Wind Energy

Tidak hanya iblis dan tentaranya yang bisa membangun istana di atas lautan, tapi umat manusia yang kemampuannya tidak seperti iblis pun bisa membangun ‘istana  energi’ nya di atas laut, yaitu floating offshore wind turbine. Berbeda dengan iblis dan tentaranya, manusia membangun untuk kemaslahatan umat, untuk mengejawantahkan wujud misinya sebagai kalifah di muka bumi, agar bumi tetap lestari. Sementara iblis membangun markas sebagai pos-pos pentingnya guna memperlancar misinya pula dalam menyesatkan umat manusia dan membawanya ke neraka sebagai teman abadi. Selama ini mungkin manusia khilaf dalam memanfaatkan kelebihan akal dan pikiran yang diberikan Tuhan Yang Maha Kuasa kepada mereka dengan menggunakan alat floating unit hanya untuk mengeruk minyak bumi yang notabene banyak menimbulkan kemudartan, tapi dengan kelebihan akal pikiran beserta hati, manusia mulai berfikir untuk kembali ke fitrahnya, yakni back to nature dengan selangkah demi selangkah mulai memprioritaskan pemanfaatan sumber energi yang ramah lingkungan dan bebas polusi, seperti memanfaatkan angin laut dengan membangun turbin angin mengapung atau floating offshore wind turbine.

As wind farms continue to take up more land throughout Northern Europe, developers are looking to sparsely populated areas, particularly in northern Fennoscandia, which hosts strong winds but also mixed and patchy forests over complex terrain. The complexity makes wind resource assessments difficult, raising uncertainty and therefore cost. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has the potential to increase the accuracy and reliability of wind models, but the most common form of commercial CFD modeling, Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS), makes limiting assumptions about the effect of the forest on the wind. The wind resource assessment and energy estimation tool WindSim\textregistered\space, developed by WindSim AS, utilizes a porous medium model of a homogeneous forest with the influence of the forest on the airflow as a drag force term in the momentum equations. This method has provided reliable wind speed results but has been less reliable in estimating turbulence characteristics. The measure we evaluate in this study is turbulence intensity (TI).\\

In this investigation, we make two types of modifications to the model and evaluate their impact on the TI estimates by using a benchmark data set collected by Meroney et al (1968). The first method is a variable profile of leaf area index (LAI) to represent the physical shape of the forest more accurately, and the second is a series of modifications to the closure coefficients in the turbulence transport equations. These modifications focus on the work of Lopes et al (2011a), who used a large eddy simulation (LES) model to show that the turbulence production terms originally proposed by Green (1992), expanded upon by Sanz (2003), and widely used in the industry are unnecessary.\\

Our investigations found that the implementation of a variable LAI profile has a small but non-negligible effect and that the elimination of the production terms from the turbulence transport equations does lead to a significant reduction in TI immediately above the forest. Both methods have minor effects on wind speed estimates, but the modification of closure coefficients has a much more significant impact on the TI. The coefficients proposed by Lopes (2011a) drastically reduce TI estimates, but the model is still unable to reflect the Meroney data throughout the forest. Continued modification to new closure coefficients in combination with a variable forest LAI and other modifications such as a limited length scale may lead to significant improvement in TI estimates in future models, but these modifications must be compared against real-world data to ensure their applicability.

In this work, a statistical analysis of wind energy potential in Maiduguri is carried out, using Weibull distribution and 10 years (1995)(1996)(1997)(1998)(1999)(2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004) of wind data. The results show the Weibull distribution parameter C and K, the probability function T (V), the velocity frequency distribution f (V), the energy and power densities. The cost benefit analysis shows the economic feasibility of using wind energy conversion systems for electric power generation and supply in Maiduguri. r

Wind speed modeling and prediction plays a critical role in wind related engineering studies. However, since the data have random behavior, it is difficult to apply statistical approaches with apriori and deterministic parameters. On the other hand, wind speed data have an important feature; extreme transitions from a wind state to a far different one are rare. Therefore, behavioral modeling is possible. Although several studies focus on global parametrization of wind data behavior, the literature in time-wise modeling and prediction is relatively small. In this study, a novel approach for wind speed modeling using the Mycielski algorithm is demonstrated. The algorithm accurately predicts the time variations of wind speed data in the sense of forecasting future values of wind data by analyzing the repeatedness in the history of the data. The prediction precision of the procedure is tested using wind speed data obtained from three different locations of Turkey (Kayseri, _ Izmir and Antalya). Prediction results with high accuracy are obtained and presented.

