Water mills

Випуск 7 (10) Чернігів Видавництво «Десна Поліграф» 2022 УДК 94(477.51)(062.552) ББК 63.3(4УКР-4ЧЕР)я54 Ч-49 Виходить з 2008 року Рекомендовано до друку та до поширення через мережу Інтернет науково-методичною радою Національного архітектурно-історичного заповідника «Чернігів стародавній» (протокол № 04 від 16.05.2022 р.

Au carrefour de multiples disciplines et thématiques, l’étude des moulins se prête tout particulièrement à la démarche d’un Projet Collectif de Recherche. Le projet, porté par une équipe de cinq chercheurs (archéologues, chercheurs Inventaire et historiens), se donne pour priorité d’inventorier les sites meuniers et leurs aménagements, tout en se mettant en lien avec les organismes impliqués dans l’aménagement et la vie des cours d’eau. Fin 2024, les zones du Minervois, des Avant-Monts et de la moyenne vallée de l’Orb ont ainsi été inventoriées.

Th e purpose of this study was to obtain and prove the methods of catchment regionalization in case of annual maximum fl oods. Identifi cation of Polish rivers was hold on the basis of regional frequency analyses including recognition of homogenous regions in their physical properties and river fl ow parameters. Results indicate the division on two regional groups: mountain and lowland catchments. Statistical tests prove the obtained regionalization and allow calculating the regional probability curves for these two catchment groups. Obtained results may be helpful in the analysis of fl oods in ungauged catchments and these where hydrological observations were held in a short period especially when dependency of the maximum probable fl ows in analysed catchments from their physico-geographical features was proved. Słowa kluczowe: przepływy maksymalne roczne prawdopodobne, analiza częstotliwości regionalnej, wezbranie, czas powtarzalności, typologia zlewni Key words: annual probable maximum fl ow, regional frequency analysis, fl ood, return period, typology of a basin WSTĘP Metoda analizy regionalnej częstości wezbrań znajduje zastosowanie wówczas, gdy brakuje danych hydrologicznych niezbędnych do oszacowania parametrów wezbrania w zadanym czasie lub informacja, którą dysponujemy jest nie-* e-mail:

Appunti e note sugli spazi che alloggiano gli impianti motori e le due turbine presso il mulino del Pero 1) Impianto ex segheria Maccari marmi s.n.c. (ora in proprietà Ciacci) 2) Filanda gestione Coppi (sempre in proprietà Della Scala/Donati) A Brenna nella seconda metà del XX secolo vennero installate due turbine da forza mortice a cura dell'ing. PhD Vladimiro Pelliciardi

Valorizzazione degli spazi ed impianti presenti nel Mulino del Pero a Brenna (Sovicille, Siena, Italy) e immediate vicinanze (due mulini e due turbine) e loro rifunzionalizzazione ad uso museale/didattico/produttivo di una/due macina/e ed idroelettrico per la produzione di e.e. da fonti rinnovabili (F.E.R.).

The emergence of new and densification of existing urban spaces in Lviv leads to anthropogenic transformation of the hydrographic network. The purpose of the study was to analyse the degree of transformation of water objects in the northern part of the city based on cartographic sources. The study covered the northern part of Lviv, the town of Dublyany, the villages of Malekhiv, Velyki Hrybovychi, Zbyranka and Murovane. The study of water bodies was carried out with topographic maps of the scale range from 1:25,000 to 1:100,000, which made it possible to cover a time period of more than 240 years. Clear trends to decrease the length of open channels, the number of tributaries and the water content of the Holoskivskyy, Zboivskyy and Malekhivskyy streams, which is due to both natural and anthropogenic factors had been marked. The length of the natural channel of the Holoskivskyy stream decreased from 4.7 to 0.9 km, the Zboivskyy stream-from 5.2 to 3.2 km, and the Malekhivskyy stream-from 7.9 to 5.3 km. The largest number of ponds (15 units; 10.3 hectares) on streams was found in the second half of the 18 th century. Subsequently, a decrease in both the number and area of ponds was observed. The lowest figures fall on the interwar Polish period, when only four ponds with a total area of 2.5 hectares were recorded. During the Soviet period, the number and area of ponds increased slightly (9 units; 4.6 hectares) and reached the level that existed in the second half of the 19 th century. There were 14 water mills operating on most of the ponds of that time located in the villages of Holosko Velyke, Zamarstyniv, Zboyishcha and Malekhiv. After that, the number of mills steadily decreased: at the beginning of the 19 th century-nine; in the second half of the 19 th centuryseven; in the interwar period-five. After the World War II, the operation of all water mills was stopped. The conducted analysis of the degree of transformation of the hydrographic network is aimed at correcting the development plan of the northern part of the city and implementing the environmental management system

