis is based over one year's hourly averaged measurements of the wind speed and direction, obtained from a network of five Automated Meteorological Stations operating in the greater area of Chania. Firstly, a descriptive statistical analysis of wind speed and direction is performed, which includes the availability of data, the calculation of mean wind speeds, monthly and diurnal variations along with the distribution by wind direction. The ...

Wind energy development is rapidly expanding in North America, often accompanied by requirements to survey potential facility locations for existing wildlife. Within the USA, golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) are among the most high-profile species of birds that are at risk from wind turbines. To minimize golden eagle fatalities in areas proposed for wind development, modified point count surveys are usually conducted to estimate use by these birds. However, it is not always clear what drives variation in the relationship between on-site point count data and actual use by eagles of a wind energy project footprint. We used existing GPS-GSM telemetry data, collected at 15 min intervals from 13 golden eagles in 2012 and 2013, to explore the relationship between point count data and eagle use of an entire project footprint. To do this, we overlaid the telemetry data on hypothetical project footprints and simulated a variety of point count sampling strategies for those footprints. We compared the time an eagle was found in the sample plots with the time it was found in the project footprint using a metric we called "error due to sampling". Error due to sampling for individual eagles appeared to be influenced by interactions between the size of the project footprint (20, 40, 90 or 180 km 2 ) and the sampling type (random, systematic or stratified) and was greatest on 90 km 2 plots. However, use of random sampling resulted in lowest error due to sampling within intermediate sized plots. In addition sampling intensity and sampling frequency both influenced the effectiveness of point count sampling. Although our work focuses on individual eagles (not the eagle populations typically surveyed in the field), our analysis shows both the utility of simulations to identify specific influences on error and also potential improvements to sampling that consider the contextspecific manner that point counts are laid out on the landscape.

This paper presents an operational analysis of the prototype of an innovative fully autonomous wind powered desalination system. The system consists of a wind farm, made up of two wind turbines and a flywheel, which operates in isolation from the conventional power grids and which supplies the energy needs of a group of eight reverse osmosis (RO) modules throughout the complete desalination process (from the pumping of sea water to the storage of the product water), as well as the energy requirements of the control subsystems. The analysis of the electrical and hydraulic results obtained from this prototype, installed on the island of Gran Canaria in the Canarian Archipelago, shows the technical feasibility of the system design and the automatic operational strategy programmed for it. Amongst other tasks, the automatic operational strategy controls the number of RO plants that have to be connected or disconnected at any given moment in order to match the variable wind energy supply. The results obtained thus far have not revealed any significant variation in the level of quality or average volume of the product water, nor any physical deterioration to the main components of the system as a result of the start-ups and shut-downs required as a result of the variations in the wind energy supply or oscillations of the electrical parameters of voltage and frequency. In conclusion, the system under analysis can be applied to sea water desalination, both on a small and large scale, in coastal regions with a scarcity of water for domestic and/or agricultural use but with wind energy resources.

This paper describes the design and operational strategies of an ambitious prototype for a desalination system powered exclusively by wind energy. The system, installed on the island of Gran Canaria, was designed with several objectives in mind: (a) to determine experimentally the feasibility of the stand-alone operation of wind farms isolated horn the conventional power grids and supplying energy for a number of desalination techniques (reverse osmosis, electrodialysis reversal and vacuum vapor compression; (b) to verify the operational feasibility ofthe various desalination techniques when the energy source driving the system is an intermittent one; and (c) to analyze the influence that a variety of operational strategies have on the volume and quality of the desalinated water produced and on the useful working life of the main components of the desalination plants. The first of these three questions has been resolved with the feasibility of such stand-alone systems now clearly demonstrated. As for the second question, initial tests would seem so far to indicate that the reverse osmosis technique is the most suitable for use in stand-alone wind-powered desalination systems. The results that are still to come from the remaining studies will be of vital importance for regions like the Canary Islands, which suffer from a scarcity of potable water, lack conventional energy sources, but do have at their disposal wind energy resources.

A prototype SWRO plant is presented operating with variable power consumption. The theoretical admissible operating limits of the plant are determined. The strategy of variable operating conditions is described for the SWRO plant. The results obtained when simulating the WT-generated power are analysed.

The American Physical Society UAS Swarming for Three-Dimensional Wake Measurements of Building and Turbine Wakes JAMEY JACOB, RAKSHIT ALLAMRAJU, TAY-LOR MITCHELL, VICTORIA NATALIE, Oklahoma State University -Three dimensional measurements of the wake upstream and downstream of buildings and turbines utilizing UAS are presented. Multirotor aircraft have been outfitted with sonic anemometers to measure windspeed and direction of winds aloft. Various studies have demonstrated using a fixed wing unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) to measure the wake of turbines. However, a novel approach is taken to measure multiple points simultaneously in the wake using highly coordinated and autonomous quadrotors UAS, aka swarming. The ability to perform such measurements is made possible due to the integration of fast response aerodynamic sensors with compact hardware that enables the UAS to be used in this operation. A proposed experimental testing scheme is to measure a three-dimensional profile of the boundary layers of wakes upstream and down of buildings and wind turbines. This insight provides a real-time full-scale measurements of the effects of building and turbines at high Re and determine the impacts of the boundary layer. The Oklahoma Mesonet and DOE ARM SGP Site are used for validation, and ground mounted ultrasonic anemometer is used for 3D validation of the wind vector estimates. Initial results are presented and discussed.

