Visual

This study used the swept spatial-frequency method to compare retinal and cortical acuity in anesthetized young adult rhesus monkeys. Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) and pattern electroretinographic responses (PERGs) were recorded from 25 monkeys (age range: 4–12 years) anesthetized with a continuous infusion of propofol. The stimuli were temporally countermodulated sine-wave gratings that increased in spatial frequency within a 10.24-s period. All animals were refracted using acuity estimated from the zero micro-volt intercept of the linear regression of evoked potential amplitude on spatial frequency. Average sweep acuities were 23.7 cycles/deg ± 1.5 S.E.M. and 23.1 cycles/deg ± 1.8 S.E.M. for the PERG and VEP, respectively. VEP and PERG acuities were within the range expected based on acuities estimated from behavioral studies in macaques. PERG and VEP acuities were highly correlated (r = 0.90) and equally sensitive to spherical blur. On a subset of animals, test–retest reliabili...

We have used antibodies raised against a cytoskeletal protein, microtubule-associated protein 1A (MAP 1A), to stain adult rat retina. In cryostat and polyethylene glycol-embedded radial sections, the fiber layer, ganglion cell layer, and inner plexiform layer were highly immunoreactive, a finding that suggested that the ganglion cell somata, axons, and dendrites were recognized by these antibodies. Retrograde labeling of retinal cell somata from the superior colliculus and dorso-lateral geniculate nucleus to identify ganglion cells showed colocalization of the tracer and immunoreactive cells. Double labeling with nuclear stains revealed that many cells in the ganglion cell layer, which are likely displaced amacrine cells, were not recognized by these antibodies. Furthermore, transection of ganglion cell axons, a procedure that causes retrograde degeneration of many of the axotomized ganglion cells, led to a decrease in the number of anti-MAP 1A immunoreactive cells in retinal wholem...

Because the snowplow operator's tasks are predominately visual, warnings presented visually may interfere with critical tasks. Auditory warnings could reduce visual load if they are meaningful, effectively signal danger, and are not annoying. We conducted a driving simulation experiment-using a 210-degree forward field-of-view driving simulator-and a field test to investigate using auditory icons as side-and forward-collision avoidance warnings. Participants in the experiment drove on simulated snow-covered roads in 105-meter (344-feet) visibility conditions. Analysis of data from 28 participants showed the side-collision avoidance warnings were equally effective; lane change response times were approximately 1.1 seconds for both a single-and double-beep car horn warning-although participants said the double-beep warning sounded more urgent. Analysis of the forward-collision avoidance warning data, obtained from 32 participants, showed the mean response time with a warning consisting of two bursts of screeching-tire sounds was significantly faster than with a singlescreech warning-with both warnings significantly faster than the mean time obtained when no warning was given. The poorest collision outcomes occurred with no warning-outcomes were better with the single-screech warning, and better still with the double-screech warning (which the participants said sounded more urgent than the single-beep warning). In the field test, six of seven snowplow operators preferred the double-beep side-collision warning. We recommend an auditory icon sounding like the double-beep of a car horn be used as a side-collision avoidance warning and an auditory icon sounding like two successive bursts of screeching tires should be used as a forward-collision avoidance warning.

Magnitude estimation was used to assess the experience of urgency in pulse-train stimuli (pulsed white noise) ranging from 3.13 to 200 Hz. At low pulse rates, pulses were easily resolved. At high pulse rates, pulses fused together leading to a tonal sensation with a clear pitch level. Urgency ratings followed a nonmonotonic (polynomial) function with local maxima at 17.68 and 200 Hz. The same stimuli were also used in response time and pitch scaling experiments. Response times were negatively correlated with urgency ratings. Pitch scaling results indicated that urgency of pulse trains is mediated by the perceptual constructs of speed and pitch.