Extrapolation techniques used for predicting long-term wind turbine loads have produced highly variable loading estimates dependent on the individual designer implementation. To reduce such variability, more precise definition and validation of these techniques are necessary. As part of a wider effort to test loads extrapolation techniques used in wind turbine design, two data sets were created. The first data set was created as an example typical of what designers use to extrapolate loads according to wind turbine design standards. The second data set was a series of year-long simulations that could be used to quantify the accuracy of extrapolation methods. Due to the large number of simulations, care was taken not to reproduce random samplings in individual time series. Additionally, a grid computing architecture was used to run the simulations in a reasonable time frame. The wind speeds where loads were highest were identified, which varied with loading type. The identification of dominant wind speeds is important to ensure an adequate number of simulations at such speeds, which often influence extrapolated loads. In-plane loads and deflections tended to be dominated by high wind speeds near cut-out wind speed. Out-ofplane loads and deflections were most influenced by winds that were near the rated wind speed. Some loads were influenced by a range of wind speeds. The loads dominated by high wind speeds had greater variability in the extreme values, which could be a reflection of the greatly varying wind and also greater sensitivity to higher energy content of the wind at such speeds.

ABSTRACT The headway of wind power generation is a great blessing to help meet up the electrical power demand day by day. The strongest challenges for wind energy conversion system (WECS) are to handle the intermittency of wind and to maintain the grid reliability. The power electronics and energy storage systems are essential elements of the WECS. This paper attempts to provide various new directions to the future wind energy researchers to improve the wind turbine aerodynamics, electric generators׳ configurations with improved control of power electronics and lower cost energy storage system for designing a reliable wind turbine generator system. This study will work as a guideline for the researchers to understand the development and requirement of a reliable and smart wind energy conversion system.

Accurate wind and severe-weather forecasts are crucial for wind-energy production and grid-load management. Most of the prevailing wind power forecast methods rely heavily on statistical approaches that typically do not deal directly with weather processes. Currently employed numerical weather prediction (NWP) models are deemed insufficiently accurate by many industry stakeholders for wind power prediction, even though they have been used for such applications. The reason is partly because the NWP products used for power forecasting are typically produced by the coarse-resolution models at the major operational weather centers. Although a few of high-resolution models are run by some wind energy industries, most of these model do not contain advanced data assimilation capabilities that are required to initialize the model prediction with the important high-resolution weather information.

Статья посвящена вопросам развития ветроэнергетики в Китае. Рассмотрены технико- технологические ограничения эксплуатации, раскрыты проблемы фрагментарности системы принятия решений при планировании строительства объектов генерации и их подключения к сетям, проанализированы экономические и административные барьеры, а также особенности нормативно-правовой базы, негативно сказывающиеся на развитии отрасли. Показано, какие новые рыночные механизмы позволяют решать указанные проблемы.

Wind speed data for 30 locations in Nigeria were analysed. Annual mean wind speeds and power flux densities were determined to vary from 1.5 to 4.l m/s and 5.7 to 22.5 W/m 2, respectively. The mean maximum power extractable from two hypothetical aerogenerators were determined. The potential uses of wind energy in the country are for electricity generation and water pumping in rural areas.

Wind energy installations in Greece are increasing rapidly as a means to achieve the national goal for increasing the renewables' share in the country's energy balance. However, wind farm installations are not impact free from the environmental standpoint. The present study examines the cradle-to-grave impacts of a wind farm in central Greece composed of four, 850 MW each, wind turbines. Life cycle inventory data were obtained from secondary sources and the CML 2 baseline 2000 ready-made method was utilized for the environmental assessment in nine impact categories. The results indicate an intensity index of 4.1 kg CO 2 eq. per MWh along with an energy payback time of 7 months. Towers, nacelles and the foundations of the turbines are the wind farm components that cause the most environmental impacts. However, key impact categories associated with energy, such as alteration of local climate, killing of birds and bats, noise and visual impact are not assessed. Despite the limi...