Alguém nos escrevia «Quero ver se não adormeço e passo logo pela papelaria para ficar com o nº 2». Garantimos que avisaríamos com tempo; mas este desabafo consubstancia, em nosso entender, o bom eco que teve o 1º númeropela oportunidade e qualidade do seu conteúdo. Estamos, pois, bem gratos pelo acolhimento recebido. As apreciadas capas do n.º 01 e do n.º 02 de S B A Revista de Cultura são da autoria de José Amândio Afonso Pereira, nosso estimado colaborador. Homem com atividade profissional e cultural diversificada, tem uma vida de luta por ideais de um mundo melhor, conciliando trabalho e cidadania ativa com plurais manifestações de cultura. Viajante curioso, observador atento, construiu no monte paterno uma cidadela de cultura. As suas pinturas e desenhos constituem vasto património de que São Brás de Alportel se deve orgulhar. De forma simples, mas deveras gratificante, queremos, pois, agradecer a todos os colaboradores que tornaram possível este sonho da edição em papel da S B A Revista de Cultura. As inúmeras manifestações de agrado e de incentivo recebidas de vários quadrantes do Algarve repartem-se por todos. Só com um plural trabalho de equipa foi possível dar corpo a uma ideia que fervilhava há anos e cuja concretização veio preencher uma lacuna cultural em São Brás de Alportel. Ficamos satisfeitos. E cá estamos de novo, a celebrar assim, à nossa maneira, a passagem de mais um aniversário do nosso concelho. Depois de um relancear de olhos pelos moinhos e seu significado aqui e por esse Portugal além e as iniciativas levadas a cabo para os preservar como memória, evocam-se as óptimas relações que houve entre S. Brás e o celebrado autor da Cartilha Maternal, João de Deus. Uma evocação bem ilustrada e significativa. «Ainda antes da hora, colado entre duas cantarias, esperava, pacientemente, as badaladas reveladoras do êxito da operação» -desta forma se conta, depois, uma cena dos 'primeiros amores', o encontro marcado para a meia-noite. Sedutor, esse retrato da Praça Velha!... E quem diria que, nos primórdios do século XX, o concelho acabara de nascer, personalidades são-brasenses não tivessem ficado alheias ao movimento cultural

Geophysical survey and excavation have demonstrated that Iron Age settlement features and early Anglo-Saxon burials discovered during road construction in 1983 were part of an extensive multi-period site, now a Scheduled Ancient Monument. This paper presents the results of the archaeological investigations. The bulk of the report is concerned with the early Anglo-Saxon burials, which included a grave containing a balance, weights and runic inscription. The evidence for late Mesolithic, Neolithic-early Bronze Age, Iron Age and post-medieval activity is also discussed, and the site is considered in its regional and wider context.

Homonymy ad absurdum. Homonymy in the Toponymic Corpus of a Micro Region in the Árpád Era
Based on the example of a toponym with a hydronym origin in a small and closed geographical area, the paper discusses the significance of homonymy in 12th–14th century sources. In the process of toponym formation, the Sár hydronym first referred to the entire catchment area, later to the estate parts established on it, and finally the settlements of the estates. The Sár name survived as long as the independent name of these did not become widespread and it carried numerous meanings as a homonym. Data repository I includes the occurrences of the Sár toponym in the Árpád Era, indicating the underlying estate parts, while Data repository II Introduces the most important data of these parts and their short history.

Der Artikel beschreibt 14 Mühlen, gehörend dem Kloster Løgum (locus dei), Nordschleswig. Bisher sind nur 12 Mühlen summarisch genannt in der Fachliteratur. / The paper presents 14 mills belonging to the medieval abbey Løgum Kloster (locus dei), in Southern Jutland. Until now, 12 mills have only been mentioned summarily in the scholarly literature.