l currículo universitario en Chile ha sido invisibilizado por las políticas públicas, las agencias estatales y por las universidades y sus autoridades, lo cual, encuentra su sustrato en el abordaje de problemas educativos desde disciplinas distintas a las ciencias de la educación. Por lo mismo, cabe preguntarse respecto a los elementos ideológicos neoliberales que posibilitaron la edificación de este escenario, promoviendo la tácita opacidad del currículo por parte de las políticas públicas educativas que han operado durante las últimas cinco décadas. Específicamente, el texto explicita el recorrido de las políticas educativas referidas al currículo en la universidad en tres momentos sociopolíticos distintos, como son: 1°El gobierno de la Unidad Popular (1970Popular ( -1973) ) cuyo eje central era la unificación de la educación estatal; 2° la dictadura (1973)(1974)(1975)(1976)(1977)(1978)(1980)(1981)(1982)(1983)(1984)(1985)(1986)(1987)(1988)(1989)(1990), período en el cual se abolió el desarrollo educativo enunciado en el período anterior, generando el cierre de algunas carreras universitarias y siendo el génesis y desarrollo exponencial de las universidades privadas con fines de lucro; y 3°el período democrático (1990 hasta la fecha) en el cual el Estado perpetúa su rol subsidiario instaurado en dictadura, por ende, se centra en el desarrollo de fuentes de financiamiento y en el cumplimiento de indicadores (Vargas y González 2022) . En resumen, tras el retorno a la democracia, en Chile se constituye un modelo de universidad-empresa, con currículos de disímil calidad y que suelen representar las necesidades e intereses de ciertos grupos de poder . De igual forma, la educación universitaria pública sigue la misma lógica de las entidades privadas, por lo tanto, un bien público, como es el la educación, queda remitido a un producto de mercado (Oliva, 2008), lo cual generó amplios descontentos en diversos sectores de la sociedad y que da cuenta de una política sectorial distante del quehacer pedagógico y de la función social de la universidad. Según esto, la presente investigación se ha centrado en resolver la siguiente pregunta: ¿Cuáles son las estrategias discursivas utilizadas por las políticas públicas curriculares universitarias en tres períodos socio -históricos distintos, en Chile que han devengado en la opacidad del currículo universitario?. Este estudio propone como hipótesis que los grupos de poder relacionados con el empresariado han diseñado políticas públicas educativas que han hecho difuso el currículo, lo cual ha permitido que la discusión se centre el financiamiento, por ende, en la entrega de recursos económicos estatales a las universidades, así como también en las posibilidades de endeudamiento de los futuros profesionales. Sin embargo, la discusión no ha estado en lo pedagógico y/o en los saberes y competencias que se deben entregar a dichos ingresantes. Es así como las estrategias discursivas que los grupos de poder utilizan para modelar las políticas educativas a su conveniencia, han permitido que el currículo universitario presente una clara opacidad. Para la consecución de aquello se utilizó una metodología cualitativa, descriptiva y crítica, alusiva al análisis crítico de discursos curriculares oficiales de cada período. En que la estrategia metodológica escogida fue el análisis crítico del discurso (van Dijk, 2016), Para describir las principales políticas educativo-curriculares universitarias, el texto se estructura en los siguientes apartados: Antecedentes y lógicas de mercado en la universidad; Democracia y consolidación del neoliberalismo educativo; y Calidad del currículo universitario. Tras ello se explicita la metodología usada y el tipo de análisis, lo cual permitió dar cuenta de la discusión y conclusiones alcanzadas y que remiten a la identificación de los elementos ideológicos que propician que el currículo universitario no sea visible. El presente artículo aporta interesantes reflexiones innovativas, referidas a que la ideología neoliberal, partir de los entramados de poder y el desmedro de la calidad de la enseñanza en la universidad, cimenta y perpetúa un discurso oficial en el cual la dimensión curricular está replegada a un lugar de escasa relevancia. Así, la débil calidad del currículo universitario termina por afectar a los estudiantes con menor capital sociocultural, quienes suelen acudir a planteles de baja selectividad (Vargas y González 2022). Por lo mismo, se concluye que el empresariado, controlador de muchos planteles, ha propiciado la generación de un discurso que se aleja de lo educativo, no pudiendo asegurar la verdadera calidad de los procesos pedagógicos. Por lo mismo, el constructo calidad educativa queda remitido a la dimensión financiera y administrativa. Según esto, los modelos mentales hegemónicos, instalados desde la dictadura, no operan desde y para el aprendizaje y equidad educativa, sino más bien para los intereses económicos de la élite.