The American Physical Society PIV measurements of a jet impinging on an opened rotor-stator system at low gap spacing THIEN NGUYEN, JULIEN PELL É, SOUAD HAR-MAND, Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France -The current work experimentally investigates the flow characteristics of an air jet impinging to an opened rotor-stator configuration at a low nondimensional spacing G = 0.02 and very low aspect ratio e/D = 0.25. The rotational Reynolds numbers varied from 0.33 × 10 5 to 5.32 × 10 5 while the jet Reynolds numbers ranged from 17.2 × 10 3 to 43 × 10 3 . PIV measurements were performed at three axial planes for the entire disk diameter. The obtained PIV results agreed with those obtained by LDA measurements and numerical simulation reported in Poncet et al. 2005 (Physics of Fluids 17, 075110). A recirculation flow region, which centered at the impinging point and possessed high turbulent intensities, was observed. The mean flow and turbulent intensities were evaluated with the local heat transfer coefficients measured by Pellé and Harmand 2009 (Applied Thermal Engineering 29: 1532-1543). It is shown that the local peaks and the gradually rising of the radial heat transfer coefficients N u are due to the secondary peaks and the increases near the outer radius of the turbulent intensity distributions respectively. POD analysis was applied to the cases of the impinging jet with and without rotation. It is shown that the first POD mode captured nearly 60% total kinetic energy and the low-order POD modes revealed a spiral structure in the jet-dominated region.

The fluctuating production of electric energy converters caused by the dynamic changing wind velocity leads to a system perturbation which can be calledflicker. Apart from this system perturbation the quality of the electric power is also reduced because of the tower shadow effect. The periodic appearance of this effect overlaps and intensifies the flicker: Within the scope of this contribution a system management will be introduced, which reduces the tower shadow effect and which damps the shortterm powerfluctuation caused by the changing wind velocity. The mode of operation of this system management will be shown on a simulated test model ( The control ofpower is realised by the system management based on a microcontroller and a three phase A.C. power controller.

Literatürde yatay eksenli rüzgâr türbinlerinin maksimum güç verimlerinin elde edildiği uç hız oranı için farklı sayısal değerler bulunmaktadır. Bu farkın nedenini ortaya çıkarmak için, NREL S809 airfoili ile Schmitz formülüne göre kanat geometrisi oluşturulan yatay eksenli rüzgâr türbinin maksimum güç değerinin, hangi uç hız oran değerinde oluştuğu BEM teoremi ile araştırılmıştır. NREL S 809'nın CL ve CD değerleri literatürdeki deney sonuçlarından alındığında; BEM teoremine göre; Cp,max=0,53 değeri, uç hız oranının 8 değerinde elde edilirken, CL ve CD değerleri hesaplamalı akışkanlar dinamiği (HAD) ile hesaplandığında; Cp,max=0,50 değeri uç hız oranının 7 değerinde elde edilmiştir. Airfoil aerodinamik performans değerlerinin doğru alınmasının, BEM teoremiyle bulunan sonuçların doğruluğunu önemli oranda etkilediği anlaşılmıştır.

The study assessed the wind energy potential of ten selected sites in the south western region of Nigeria and carried out a cost benefit analysis of wind power generation at those sites. Twenty four years ' (1987 to 2010) wind speed data at 10 m height obtained from the Nigerian meteorological agency were employed to classify the sites wind profiles for electricity generation. The energy cost analysis of generating wind electricity from the sites was also carried out. The outcome showed that sites in Lagos and Oyo States were adequately suited for large scale generation with average wind speeds ranged between 2.9 and 5.8 m/s. Those from other sites may be suitable for small scale generation or as wind farms, with several small turbines connected together, to generate large enough wind power. The turbine matching results shows that turbines cut-in and rated wind speeds of between 2.0 and 3.0 m/s, and between 10 and 12.0 m/s respectively will be very suited to

In some areas in Indonesia, such as: the southern part of Sumatra until Nusa Tenggara, wind velocity is large enough to be used as a wind power plant with a range of 5-15 knots of wind speed equivalent 2.5-7.5 m / s. However, wind energy has not yet been developed, there are only a wind power plant with a total capacity of 1.4 GW in Indonesia.  Mostly, instruments wind power is basically intended for European plains wind speed range of 10-30 knots. So that the necessary adjustments for the Indonesian state that smaller wind speed in order to optimize the system work.The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of the number of blades and wind speed on electric power generated by a horizontal axis wind turbine. The type of blade used is arched plate and fitted with a pitch angle of 30o. Key issues to be examined in this study is how the influence of the number of blades (3, 4, and 5 blade) and wind speed (3m / s, 4m / s and 5 m / s) to the performance of horizontal axis w...