S t r e s z c z e n i e . W pracy przedstawiono kształtowanie się okresów suchych i posusznych w okresie wegetacyjnym w dwóch miejscowościach Pojezierza Mazurskiego oddalonych od siebie o 40 km. W Bałcynach naleŜących do mezoregionu Pojezierza Iławskiego badania obejmowały okres 36 letni . W Pozortach-Tomaszkowie naleŜących do mezoregionu Pojezierza Olsztyńskiego badania prowadzono w latach 1553-1995 (okres 43 letni). Stwierdzono w badanych miejscowościach zróŜnicowanie występowania okresów suchych i posusznych. Częściej występowały one w Bałcynach (50%) niŜ w Pozortach-Tomaszkowie (40%). Najbardziej niebezpieczne dla wegetacji roślin okresy posuszne wystąpiły w Bałcynach w miesiącach lipcu i sierpniu -prawdopodobieństwo występowania 40%, a w Pozortach-Tomaszkowie w maju -53%, czerwcu 42% i sierpniu 40%. Okresy suszy w Bałcynach najczęściej występują w sierpniu, wrześniu i październiku -11%, a w Pozortach-Tomaszkowie w lipcu i sierpniu -14%. S ł o w a k l u c z o w e : opady, posucha, susza WSTĘP Susze i posuchy są częstym niesprzyjającym zjawiskiem atmosferycznym wynikającym głównie ze zmienności i przejściowości klimatu Polski. Są to jedne z groźniejszych zjawisk atmosferycznych powodujących szczególnie duŜe straty w plonach roślin uprawnych, jak równieŜ negatywnie oddziałujących na ekosystemy naturalne. Z uwagi na skomplikowane przyczyny i skutki negatywnego oddziaływania susz i posuch na środowisko spotyka się róŜne pojęcia określania tych zjawisk. Okres suszy czy posuchy obecnie nie ma jednoznacznego określenia, dlatego

Qanats are a remarkable system for moving water without pumps or electricity and with minimal evaporation. A mother well starts the qanat and then an underground canal set at a minimal pitch carries the water for many kilometers until it comes to the surface and is used. The qanats also provide cool air for buildings and energy to turn small grain mills. Thousands of qanats are still in use around the world.

Obsah / Table of Content
•Úvod. Voda v dejinách a kultúre /  Introduction. Water in history and culture
•Voda v tradičnej kultúre Slovenska / Water in traditional culture of Slovakia
Juraj Janto
•Voda ako živel aj ako súčasť spôsobu života dolnozemských Slovákov / Water as an element, also as an organic part of the traditional way of life of the Slovaks
in the Dolná zem (the Lower Land)
Ján Botík
•Význam a spôsob prezentácie vody ako fenoménu v kontexte Slovenského národného múzea – Múzea Červený Kameň/ The importance of water in the history of Červený Kameň Castle and its presentation  to the current visitor of the SNM-Museum Červený Kameň.
Daniel Domorák
•Vodný mlyn Bohunice ako múzejná expozícia (vývoj, súčasnosť a perspektívy) / Bohunice watermill as a museum exhibition (development, present and perspectives)
Matúš Martinák, Adam Uhnák
•Terénny výskum po stopách mlynárstva v spišskom povodí rieky Hornád / Field research following the traces of milling in the Spiš basin of the Hornád River
Dávid Patera
•Historické mlyny v Malých Karpatoch a potenciál ich využitia / Historical mills in the Small Carpathians and their potential for use
Jana Gregorová, Barbora Porkertová
•Vodné mlyny v katastri mesta Modra / Water mills in the cadastre of the town of Modra
Magda Mariássyová
•Voda jako hnací síla a kulturní památky ve správě Technického muzea v Brně / Water as a driving force and cultural monuments administered by the Technical Museum in Brno
Josef Večeřa, Petr Nekuža

El libro plantea la búsqueda de indicadores y costes de producción para definir y medir los factores de desarrollo de los sectores de actividades mejor documentados desde la baja Edad Media hasta el Quinientos en el observatorio del reino de Aragón y las regiones/países de su entorno. El objetivo perseguido es presentar estudios de caso significativos sobre relaciones laborales y administración de empresas para aproximarnos en última instancia a las condiciones de vida de los trabajadores y las trabajadoras del campesinado y el artesanado, a la vez que indagar en el grado de beneficio obtenido por los propietarios de las explotaciones mineras, forestales, agropecuarias y artesanales examinadas. Se pretende comprobar hasta qué punto ciertos sectores productivos permitieron enriquecerse a los propietarios de los negocios y bajo qué circunstancias. Por esa razón, deviene fundamental el análisis de las formas de gestión de las iniciativas empresariales y de la organización del trabajo en el contexto general del sistema feudal dominante en los siglos XIV-XVI.