This article reports on a study of route guidance using a navigation system that receives location information from a Global Positioning System receiver. Fifteen visually impaired participants traveled along 50-meter (about 164-foot) paths in each of five conditions that were defined by the type of display interface used. One of the virtual displays—virtual speech—led to the shortest travel times and the highest subjective ratings, despite concerns about the use of headphones.

Background. Visual acuity is measured by diminishing letter size till recognition threshold is reached, letters varying in legibility. In this experiment size reduction was compared with other means of handicapping letter legibility. Methods. In five normal observers, discrimination thresholds for 13 sans-serif capital letters in a 5x4 format were obtained by a staircase procedure for size reduction as well as for 20 arcmin (logMAR=0.6) letters subjected to four kinds of image degradation: reducing contrast, convolving with blurring spread, embedding in noise and perturbing contour smoothness. Results. Threshold correlation and distribution of response errors show prominent differences and indicate the degree to which the visual processing of the various modes of image degradation is distinct. Conclusions. The validation of four other ways of impairing the recognition of optotypes in addition to size diminution reveals their potential in the differential diagnosis of defects in pattern detection, in evaluating therapeutic regimens, and in developing concepts of form perception.

Recent promotion of city centre living within UK policy has led to a commensurate interest in city centre conditions and the opinions and experiences of the people who live there. An apposite, straightforward method to capture city centre residents' experiences and views is described in this article. We successfully combined a novel, under-utilized visual technique (self-directed photography) with qualitative methods (log-sheets and interviews) in the form of a 'photo-survey'. A background to visual methodologies is presented in this article, alongside a critique of using the photo-survey with 84 city centre residents to investigate environmental conditions and perceptions within three of the UK's major cities. The method provided a rich, detailed set of data, but also brought a number of noticeable benefits to the data collection process. The photo-survey not only effectively captured and documented life in the city but also acted as an 'agent for change', evoking thoughts and feelings which ultimately encouraged participants to reflect on their existing perceptions and urban experiences. The study also raises some important considerations for future work undertaken with this method and with using photographs as a set of data, and proposes techniques for minimising potential problems.

The first edition of the International Conference on Trends and Innovations in Smart Technologies (ICTIST'22) was held on 7-8 October 2022, bringing together researchers and experts from the fields of communication networks and security, computational intelligence, and engineering. The conference provided a platform for participants to share their research and discuss the latest trends and innovations in these areas. The present report will start by providing an overview on the keynote speeches and the main axes around which the communication sessions revolved before moving on to more detailed abstracts, presenting each of the topics presented during the ICTIST'22 conference.

One of the most important components of the textbook is visuals which might facilitate the learning process. In some cases, however, due to their inconvenient structure, misconceptions might arise. The aim of this study is to analyse and evaluate how convenient the structure of visuals represented in the curriculum in Czech geography textbooks is. For this purpose, we have used an expert evaluation of visuals in 16 textbooks by the quantitative content analysis method. Visuals were categorised into groups based on four analysis criteria: type of visual, headline, thematic focus and colour. We were also interested in the space assigned to visuals in the textbook. The results of the analysis show that the key visual feature in geography textbooks is photographs, whose educational value is far less in comparison to other kinds of visuals. The amount of visuals without any caption is rather alarming. In contrast, there is a high proportion of coloured visuals which might have a positive effect on the learning outcome.

La libertad de información es uno de los derechos inherentes al ser humano, pero es necesario establecer unos límites de control para proteger a los ciudadanos. El sistema judicial está obligado a ponderar el valor del derecho a la información con el de los derechos a la intimidad e incluso con la propia integridad del procedimiento judicial. Es imprescindible reorientar la actitud del periodismo a la hora de informar, por la especial gravedad que suponen los atentados contra la confidencialidad del procedimiento o la imparcialidad judicial.