This paper presents a decision support technique to help decision makers study the influencing factors in the design of a hybrid solar-wind power system (HSWPS) for grid-linked applications. These factors relate mainly to political and social conditions, and to technical advances and economics. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used to quantify the various divergencies of opinions, practices and events that lead to confusion and uncertainties in planning HSWPS. The trade-offhisk method is used to generate multiple plans under 16 different futures and obtain the corresponding trade-off curves. Unlike the traditional 2-D simulation, a novel modeling of a trade-off surface in 3-D space is presented where the knee set is determined using the minimum distance approach. Robust and inferior plans are segregated based on their frequent occurrence in the conditional decision set of each future and hedging analysis to reduce risk is performed in order to assign alternati5.e options in case risky futures occur.

In this paper it is proposed a new topology of three-phase controlled rectifier feasible for high power wind energy conversion systems (WECS). This rectifier is based on the bridgeless rectifier, uses six wires of the generator, and allows the operation with high power factor, increasing the generator efficiency. One Cycle Control (OCC), which avoids the need of sinusoidal reference signals, was used in the rectifier control. This study is then concerned with the operation principle and experimental results obtained from a 5 kVA prototype.

When designing a wind farm layout, we can reduce the number of variables by optimizing a pattern instead of considering the position of each turbine. In this paper we show that, by reducing the problem to only two variables defining a grid, we can gain up to 3% of energy output on simple examples of wind farms dealing with many turbines (up to 1000) while dramatically reducing the computation time.

This paper explores wind power integration issues for the South Australian (SA) region of the Australian National Electricity Market (NEM) by assessing the interaction of regional wind generation, electricity demand and spot prices over 2 recent years of market operation. SA's wind energy penetration has recently surpassed 20% and it has only a limited interconnection with other regions of the NEM. As such, it represents an interesting example of high wind penetration in a gross wholesale pool market electricity industry. Our findings suggest that while electricity demand continues to have the greatest influence on spot prices in SA, wind generation levels have become a significant secondary influence, and there is an inverse relationship between wind generation and price. No clear relationship between wind generation and demand has been identified although some periods of extremely high demand may coincide with lower wind generation. Periods of high wind output are associated with generally lower market prices, and also appear to contribute to extreme negative price events. The results highlight the importance of electricity market and renewable policy design in facilitating economically efficient high wind penetrations.

Until now, there is no internationally accepted guideline for the measurement, data exchange and analysis of PV-Wind Hybrid Systems. As there is a need for such a tool, so as to overcome the barrier that the lack of confidence due to the absence of reliability means for the development of the market of Hybrid Systems, an effort has been made to suggest one tool for PV-Wind Hybrid Systems. The suggested guidelines presented in this work are based on the existing guidelines for PV Systems, as a PV-Wind Hybrid system can be roughly thought of as a PV System to which wind generation has been added. So, the guidelines for PV Systems are valid for the PV-Wind System, and only the part referred to wind generation should be included. This has been the process followed in this work. The proposed method is applied to a case study, the CICLOPS Project, a 5 kW PV, 7.5 kW Wind Hybrid system installed at the Isolated Wind Systems Test Site that CIEMAT owns in CEDER (Soria, Spain). This system has been fully monitored through a year and the results of the monitoring activity, characterizing the long-term performance of the system are shown in this work.