It has become common practice in recent years
for standing building recording to be requested
by Local Authority archaeological services when
planning applications are submitted for alterations
to historic buildings. In this paper the author discusses
surveys that he has carried out on various types of
buildings (mainly rural) and discusses the benefit of
such survey.

This article updates the issue of identifying and attributing Cyrillic fragments of the Middle Ages using the example of the Apostolus Christinopolitanus of the 12th century. The purpose of the study is to fact-check two fragments that supposedly belong to the codex and their attribution. The article's methodology is built on the principles of scientific systematicity, integrity, objectivity, and historicism. During the writing of the research, general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, induction, and deduction were used; general-historical: chronological, problem-thematic, and archival heuristics, as well as specific ones, which are used in the study of written sources. The textology methods contribute to identifying the content of fragments; the methods of palaeography and codicology indicate the inconsistency of the selected fragments with the Apostolus Christinopolitanus. The scientific novelty is that for the first time, the fact of belonging to the Apostolus Christinopolitanus of two fragments in Canada and Romania has been disproved, and thus their new attribution has been realized. Conclusions. On the example of two parchment fragments kept in Ottawa (Canada) and Bucharest (Romania), the question of historical memory and the phenomenon of attribution of heritage is raised. The results of the identification of the fragment from the Archive of Oleksandr Kolessa in Ottawa and the manuscript Ms. Sl. 790 from the Library of the Romanian Academy of Sciences, which were considered by Iraida Gerus-Tarnavetska, Iryna Matiash (Ottawa fragment), and Maria Korogodina (Bucharest fragment) to be parts of Apostolus Christinopolitanus of the 12th century. The research establishes mistakes made by experts when describing these fragments and falsifying the artefacts due to incorrect attribution, which is related to the identification of the Ottawa and Bucharest fragments with the Apostolus Christinopolitanus. The article proves that the claimed fragments are not part of the Apostolus Christinopolitanus and never belonged to it. A new attribution of the manuscripts shows that the Ottawa fragment is the folio 10 from the Buchach Gospel of the 13th century, and the Bucharest fragment is the Complete Apostol aprakos of the 12th–13th centuries.

Continuando con los trabajos presentados en ediciones anteriores de este congreso, el objetivo de esta comunicación es dar a conocer la historia papelera en la zona situada en uno de los afluentes del rio Anoia, concretamente la riera Mediona-Riudebitlles. Para ello, y siempre a partir de documentos de archivo y bibliografía contrastada, se investiga sobre los molinos papeleros de la zona, y sobre aquellos personajes relacionados, como fabricantes de papel, propietarios y comerciantes. Concretamente con este artículo se pretende ahondar en la figura de un personaje importante dentro del mundo papelero en sus diferentes vertientes, Miguel Elías. Para ello tomaremos como punto de partida la información ya consultada a lo largo de la investigación, ampliándola con documentación que se encuentra en el Archivo de la Corona de Aragón y en archivos comarcales que aún está pendiente de examinar y que con toda seguridad ayudaran a completar el artículo. Miguel Elías i Vilarrubia, natural de Sant Pau de Guardia, provincia de Barcelona, empezó su andadura en el negocio papelero arrendando el molino de su suegro, el Molí d’en Llucià en Sant Quintí de Mediona. Como la mayoría de comerciantes, se desplazó a vivir a Barcelona donde abrió un negocio de importación y exportación. Aunque su propósito inicial era el comercio de artículos relacionados con el papel, al igual que otros comerciantes, importó otros géneros desde diferentes puntos de la península. Juntamente con sus sobrinos constituyó varias sociedades para arrendar molinos, comprar papel y otros productos en ciudades como Málaga. Arrendó molinos de la zona como un molino en Gélida o compró papel con la intención de exportarlo a otras provincias españolas o con destino a América. En muchos de los molinos donde se confeccionó papel para Elías o para alguna de las sociedades en las que participó se utilizaron filigranas con su nombre, lo que dificulta poder confirmar con seguridad qué papelero y qué molino las usaban. Estuvo emparentado familiarmente con Francisco Parladé y Francisco Fontanellas y Calaf, importantes comerciantes de la industria papelera. Con varios miembros de la familia Parladé formaría sociedades comerciales y con Francisco Fontanellas, además de competir en el mercado papelero, también tendría problemas de índole familiar. Uno de sus proyectos más importantes se iniciaría a principios del siglo XIX cuando se asoció con los cónyuges Roca para construir la colonia textil de Can Bros en Martorell a orillas del rio Llobregat. En esta colonia se edificaron diversos edificios, entre ellos un molino de estraza y uno de papel blanco. En el sector papelero, los constantes enfrentamientos por incumplimiento de contratos o por el uso del agua fueron una tónica habitual en esa época. Y como no podía ser de otra manera, Elías y Salvador Roca mantuvieron varias disputas durante unos años acusándose mutuamente de incumplir los pactos firmados en los contratos. Elías estaría, además, involucrado en algún que otro proceso, incluso de tipo testamentario relacionado con la familia Serra. La fortuna que llego a amasar fue tan importante que a su muerte, la familia litigó para obtener parte de su herencia, llegando incluso a solicitar la nulidad del testamento por falsificación y suplantación. En definitiva, el estudio de la figura de Miguel Elías es fundamental para conocer parte de la historia del tercer núcleo papelero de Cataluña durante los siglos XVIII y XIX, y, a su vez, ayudarán a seguir destacando el peso histórico de esta zona papelera.