Given the problem of lack of interest, commitment and understanding of sustainable development, didactic innovation has been integrated into the university classroom, through the action research methodology. Through the general objective, to apply media and information literacy (AMI) skills for the understanding and scope of the 2030 Agenda, in the Master's Degree in Teaching, during the 2021-2022 academic year, performance activities have been designed and implemented. The results indicate the impact of AMI only in 60% of the students. The conclusions discover the maker culture, the constructivist paradigm and communicate in multimedia, crossmedia and transmedia formats. Ante el problema de falta de interés, compromiso y comprensión sobre el desarrollo sostenible, se ha integrado la innovación didáctica en el aula universitaria, por medio de la metodología investigación acción. A través del objetivo general, aplicar las competencias de alfabetización mediática e informacional (AMI) para la comprensión y alcance de la Agenda 2030, en Máster en Profesorado, durante el curso 2021-2022, se han diseñado e implementado performance de actividades. Los resultados indican el impacto de AMI solo en el 60% del alumnado. Las conclusiones descubren la cultura maker, el paradigma constructivista y comunicar en formatos multimedia, crossmedia y transmedia.

Purpose -Performance appraisal is one of the most critical and indispensable human resource practices for organisations. However, it generates dissatisfaction among employees as it is often viewed as complex and ineffective. The purpose of this paper is to present a new performance management system that integrates multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) methodsthe analytic network process (ANP) and PROMETHEEwith the visual techniques of the GAIA plane and the stacked bar chart. MCDA methods allow a structured and consistent evaluation integrating qualitative and quantitative criteria. Design/methodology/approach -The authors developed a structured and transparent performance management system. It is based on the MCDA methods PROMETHEE and ANP. It also incorporates the visual techniques: GAIA and stacked bar chart. Feedback for trainings and developments can precisely be formulated. -Visual techniques permit clear identification and quantification, for each employee, of the areas that need improvement through training and development, which contributes to the resource-based view of organisations. A real case study has been portrayed to show the added value of the MCDA methods and the visual techniques in employee performance management. Originality/value -The paper describes a new employee performance system adopted in an organisation. The multi-criteria analysis transparently combines qualitative and quantitative decision criteria into a holistic and transparent evaluation. The visual techniques permit us to gain a deep insight into the employees' skills profile and capture fine details where individuals perform or underperform.

Thermal imagers operating in the 3-5 micron and 8-12 micron spectral bands require Automatic Gain Control (AGC) to enhance the visual detection and identification of targets against varying atmospheric conditions. In this paper, two algorithms viz., plateau equalization and adaptive plateau equalization algorithms are discussed for implementing AGC. The MATLAB simulation results show the effectiveness of these algorithms in controlling the levels of contrast. The plateau parameter selected for a scene renders targets easily recognizable and also provides contextual information about the surrounding regions. Results of the AGC algorithms on the IR images obtained by the 3-5 micron hand held thermal imager are discussed. The simulation results calls for hardware implementation using Xilinx SPARTAN-II FPGAs. The uniqueness of this paper lies in two features: one is the improvement suggested on the adaptive plateau equalization algorithm and the other is the hardware implementation approach.

In laboratory visual search experiments, distractors are often statistically independent of each other. However, stimuli in more naturalistic settings are often correlated and rarely independent. Here, we examine whether human observers take stimulus correlations into account in orientation target detection. We find that they do, although probably not optimally. In particular, it seems that low distractor correlations are overestimated. Our results might contribute to bridging the gap between artificial and natural visual search tasks.

MOURA, Iara Gomes; SOUSA, Lorena Alves Almeida Crispim; CAVALCANTE, Andrea Pinheiro Paiva; CASTRO, Henrique Sergio Beltrao de. Todos os Sentidos: no ar, para dar voz as pessoas com deficiencia. In: CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE CIENCIAS DA COMUNICACAO, 32, 2009, Curitiba. Anais ... Sao Paulo: Intercom - Sociedade Brasileira de Estudos Interdisciplinares da Comunicacao, 2009, 11p.

Este estudo é um recorte da dissertação de mestrado, o qual buscou responder o problema sobre as possibilidades e os limites de inclusão de alunos com deficiência visual no Curso de Bacharelado em Direito na Unicaldas Faculdade de Caldas Novas para a materialização do ensino e da aprendizagem com respeito à diversidade e às diferenças? A pesquisa foi do tipo descritiva explicativa com abordagem qualitativa. Assim sendo, a inclusão no lócus do investigado é visível em termos de adentrar o espaço institucional, ter matrícula, ter o reconhecimento do professor quanto a aprendizagem independente da condição ou de ser acometido por alguma deficiência. Contudo, aponta-se as impossibilidades quanto ao atendimento a pessoa com deficiência visual, desde as particularidades do processo educativo em uma sociedade pautada pela inclusão mas, que ainda não respeita as diferenças.