The societal challenges of the 21st century are profound and wide ranging. Basic needs such
as food, housing, mobility, health, and energy will become even more acute as the world
population exceeds nine billion. The demand for sustainable development will require
redefined engineering cutting-edge skills and ever reaching hands-on experience to navigate
these needs to a standard level. The power sector is on the cusp of a technology breakthrough
with a number of promising developments coming on string. A concerted drive to solve
challenges of the energy trilenma: energy access, affordability and sustainability coupled with
rapid technological change that spored tech firms. Constant power supply is the hallmark and
the bedrock of any developed economy. Today, 60% to 70% of the Nigerian population have
no access to electricity. One hundred million Nigerians representing 60% of its population,
have no access to grid electricity and those who do, experience extremely unreliable supply.
This present power crisis will persist unless the government diversifies the energy resources
in domestic, commercial and industrial sectors and adopts new available technologies to
reduce energy wastage and to save cost. The need for diversified sources of power supply has
naturally become a germane issue with the nation now planning to opt out of monocultural
profiles. Recent innovations are already booming the power sector, enabling the emergence
of “the prosumer,” energy consumer who produces their own electricity taken for example
the tech such as solar photovoltaic (PV) , energy storage and smart metres. The use of
biomass as an innovation in clean energy and power has proven itself efficient.
Simultaneously, providing a way to produce electricity and reduce health hazards. The
establishment of mini-hydro stations is a pathway to enhance access to electricity for
Nigeria’s increasing population. In all, aiding the society and improving engineering
education.

Turkey is a country that is dependent on foreign energy; the majority of Turkey's energy needs are supplied through imports. Renewable energy sources are becoming important in Turkey due to both the country's energy dependency and the disadvantages of using fossil fuels. Turkey has begun to use renewable energy sources, especially wind energy, which has a high potential in the country. Moreover, investigations of and investments in wind power have increased recently. This study investigates the wind energy potential that is a result of the distribution of wind speeds in Osmaniye,which is located east of the Mediterranean Sea in Turkey. The Weibull and Rayleigh distribution methods, which are generally used for this type of wind energy study, are employed. The approximate wind energy potential was obtained and indicates whether the region is suitable for related investments. Wind data, consisting of wind speed, direction and flow time at a height of 10 m, were collected by the Turkish State Meteorological Service for a period of 44 months, from January 2008 to August 2011. To determine the Weibull parameters, a graphical method is used; hence, the mean annual value of the shape parameter (k) is between 1.00 and 1.04, while the annual value of the scale parameter (c) is between 1.59 and 1.66 m/s. The average wind speed and wind potential energy are 2.23 m/s and 24.587 W/m 2 , respectively.

Among the broad varieties of power supply in Afghanistan such as city power produced from water dams, fuel generators, and imported electricity from neighboring countries, solar energy production is growing at a noticeable pace. Its preference is because of cost and sustainability perimeters. Given the climate of the country air conditioning inside buildings is required throughout the year, which is an important requirement for the comfort of its residents. Because it requires a great amount of energy, therefore, most companies are working on different principles to provide new products of solar air conditioning systems. The solar air conditioning system provides heating and cooling by utilizing solar energy. Recently, climate change and air pollution proved to be a major challenge for humans, and the current rate of resource consumption will result in a total depletion of natural energy resources in the earth. In this paper, we are assessing the feasibility study of solar-powered a...

This study investigated the wind characteristics of the island of Lesvos, Greece, with the objective of providing the necessary data for identifying the wind power production capabilities of the island. Weather patterns were examined using weather data from four Remote Automatic Weather Stations. Specific tools were used to produce the necessary windroses, Weibull curves and charts that helped to understand the prevailing wind characteristics. By using the tools of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and the Wind Atlas Analysis and Application Program (WAsP) as the basic calculation platform, a wind map was produced portraying the wind speeds that prevail at a height of 10 m above ground level. The results of the analysis were tested and evaluated with measurements from 15 wind turbine sites by creating six alternative scenarios. The optimum scenario was used to investigate the installation of a small wind farm with five wind turbines, of 3 MW total capacity.