Resumo: A crise enerxética dos anos setenta conduciu a unha reformulación do paradigma enerxético imperante. Como consecuencia, as enerxías renovables comezaron a abrirse camiño como alternativas estratéxicas. Historicamente, Galicia desempeñou un destacado papel como provedora de enerxía eléctrica procedente da gran hidráulica, grazas á favorable dotación de recursos que posúe. Pero o desencadeamento da crise reforzou o seu rol no campo das enerxías renovables, en concreto na construción de minicentrais hidráulicas e parques eólicos. Nos anos seguintes, enerxías como a biomasa ou a solar comezaron a ser explotadas, aínda que de maneira incipiente. Este traballo pretende ofrecer unha visión global da evolución das enerxías renovables en Galicia durante as tres últimas décadas. O potencial hidroeléctrico rexional viuse complementado co desenvolvemento da enerxía eólica, unha rama en expansión na que actúan empresas autóctonas como Engasa (1981), unha das pioneiras no aproveitamento da enerxía do vento.

Throughout Europe there is an increasing trend of connecting high penetrations of wind turbines to the transmission networks. This has resulted in transmission system operators revising their grid code documents for the connection of large wind farms. These specifications require large MW capacity wind farms to have the ability to assist in some of the power system control services currently carried out by conventional synchronous generation. These services include voltage and frequency control. It is now recognized that much of this new wind generation plant will use either fixed speed induction generator (FSIG)-or doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind turbines. The addition of a control loop to synthesize inertia in the DFIG wind turbine using the power electronic control system has been described. The possibility of deloading wind turbines for frequency response using blade pitch angle control is discussed.A pitch control scheme to provide frequency response from FSIG and DFIG wind turbines is also described. A case study of an FSIG wind turbine with frequency response capabilities is investigated.

The Long-term Inflow and Structural Test (LIST) program is collecting long-term inflow and structural response data to characterize the spectrum of loads on wind turbines. In one of the measurement campaigns being conducted under this program, the 42-m diameter, 600-kW NWTC Advanced Research Turbine (ART) was monitored. The inflow was monitored with a planar array of five high-resolution sonic anemometers and supporting meteorological instrumentation located 1.5 diameters upwind of the turbine. The structural response of the turbine was measured using strain gauges circuits and an inertial measurement unit (IMU). The former was used to monitor root bending moments and the low-speed shaft torque, while the latter were used to monitor the motion of the tower and the nacelle. Auxiliary gauges measured blade pitch, rotor teeter, nacelle yaw and generator power. A total of 3299 10-minute records were collected for analysis. From this set, 1044 records are used to examine the influence of various inflow parameters on fatigue loads. Long-term fatigue loads and extreme loads are also examined.

Printed Copy A03 Codes are used for pricing all publications. The code is determined by the number of pages in the publication. Information pertaining to the pricing codes can be found in the current issue of the following publications which are generally available in most libraries: Energy Research Abstracts (ERA); Government Reports Announcements and Index (GRA and/); Scientific

The utilization of conventional sources of energy releases harmful pollutants to the environment causing global warming and acid rain. For that reason, it becomes necessary to use a non-depletable, sustainable and eco-friendly renewable energy as a mean of producing electricity. Malaysia is tropical country rich in resources beneficial in electricity generation as it is in equatorial region therefore it has an abundance of solar irradiance of average annually. In addition, Malaysia’s demand in electricity is increasing to 124,677 GWh by 2020. Therefore, the electricity generation from renewable sources in Malaysia is anticipated to grow in the future alongside the government endorsement due to its clean, eco-friendly and free source of energy which can highly reduce the dependency on oil and gas that emits harmful pollutants to the environment. This paper gives a comprehensive review on the renewable projects and researches in Malaysia, challenges that affect popularity of renewable...

We critically review present knowledge of the life cycle environmental impacts of wind power. We find that the current body of life cycle assessments (LCA) of wind power provides a fairly good overall understanding of fossil energy use and associated pollution; our survey of results that appear in existing literature give mean values (± standard deviation) of, e.g., 0.060 (±0.058) kWh energy used and 19 (±13) g CO 2 e emitted per kWh electricity, suggesting good environmental performance vis-à-vis fossil-based power. Total emissions of onshore and offshore wind farms are comparable. The bulk of emissions generally occur in the production of components; onshore, the wind turbine dominates, while offshore, the substructure becomes relatively more important. Strong positive effects of scale are present in the lower end of the turbine size spectrum, but there is no clear evidence for such effects for MW-sized units. We identify weaknesses and gaps in knowledge that future research may address. This includes poorly understood impacts in categories of toxicity and resource depletion, lack of empirical basis for assumptions about replacement of parts, and apparent lack of detailed considerations of offshore operations for wind farms in ocean waters. We argue that applications of the avoided burden method to model recycling benefits generally lack transparency and may be inconsistent. Assumed capacity factor values are generally higher than current mean realized values. Finally, we discuss the need for LCA research to move beyond unit-based assessments in order to address temporal aspects and the scale of impacts.