It should be taken into account, while creating programs for small water retention, that positive results may be obtained only in the case of clear water retention. During construction of small water reservoirs, cost eff ectiveness of maintenance as well as quality of stream water inlet should be taken into account. The atricle presents conditions of water retention in small reservoirs in the Podlaskie Voivodeship, forms of fi nancing andd their dependance of the type of investment. Soil quality and the use of land for agricultural purposes have an eff ect on the quality of water in the reservoir basin. This generates a cost increase brought by a need to reclaim the existing reservoirs.

Публікація перекладених трьох листів, надрукованих у французькому журналі «Lettres historiques» (1709 р.), є важливим внеском у збільшення джерельної бази шведсько-українського союзу 1708– 1709 рр. Вони доповнюють статистичні дані про кількість мазепинців перед Полтавським боєм, показують плани гетьмана І. Мазепи та його прибічників. Листи висвітлюють початкові контакти шведського короля з українським володарем та їхню зустріч у Шептаках

The need for detailed graphic representations of various objects arose in the first millennium after the  post-Neolithic era when humans found it necessary to reproduce organic and non-organic structures graphically. They initially depicted these structures on mural surfaces and, later, on ancient papyrus sheets during antiquity. This interaction with graphical representation served many purposes, from preserving significant moments and enhancing recognition of nature's superior forces to facilitating control over space for personal well-being and strengthening trust in dedicated cult objects. Over time, the demand for personal and collective wellbeing increased, requiring increasingly sophisticated graphic documentation. The trend of detailed graphic documentation grew over millennia in proportion to the need for rapid documentation. With the advent of advanced technologies, such as artificial intelligence, point cloud geo-referencing, matrix calculations, and 360-degree laser scanning, this trend has accelerated significantly. This research article addresses three main questions:
What technological advances currently exist in terms of detailed AI-driven graphic documentation? How do these technologies enhance qualitative assessment and accuracy? And how do they affect the speed of data generation?
Using aerial stereoscopic photogrammetry techniques on specific research projects, this article also presents meta-shape data conclusions on survey impacts through four qualitative case studies. These case studies involve the graphical documentation of cultural historical monuments in Albania, including the medieval bridge in Tirana’s Brar village, the archaeological area of Krujë Castle, the former residential building of Bajram S. Xhani in Kavaja city, and the Church of Saint Mary in Dhërmi.

Keywords: graphical documentation, photogrammetry, areal stereoscopic photogrammetry, metashape data, point clouds georeferencing.
Topics: Artificial Intelligence & advanced technologies in Scientific Surveys/ Graphical-Oriented Developments: Architectural Objects and Historical Building.