El Curso Superior de Diseño Gráfico, inserto en los objetivos del Instituto Politécnico Universitário, se propone a la formación de nivel superior de corta duración. Entre los objetivos del IPU están la empleabilidad, accesibilidad y formación volcada al mercado de trabajo

We evaluated the color vision of mercury-contaminated patients and investigated possible retinal origins of losses using electroretinography. Participants were retired workers from a fluorescent lamp industry diagnosed with mercury contamination (n= 43) and age-matched controls (n= 21). Color discrimination was assessed with the Cambridge Colour Test (CCT). Retinal function was evaluated by using the ISCEV protocol for full-field electroretinography (full-field ERG), as well as by means of multifocal electroretinography (mfERG). Color-vision losses assessed by the CCT consisted of higher color-discrimination thresholds along the protan, deutan, and tritan axes and significantly larger discrimination ellipses in mercury-exposed patients compared to controls. Full-field ERG amplitudes from patients were smaller than those of the controls for the scotopic responseb-wave, maximum response, sum of oscillatory potentials (OPs), 30-Hz flicker response, and light-adapted cone response. OP a...

The visual pigment, rhodopsin, consists of opsin protein with 11-cis retinal chromophore, covalently bound. Light activates rhodopsin by isomerizing the chromophore to the all-trans conformation. The activated rhodopsin sets in motion a biochemical cascade that evokes an electrical response by the photoreceptor. All-trans retinal is eventually released from the opsin and reduced to vitamin A. Rod and cone photoreceptors contain vast amounts of rhodopsin, so after exposure to bright light, the concentration of vitamin A can reach relatively high levels within their outer segments. Since a retinal analog, β-ionone, is capable of activating some types of visual pigments, we tested whether vitamin A might produce a similar effect. In single-cell recordings from isolated dark-adapted salamander green-sensitive rods, exogenously applied vitamin A decreased circulating current and flash sensitivity and accelerated flash response kinetics. These changes resembled those produced by exposure of rods to steady light. Microspectrophotometric measurements showed that vitamin A accumulated in the outer segments and binding of vitamin A to rhodopsin was confirmed in in vitro assays. In addition, vitamin A improved the sensitivity of photoreceptors to ultraviolet (UV) light. Apparently, the energy of a UV photon absorbed by vitamin A transferred by a radiationless process to the 11-cis retinal chromophore of rhodopsin, which subsequently isomerized. Therefore, our results suggest that vitamin A binds to rhodopsin at an allosteric binding site distinct from the chromophore binding pocket for 11-cis retinal to activate the rhodopsin, and that it serves as a sensitizing chromophore for UV light.

Objective: Previous findings have shown that alpha event-related desynchronization (-ERD) is associated with reaction to visual stimuli in oddball paradigm, as a reflection of attention allocation and memory updating. This study tested the hypotheses that it reflects a modality and/or frequency specific mechanism. Methods: Electroencephalography (EEG) recordings (64 channels) were performed on 18 healthy subjects during visual, auditory, somatosensory, and pain oddball paradigms. Low-and high-frequency rhythms were analyzed on individual basis, and their sources were estimated by low resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (LORETA). -ERD, served as an index of cortical activation, was computed on the cortical voxel level and compared across the conditions (target vs. non-target), alpha sub-bands (lower vs. higher frequency), and modalities (visual, auditory, somatosensory, and pain). Results: In the visual modality, -ERD was mainly generated from occipital cortex for both target and non-target conditions. Its magnitude was enhanced across widespread cortical regions (e.g., bilateral occipital, parietal, and frontal areas) in the target condition and was greater in high-frequency  band. Finally, -ERD difference between target and non-target conditions was not higher in visual than that in other control modalities. Conclusions: Human high-frequency -ERD reflects cognitive attention processes underlying reaction to oddball target stimuli regardless stimulus modality.