Electricity interruption gives rise to a complete disorder in the society and is therefore unappreciated and highly criticized. Consequently, it becomes a great concern for national and/or private energy companies to conduct their power systems under severe requirements. These companies are asked to ovoid failures that induce power oscillation, voltage drop and high frequency deviations because these phenomena can produce the loss of the system integrity by rapid voltage collapse or any transient stability mechanism. New technology alternatives such as FACTS (flexible alternative current transport systems) can positively support conventional control systems such as PSSs (power system stabilizer), AVRs (automatic voltage regulator) and TGs (turbine governor). But at the same time, it is to recognize that power system control becomes more complicate and requires suitable global strategies. The paper deals with this problem and aims to show that UPFC is a suitable device in particular ...

Energy, which is required to run space satellites, is as old as space technology itself. The location of these satellites has made it more applicable for unconventional means of energy generation to run them. The Sun being the universal and greatest source of all forms of energy, as well as the closest energy source to space satellites, has been so appropriately trapped using solar cells. Solar power satellites are designed to capture solar energy and transmit that energy to receiving stations using wireless power transmission mechanism. This paper is written to rehearse the immediate and associated usefulness of solar energy trapped from space as an alternative for electricity generation for the future; it is also an attempt to appraise the prospects of this scientific conviviality.

Wind turbines with a rated power of 5 to 6 MW are now being designed and installed, mostly for offshore operation. Within the EU supported UpWind research project, the barriers for a further increase of size, up to 20 MW, are considered. These wind turbines are expected to have a rotor diameter up to 250 m and a hub height of more than 150 m. Initially, the theoretical implications of upscaling to such sizes on the weight and loads of the wind turbines are examined, where it is shown that unfavourable increases in weight and load will have to be addressed. Following that, empirical models of the increase in weight cost and loads as a function of scale are derived, based on historical trends. These include the effects of both scale and technology advancements, resulting in more favourable scaling laws, indicating that technology breakthroughs are prerequisites for further upscaling in a cost-efficient way. Finally, a theoretical framework for optimal design of large wind turbines is developed. This is based on a life cycle cost approach, with the introduction of generic models for the costs, as functions of the design parameters and using basic upscaling laws adjusted for technology improvement effects. The optimal concept or concepts is obtained as the one that minimizes the total expected costs per megawatt hour (levelized production costs).

12th Annual Green Economics Institute Conference  10-12th June 2017
3 Days St Hugh's College, University of Oxford, Keeping Social and Environmental Justice Alive in an age of Tyranny..
Reforming Economics.
Green Finance, Green Investment & Green Economics
Reclaiming The Economy from Privatisers, Fossil Fuellers, Xenophobes and Divide and Rulers.
Keeping social and environmental justice alive in this new age of Barbarism- Post Truth and Post Science

As the average hub height and blade diameter of new wind turbine installations continue to increase, turbines typically encounter higher wind speeds, which enable them to extract large amounts of energy, but they also face challenges due to the complex nature of wind flow and turbulence in the planetary boundary layer (PBL). Wind speed and turbulence can vary greatly across a turbine's rotor disk; this variability is partially due to whether the PBL is stable, neutral or convective. To assess the influence of stability on these wind characteristics, we utilize a unique data set including observations from two meteorological towers, a surface flux tower and high-resolution remote-sensing sound detection and ranging (SODAR) instrument. We compare several approaches to defining atmospheric stability to the Obukhov length (L). Typical wind farm observations only allow for the calculation of a wind shear exponent (˛) or horizontal turbulence intensity (I U ) from cup anemometers, whereas SODAR gives measurements at multiple heights in the rotor disk of turbulence intensity (I ) in the latitudinal (I u ), longitudinal (I v ) and vertical (I w ) directions and turbulence kinetic energy (TKE). Two methods for calculating horizontal I from SODAR data are discussed. SODAR stability parameters are in high agreement with the more physically robust L;with TKE exhibiting the best agreement, and show promise for accurate characterizations of stability. Vertical profiles of wind speed and turbulence, which likely affect turbine power performance, are highly correlated with stability regime. At this wind farm, disregarding stability leads to over-assessments of the wind resource during convective conditions and under-assessments during stable conditions.

Turkey. Paper firstly emphasizes the importance of the energy for all countries which aim the have power in economic world. Then, progress of wind energy systems was given and introduced in the world. Also wind energy potential of all region and wind speed rates in some region in Turkey was introduced.