Història d'un molí al municipi de Sant Rafael del Riu al riu Sénia (segles XVII-XX) [díptic] · Historia de un molino en el municipio de San Rafael del Río en el río Cenia (siglos XVII-XX) [díptico] · History of a mill in the municipality of San Rafael del Río or Sant Rafael del Riu on the Sénia or Cenia river (17th-20th centuries) [dyptich] · Flour Mills, Fulling Mills, Hydroelectric Power Plants, Industrial Architecture, Industrial Heritage, Industrial History, Molinology, Paper and Pulp Mills, Water mills · Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism · Santiago Bustos Duatis (mentioned)

The study focuses on the construction of the Felice bridge at Borghetto affair, which represents an exemplary case as to analyse Domenico Fontana’s construction site procedures. The works started in 1589, under the architect Matteo Bartolano’s supervision, and when he died the works were assigned to Domenico Fontana. However, with the passing away of Pope Sixtus V, (1590) the construction site remained inactive until 1592, and started again with the intervention of Pope Clement VIII.  The aim of the study has been to remedy the lack of studies on the operating procedures, the techniques, as well the role of the workforce involved in the construction works. Through the examination of archive documents, attempts have been made to shed light on other aspects of Fontana’s activity in particular with regard to the organisation chart of his business: the types of expertise of the various workforce and the various professionals tasked with measuring, estimating and counting. What have been...

Чернігів у 1920-х рр.: реалії повсякденного життя На прикладі Чернігова розглянуто формування, становлення та трансформації основних структур повсякденного життя міста та його мешканців у 1920-х рр., зокрема матеріально-побутове забезпечення життєдіяльності городян, структури обслуговування та споживання, соціокультурну сферу, за умов творення суспільства радянського зразка.

Historia de un molino en el municipio de San Rafael del Río en el río Cenia (siglos XIV-XIX) · Història d'un molí al municipi de Sant Rafael del Riu al riu Sénia (segles XIV-XIX) · History of a mill in the municipality of San Rafael del Río or Sant Rafael del Riu on the Cenia or Sénia river (14th-19th centuries) · Flour Mills, Industrial Architecture, Industrial Heritage, Industrial History, Molinology, Water mills · Santiago Bustos Duatis (mentioned)

RAAP Archeologisch Adviesbureau B.V. aanvaardt geen aansprakelijkheid voor eventuele schade voortvloeiend uit het gebruik van de resultaten van dit onderzoek of de toepassing van de adviezen. Er is geen verklaring ontvangen van het bevoegd gezag omtrent goed-of afkeuring van het rapport. Een kleine silolocatie uit de ijzertijd op de Graetheide bij Geleen. Proefsleuvenonderzoek en opgraving plangebieden KARMA en PE op het chemiepark Chemelot, Gemeente Sittard-Geleen RAAP-rapport 4995 / versie 14-03-2022 9 Hierbij is een straal van 1 kilometer toegepast.

Historia de un molino en el municipio de San Rafael del Río en el río Cenia (siglos XVII-XX) como molino papelero (XIX) · Història d'un molí al municipi de Sant Rafael del Riu al riu Sénia (segles XVII-XX) com a molí paperer (XIX) · History of a mill in the municipality of San Rafael del Río or Sant Rafael del Riu on the Cenia or Sénia river (17th-20th centuries) as a paper mill (19th) · Flour Mills, Fulling Mills, Hydroelectric Power Plants, Industrial Architecture, Industrial Heritage, Industrial History, Molinology, Paper and Pulp Mills, Water mills · Santiago Bustos Duatis (mentioned)

Noticia sobre un molino en el municipio de Vinaroz en el río Cenia (siglos XIV-XX) · Notícia sobre un molí al municipi de Vinaròs al riu Sénia (segles XIV-XX) · News about a mill in the municipality of Vinaroz or Vinaròs on the Cenia or Sénia river (14th-20th centuries) · Flour Mills, Industrial Architecture, Industrial Heritage, Industrial History, Molinology, Water mills · Santiago Bustos Duatis (mentioned)

Namera autora nije da tehničkim detaljima analizira istoriju mlinarstva. U stručnoj i popularnoj literaturi, kod nas i u svetu, malo je publikacija koje se bave mlinarstvom kao kulturnom baštinom. U tom smislu ovo je jedinstveni pokušaj da se i ta strana mlinarstva osvetli. To i jeste cilj monografije – tajna trajanja jedne vredne, kreativne i, pre svega,
korisne ljudske delatnosti. U monografiji se paralelno prate industrijska i kulturna baština, ilustrovana brojnim crtežima i fotografijama.

The subject of the publication is the history and culture of milling, and millers (milling as a technical and cultural heritage) from the period of ancient Greece to modern steam mills. The publication has a volume of 168 pages, format 22 x 22 cm and contains more than 150 illustrations.