Fish of the genusAnableps(Anablepidae, Cyprinodontiformes) have eyes that are adapted for simultaneous aerial and aquatic vision. In this study we investigate some of the corresponding retinal specializations of the adultAnableps anablepseye using retinal transverse sections and wholemounts. The linear dimensions of the retina were found to be asymmetric with a greater representation of the dorsal compared to the ventral visual field. The total number of neurons in the ganglion cell layer of the ventral hemiretina was on average 3.6 times greater than the values obtained in the dorsal hemiretina. Isodensity contour maps revealed a prominent horizontal visual streak in the ventral hemiretina with an average peak cell density of 18,286 cells/mm2. A second less-well-developed horizontal visual streak was also observed in the dorsal hemiretina. A sub-population of large cells with soma areas between 74 and 188 μm2was identified and found to be distributed evenly across both hemiretinas....

The amplitude of the auditory N1 component of the event‐related potential (ERP) is typically suppressed when a sound is accompanied by visual anticipatory information that reliably predicts the timing and identity of the sound. While this visually induced suppression of the auditory N1 is considered an early electrophysiological marker of fulfilled prediction, it is not yet fully understood whether this internal predictive coding mechanism is primarily driven by the temporal characteristics, or by the identity features of the anticipated sound. The current study examined the impact of temporal and identity predictability on suppression of the auditory N1 by visual anticipatory motion with an ecologically valid audiovisual event (a video of a handclap). Predictability of auditory timing and identity was manipulated in three different conditions in which sounds were either played in isolation, or in conjunction with a video that either reliably predicted the timing of the sound, the i...

This qualitative study explored the issues and outcomes associated with implementing Playtime Is Science for Students with Disabilities, a curriculum and materials that were modified for students who were visually impaired. It found several student-related outcomes, such as persistence, positive peer-related skills, risk taking, and making meaningful connections about the world, and themes regarding implementation of the curriculum, such as teachers’ interest level, issues associated with power, and how teachers supported students’ learning.

We predict that high-resolution displays will penetrate scientific laboratories first, and will become pervasive at the office, in the cubicle, and meeting room, and ultimately at home. In this paper, we present a novel approach to distribute high-resolution images to multiple tiled displays in real-time using a high-performance PC cluster. This approach allows users to share their visualization applications and videos on multiple tiled displays, repositioning and resizing each application window independently. These operations require high-resolution image multicasting from a rendering cluster to multiple display clusters. A high-performance bridging system called SAGE Bridge performs the image multicasting on a high-performance PC cluster. We show in several experiments that this system enables sharing of highresolution scientific animations and high-definition videos (with audio) between multiples international sites, hence creating virtual research laboratories (i.e. virtual organizations), as observed in a figure given in this article.

Warna cat rumah memiliki peran penting dalam menciptakan suasana yang nyaman dan mendukung kenyamanan penghuni. Pemilihan warna yang tepat tidak hanya memengaruhi estetika rumah, tetapi juga suasana hati, produktivitas, dan relaksasi. Artikel ini akan memberikan berbagai inspirasi warna cat rumah yang dapat Anda pilih untuk menciptakan lingkungan yang nyaman dan harmonis.

The desire to record bodies in motion, regardless of technological capabilities, has been inherent in the visual arts for as long as they have been in existence. This is manifest in Werner Herzog's Cave of Forgotten Dreams (2010), in which the director is granted rare access to the Chauvet caves in southern France. The caves contain rock drawings, mainly of animals, that are thought to be 32,000 years old. Contemplating drawings of horses running, in which the movement is captured by several images overlaid on each other, so as to suggest motion, Herzog remarks that they resemble "proto-cinema". His prescient observation and his 3-D digital-video documentary of one of the earliest known examples of art come to mind with respect to "Motion Capture: Drawing and the Moving Image", at the Glucksman Gallery, Cork. While all of the works on display are, of course, much more recent than the Chauvet cave drawings, taken as a whole, they encapsulate a spectrum that ranges from the most fundamental mark-making to highly sophisticated digital technology, all mediated in some way by the instinct to describe movement visually.