Distributed power generation is the future trend due to its ability to accommodate variety of renewable/alternative energy sources, its potential to improve the energy efficiency and power system capability, and its promise for power reliability and security. Many distributed energy sources exists such solar energy, fuel cell, micro turbine, and wind energy. Distributed power generation concept has been implemented in

In this paper, an energy system comprising three energy sources, namely PV, wind and fuel cells, is proposed. Each of the three energy sources is controlled so as to deliver energy at optimum efficiency. Fuzzy logic control is employed to achieve maximum power tracking ...

We evaluated the collision risk of Galapagos Petrels Pterodroma phaeopygia with a wind energy development recently constructed in the highlands of San Cristóbal Island, Galapagos. Trained observers recorded the movements of petrels at dusk and dawn from the wind project site, and from control sites located along ravines that host nesting colonies. Collision mortality was also assessed by monitoring circular plots and transect lines located under human-made structures. Petrel flight activity showed a bimodal pattern, with the majority of the movements recorded in the hours previous to sunrise. Most petrels (96%) moved along major ravines that descend from the highlands to the south-southeastern coast of the island. Significant differences in passage rates were found between the project and control sites, with only five petrels recorded on the site selected for turbine installation. Although our data suggest that wind farms will not be more detrimental to petrels than other existing man-made structures, a word of caution is made because even very low levels of additional mortality might be significant for a species with such low productivity and slow maturation rates. Moreover, some other possible indirect effects on habitat change and disturbance might occur that were not assessed in our study. A post-construction monitoring program should be implemented to adequately assess long-term effects on petrels and to enable these uncertainties to be satisfactorily addressed.

The first stage of the report is to investigate the temporal variability of the wind resource at the each site for both types of turbine. AND To find an estimate of the energy production of the Norwin and Vesta turbines, the data on the wind speed probability and the assumed power output data given need to be combined.

Esta Guía editada pola Fundación Juana de Vega para os propietarios de terreos eólicos pretende resumir os aspectos máis relevantes dos procesos negociadores vinculados coa instalacións de centrais eólicas e pólos a disposición de todos os propietarios. Unha boa parte do seu contido é o resultado do traballo realizado nos últimos anos polo GIEEA en colaboracións con moitos propietarios de montes, tanto comunitarios coma privados.

This study investigates the techno-economic feasibility of installing a 3-kilowatt-peak (kWp) photovoltaic (PV) system in Kathmandu, Nepal. The study also analyses the importance of scaling up the share of solar energy to contribute to the country's overall energy generation mix. The technical viability of the designed PV system is assessed using PVsyst and Meteonorm simulation software. The performance indicators adopted in our study are the electric energy output, performance ratio, and the economic returns including the levelised cost and the net present value of energy production. The key parameters used in simulations are site-specific meteorological data, solar irradiance, PV capacity factor, and the price of electricity. The achieved PV system efficiency and the performance ratio are 17% and 84%, respectively. The demand–supply gap has been estimated assuming the load profile of a typical household in Kathmandu under the enhanced use of electric appliances. Our results sh...

ABSTRACT—This manuscript describes the possibility of permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) based wind energy generation using variable frequency transformer (VFT)with an optimized particle swarm optimization based PID (PSO-PID) controller for reducing power fluctuations. VFT is a recent power transmission technique used to eliminate the power electronics needed in the conventional wind energy conversion system. To analyze the performance of the proposed method the MATLAB-Simulink model has been developed and tested under various loading condition. The efficiency of the proposed method has been verified by comparing the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the output voltage, current, and efficiency of the proposed method with the conventional method. The simulation results indicate that the proposed PSO-PID method does not produce harmonics and easy to implement. The cost analysis has been carried out and it shows that the proposed method is cheaper than the conventional method of generating wind power.