The walls enclosing the Tiber in Rome succeeded in preventing the frequent inundations of the city. The constructive boldness and the size of this technological enterprise highlight the experimentation of a complex hydraulic and geotechnical project, whose testing was made possible by a fortuitous event. In December 1900 a flood tested the stability of the structures built so far, causing the collapse of some sections of the embankments, and suggesting the setting up of a statical upgrade. Indeed, as a result of the high river levels, the retaining structures were exposed to exceptional hydraulic forces. Correspondingly, the foundations soils were subjected to large drag forces by the water flowing at high rate, that developed erosive phenomena. The contribution investigates the causes underlying the collapses and analyzes the structural and construction measures that were later adopted to ensure the stability of the embankments.

Klein-Brabant bleef tot ver in de 20ste eeuw een grotendeels blinde vlek op vlak van archeologie. In 2001 werd door de Vereniging voor Heemkunde in Klein-Brabant een boek uitgegeven genaamd ‘Archeologie in Klein-Brabant’, dat de archeologische kennis tot dan toe bundelde. Op dat moment was er nog maar weinig wetenschappelijke archeologisch onderzoeken gebeurd. Sinds de invoering van het Archeologiedecreet van 1993 en het Onroerenderfgoeddecreet van 2013 vonden er inmiddels verschillende archeologische onderzoeken plaats. Ze tonen aan dat Klein-Brabant duidelijk een archeologische hotspot is.

Dit publieksboek brengt op een vlot leesbare en uitgebreid geïllustreerde wijze een beknopt overzicht van onze huidige archeologische kennis van Bornem en Puurs-Sint-Amands. Naast een landschappelijke en archeologische situering, worden de mooiste archeologische sites en vondsten afzonderlijk toegelicht.

WARS WITH THE MOSCOW STATE
ON THE CHERNIHIV-SIVERSHCHYNA LAND IN THE LITHUANIAN-POLISH PERIOD
(the 16th – the first half of the 17th c.)
The purpose of the research is to summarize the course of military conflicts on the territory of Chernihiv-
Siversk land between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and from 1569 – the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth,
and the Grand Duchy (from 1547 – the tsardom) of Moscow, during the 16th – the first half of the
17th c. The research methodology was based on the use of problem-chronological, historical-genetic, historical-
comparative and logical-theoretical methods. The problem-chronological method involves the systematization
of facts in chronological order, which allows us to reconstruct historical events in the light of
causation. The historical-genetic approach allowed us to highlight the development of military conflicts in
the process, and the use of the historical-comparative approach made it possible to reconstruct events and
search for historical parallels. Scientific novelty. The extrapolation of the «frontier» theory to national
history gave rise to the thesis about the determining role of the steppe border in the history of the Ukrainian
Cossacks. But in addition to the «Cossack», it is quite logical to talk about the «boyar» section of this
frontier, which passed through the Chernihiv-Siversk land. For the first time in historical literature, the article
highlights the day when Filon Kmita defeated the Moscow detachment near Oster – April 11, 1562.
Conclusions. In the 16th – the first half of the 17th c. Chernihiv-Siversk land became the arena of struggle
between the Lithuanian-Polish and Muscovite states. The region was supposed to become a springboard
for further expansion of the Moscow principality, but this potential was not realized. Further progress was
prevented by the Podniprovsky Liubetska and Osterska volosts (from the middle of the 16th c. – Starostwa)
of the Kyiv voivodeship. Constant life on the border gave rise to the specifics of the functioning of social institutions,
large contingents of people were involved in the defense of the Lithuanian-Polish state, the basis
of which were small boyars.

Esta dissertação tem como objectivo contribuir para uma caracterização real do sector olivícola e oleícola de Portugal Continental actual. O olival em Portugal é maioritariamente tradicional, composto por árvores antigas, com compassos elevados, pouco produtivos e muito sujeito ao fenómeno de safra e contra-safra. A pequena dimensão das explorações agrícolas, a idade avançada e escolaridade reduzida da maior parte dos produtores são características que dificultam a modernização dos olivais em Portugal. As principais Regiões produtoras de azeitona são o Alentejo e Trás-os-Montes, onde o olival é mais cuidado e consegue obter as melhores produções. É nestas Regiões que a olivicultura tem apresentado uma maior evolução, principalmente devido à plantação de olivais novos e à reconversão de olivais antigos. O aumento do consumo de azeite e o crescimento da exigência de qualidade, por parte dos consumidores, são os responsáveis pelo aumento de importância dos sectores olivícola e oleícola. Actualmente, tanto o sector olivícola como oleícola estão a passar por uma autêntica revolução em Portugal Continental, e serão várias as transformações que estes sectores irão sofrer. Esta dissertação caracteriza a realidade dos sectores olivícola e oleícola em Portugal, hoje, para no futuro, ser possível avaliar a evolução de ambos os sectores.