Since the eighties, Santa Catarina Island has become a tourist and housing destination for many Brazilians and foreigners, usually people with high cultural or economic capital. The analysis of the dynamics between transformations that "come from outside" and the local reception of them allows, as well as reflecting on these social transformations, to grasp invention’s processes at the local level, of categories such as environmentalism, sustainability. Moreover, it underlines the role of migrants in this specific space-time and their territoriality in contexts of cultural hybridization.

Feature attention operates in a spatially global way, with attended feature values being prioritized for selection outside the focus of attention. Accounts of global feature attention have emphasized feature competition as a determining factor. Here, we use magnetoencephalographic recordings in humans to test whether competition is critical for global feature selection to arise. Subjects performed a color/shape discrimination task in one visual field (VF), while irrelevant color probes were presented in the other unattended VF. Global effects of color attention were assessed by analyzing the response to the probe as a function of whether or not the probe's color was a target-defining color. We find that global color selection involves a sequence of modulations in extrastriate cortex, with an initial phase in higher tier areas (lateral occipital complex) followed by a later phase in lower tier retinotopic areas (V3/V4). Importantly, these modulations appeared with and without color competition in the focus of attention. Moreover, early parts of the modulation emerged for a task-relevant color not even present in the focus of attention. All modulations, however, were eliminated during simple onset-detection of the colored target. These results indicate that global color-based attention depends on target discrimination independent of feature competition in the focus of attention.

La cohesión social ha sido el mayor nudo crítico de la modernidad y, al mismo
tiempo, la principal función del sistema educativo. Durante la pandemia las escuelas sustituyeron
la competencia por rendimiento para poner, en primer lugar, el bienestar de sus estudiantes y así
convocarlos de vuelta a las salas de clases. En la pos-pandemia el aumento del conflicto escolar no
solo sostuvo dicha priorización, sino que originó una comprensión socioemocional de la
reactivación. En la región de Aysén, si bien las denuncias por hechos de violencia están al alza,
la mayoría de los docentes y directivos afirman construir relaciones basadas en una sana
convivencia. A fin de analizar esta paradoja, revisamos estudios que caracterizan las capacidades,
necesidades y desafíos de las escuelas de Aysén en convivencia escolar. Asumimos un enfoque
sistémico de la organización para observar las posibilidades de innovación que resultan de sus
actuales relaciones influenciadas por el entorno. Como en los resultados identificamos un desacople
entre las estructuras escolares y sus sistemas interpersonales, concluimos la necesidad de
construir capacidades entre los profesionales de la educación a fin de iniciar procesos reflexivos
que permitan estabilizar respuestas compasivas en la organización.

Effective visual object recognition requires mechanisms to bind object features (e.g. color, shape and motion) while distinguishing distinct objects. Synchronously active neuronal circuits among reentrantly connected cortical areas may provide a basis for visual binding. To assess the potential of this mechanism, we have constructed a mobile brain-based device, Darwin VIII, which is guided by simulated analogues of cortical and sub-cortical areas required for visual processing, decision-making, reward and motor responses. These simulated areas are reentrantly connected and each area contains neuronal units representing both the mean activity level and the relative timing of the activity of groups of neurons. Darwin VIII learns to discriminate among multiple objects with shared visual features and associates 'target' objects with innately preferred auditory cues. We observed the co-activation of globally distributed neuronal circuits that corresponded to distinct objects in Darwin VIII's visual field. These circuits, which are constrained by a reentrant neuroanatomy and modulated by behavior and synaptic plasticity, are necessary for successful discrimination. By situating Darwin VIII in a rich real-world environment involving continual changes in the size and location of visual stimuli due to self-generated movement, and by recording its behavioral and neuronal responses in detail, we were able to show that reentrant connectivity and dynamic synchronization provide an effective mechanism for binding the features of visual objects.