Wind data collected over a period of three years at four different locations in Gökçeada were evaluated to estimate the potential of wind energy in the north-western part of Turkey. The data from the selected stations were used to estimate the regional mean wind speed distribution of Gökçeada, which revealed that four distinct regions exist with values from 1.0 to 4.0; 4.1 to 6.0, 6.1 to 8.0 and greater than 8.1 m/s. For each station, an extensive analysis was carried out to find the monthly average wind speed and its distribution. Several types of probabilistic distribution were matched to these distributions including the Weibull distribution. It was observed that one third of the island enjoys annual wind speeds greater than 6.0 m/s. This potential can be converted to electrical energy by means of wind farms, and the energy extracted from this source may supply electricity to the island and a small part of the mainland.

Availability of wind energy and its characteristics at Kumta and Sirsi in Uttara Kannada District of Karnataka has been studied based on primary data collected at these sites for a period of 24 months. Wind regimes at Karwar (1952-89), Honnavar (1939 and Shirali (1974-89) have also been analysed based on data collected from India Meteorological Department (IMD) of respective meterological observatories. Wind energy conversion systems would be most effective in these taluks during the period May to August. The monthly frequency distributions of wind speed have been analysed for Kumta and Sirsi where hourly wind speed recording is available. It is shown that two parameter Weibull distribution is a good representation of the probability density function for the wind speed. Energy Pattern Factor (EPF) and Power Densities are computed for sites at Kumta and Sirsi. With the knowledge of EPF and mean wind speed, mean power density is computed for Karwar, Honnavar and Shirali. Our analyses show that the coastal taluks such as Karwar and Kumta have good wind potential. This potential, if exploited would help local industries and coconut and areca plantations. Premonsoon availability of wind energy would help in irrigating these orchards and makes the wind energy a desirable alternative.

Theoretical background included in part 1 of this work has shown the wide variety that the wind energy industry is offering in terms of electrical/electronic components and configurations. Though the first part of the course provides the student with an updated knowledge of the current technological status of the wind energy conversion systems (WECS), from the educational point of view the lectures are mainly teacher-centered and some relevant skills for electrical engineers are not excited. In spite of the breaking activities (videos, tests, challenging questions, etc), the role of the student keeps being somewhat passive. Aiming to overcome this shortcoming, this second part of the course places the student in the center of the teachinglearning process through hands-on work. The teacher becomes a consultant and the student has to build a wind energy system using simulation tools. Results of the experience prove that not only the motivation of the students is increased, but also the performance and acquisition of adequate competences.

The paper describes a variable speed wind generation system where fuzzy logic principles are used for efficiency optimization and performance enhancement control. A squirrel cage induction generator feeds the power to a double-sided pulse width modulated converter system which pumps power to a utility grid or can supply to an autonomous system. The generation system has fuzzy logic control with vector control in the inner loops. A fuzzy controller tracks the generator speed with the wind velocity to extract the maximum power. A second fuzzy controller programs the machine flux for light load efficiency improvement, and a third fuzzy controller gives robust speed control against wind gust and turbine oscillatory torque. The complete control system has been developed, analyzed, and validated by simulation study. Performances have then been evaluated in detail.

This thesis is aimed to initiate implementing sustainable building construction in the kingdom of Bahrain, i.e. Building-Integration PhotoVoltaic (BIPV) or Wind Energy (BIWE). It highlights the main constrains that discourage such modern concept in building and construction.

The concentrated power generation of more efficient, low cost and clean power sources focused us in the direction of renewable energy sources which are the best substitute for future power generation. From renewable energy sources a wind energy is freely available for day & night. In general, a horizontal axis windmill is used in all over the world for power generation from wind energy. Normal wind turbines cannot be operated below the optimal wind speed. In this project, a bucket-shape ducted (shrouded) wind turbine is planned and past researches show that a sucking effect can be formed conferring to the Bernoulli's principle, and this significantly increases the wind speed inside the duct and substantially improves the efficiency of the wind turbine. So, we have established a new wind turbine system that consists of a diffuser shroud (nozzle) with a broad-ring brim at the exit boundary and a wind turbine inside it. The shrouded wind turbine with a diffuser has established power generation increased by a factor of about 2-3 compared with a bare wind turbine, for a given turbine diameter and wind speed. This technology is very useful to fulfil the quickly increased electricity demand at cheap cost.