Nella nostra mente di persone mediamente colte la domanda che costituisce il titolo del mio intervento sembra richiedere una risposta ovvia: ad "esiste un paesaggio archeologico?" sembra naturale rispondere "certo, è evidente!", che cosa sono altrimenti Pompei, il Foro Romano, la Valle dei Templi di Agrigento? Tuttavia a questa risposta dobbiamo fare seguire una nuova domanda: che cosa si intende per paesaggio archeologico? Di sicuro la risposta che viene alle labbra di tutti è per l'appunto lo skyline della Valle dei Templi, o l'apparire degli acquedotti nella campagna romana, o i templi di Paestum o Pompei.
Sicuramente i tanti elementi utilizzati anche nella pittura.
Ma anche le tante tracce lasciate nella campagna padana.

Resum : Malgrat esser una illa històricament deficitària en blat,  Mallorca ha desenvolupat al  llarg de la història una llarga tradició farinera. Son Sardina en particular fou un dels  indrets claus  en aquesta  activitat gràcies a l’aprofitament dels corrents d’aigua pels els molins fariners. Aquesta tradició té la seva culminació, ja en el segle XX, amb la construcció de la fàbrica farinera “La Mallorquina” de Josep Juan Pou, que perllongà la seva activitat de molta de blat fins l’any 1974 abans de reconvertir-se ja en un molí industrial de per obtenir farina de garroví. Aquestes primeres notes d’investigació volen seguir obrint  vies per a l’estudi de les tradicions industrials de Mallorca, actualment quasi oblidades  per mor de la  aclaparadora predominança de les activitats turístiques

An archaeological assessment and data recovery investigation was undertaken on Gallatin Sawmill site (36 Fa 428) located in Georges Creek, Springhill Township, Fayette County, Pennsylvania. The work was undertaken for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Pittsburgh District, as a result of potential impact to the site from the rise in water levels at this locale due to the construction of a new lock and dam on the Monongahela River at Grays Landing. The purpose of this investigation was to mitigate the adverse effects this project may have on the Gallatin Sawmill through data recovery. The fieldwork was conducted from October 24, 1995, to November 29, 1995. The investigation included archaeological and geomorphological fieldwork and documentary research.
The sawmill was associated with Albert Gallatin, a leading political figure during the early nineteenth century. The sawmill was built ca. 1807 during Gallatin's ownership of the property. The sawmill and adjacent timber crib dam were constructed of large timbers, some of which are hewn while others are nearly unmodified. The timber frame of the mill and dam was constructed of mortises, tenons, and pegs. The dam and mill foundations show some deviation from standard construction methods of that time.
Approximately 7 m of the dam on the south side of Georges Creek was examined. The sawmill's foundation remains measured approximately 20 m north-south by 7 m to 15 m east-west. The mill foundation was divided into an old and a new mill section with the old section abutting the dam. The old section appeared to use a vertical waterwheel (flutter wheel) to power a sash saw. The old mill was modified to create a wing wall on the eastern side, possibly to lessen the pressure the mill pond exerted against that wall of this mill.
The new mill section was added ca. 1845. The new mill section utilized two turbines to power the sash saw although cut marks on two pieces of wood scraps may indicate that a circular saw was used during the final days of mill operation.
The construction methods and location of the mill afforded little protection against flood and ice damage from both Georges Creek and the Monongahela River. Documentary research indicated that repairs to the sawmill were commonplace. The construction of "old" Lock and Dam 7 in 1883 resulted in a water level of 234.5 m (769.2 ft), which was above the foundation of the sawmill. However, archival research indicates that mill operation ceased sometime between 1872 and 1882.
Geomorphological research indicates rapid alluvial deposition in this portion of the Georges Creek stream valley. Between ca. 1883 and ca. 1930 the site was covered by nearly 4 m of alluvial deposits. Geographic variables influencing mill seat locations were examined for mills along Georges Creek.
Identifying the rapid deposition of alluvial deposits on the lower reaches of streams which were a result of the construction of locks and dams on the Monongahela River and the information regarding geographic attributes of good mill seats can be useful in other archaeological investigations in the region.