Somatotype Body Composition Handball Fat Percentage Muscle mass Body indexes Anthropometry Somatotipo Composición corporal Balonmano Porcentaje grasa Masa muscular Índices corporales Antropometría The aim of this study was to determine body composition, body indexes and somatotype in handball players. Forty-eight players (21 men and 27 women) from a university team were evaluated. Anthropometric measurements were performed to obtain fat percentage, muscle mass, body indexes and somatotype. The results showed that the men had 11.82% body fat, with a meso-endomorphic somatotype. On the other hand, 22.49% and mesomorphic-endomorphic somatotype in women. These data are relevant to be able to make comparisons with top level players and to improve the body composition of athletes to try to achieve the best possible performance. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la composición corporal, índices corporales y somatotipo en jugadores de balonmano. Se evaluaron 48 jugadores (21 hombres y 27 mujeres) de un equipo universitario. Se realizaron mediciones antropométricas para obtener porcentaje grasa, masa muscular, índices corporales y somatotipo. Los resultados mostraron que los hombres presentan 11.82 % de grasa corporal, con un somatotipo meso-endomórfico. Por otro lado, un 22.49 % y somatotipo mesomorfo-endomorfo en mujeres. Estos datos son relevantes para poder realizar comparaciones con jugadores de máximo nivel y para mejorar la composición corporal de los atletas para intentar alcanzar el mejor rendimiento posible.

Como una forma de gestionar el creciente volumen y complejidad de la información que circula en la actualidad, se utilizan cada vez más las representaciones gráficas que agregan significado a la información presentada en los medios de comunicación, a través de un diseño comunicacional eficiente. La propia cultura visual, impulsada por la evolución tecnológica, ha ido redefiniendo las formas de comunicación por lo que la comunicación visual contemporánea representa un gran impacto en la sociedad. Este artículo presenta los resultados y el análisis comparativo de cuatro publicaciones de la prensa ibérica, centrándose en los aspectos formales de los diarios y el espacio que dedican a los distintos elementos comunicativos. Para ello se seleccionaron dos diarios portugueses y dos españoles. Los resultados indicaron que los periódicos muestran una similitud en el uso de soluciones gráficas, lo que corrobora una tendencia visual en el diseño de la comunicación. Los resultados también revel...

Public communication Responsible communication Violent contexts Digital activism Citizen communication Comunicación pública Comunicación responsable Contextos violentos Activismo digital Comunicación ciudadana Through this article, an analysis is made of the public communication of the government of Zacatecas, Mexico, trying to identify its degree of responsibility towards the citizenry, by virtue of the violent context in which it has been living for more than a decade, placing it as one of the most violent entities in the country. Likewise, in a comparative manner, the collective efforts of an organized digital citizenry are analyzed, which, faced with the lack of communication from the government, have created their own means to keep an expectant and fearful society informed of the criminal acts that have been normalized, with the sole purpose of protect their integrity and their life, in the face of a common suffering: violence and insecurity. Mediante el presente artículo se hace un análisis de la comunicación pública del gobierno de Zacatecas, México, tratando de identificar su grado de responsabilidad de cara a la ciudadanía, en virtud del contexto violento en que se vive desde hace más de una década, situándola como uno de las entidades más violentas del país. Asimismo, de manera comparativa se analizan los esfuerzos colectivos de una ciudadanía digital organizada que ante la carente comunicación del gobierno ha creado sus propios medios para mantener informada a una sociedad expectante y temerosa ante los hechos delictivos que se han normalizado, con la única finalidad de resguardar su integridad y su vida, ante un padecimiento común: la violencia y la inseguridad.

The development, advancement and critical study of design thinking challenges designers to explore every possible factor in high value innovative design concepts. Designers must expand their thinking parameters and seek values in design activities by analyzing all related factors in human behaviour. Moreover, the need for more communicable and stringent design development strategies of the product’s conceptual ideation is increasing. Based on prior studies of human behaviour factors, the theory of unconscious interaction and cognition in human behaviour has shown its value as a guide for designers to create an innovative product design concept during sketching activities. In this paper, selected conceptual sketches generated from an understanding of the theory of unconscious interaction and cognition in human behaviour will be analyzed. This study aims is to analyze form elements and entities implemented by designers using design syntactic analysis as the main methodology. The ultim...

The purpose of this paper is to understand the significance of form elements through the interpretations of design sketches. These interpretations are provided by designers themselves interpreting expressive characteristics of car images, and by students interpreting the sketches of designers' morphing sequences. In the experimental investigation of the sketching process through morphing sequence exercises, designers used individually driven styles and approaches when creating product form. These approaches produce characteristically different form ideas, which differ (but also show consistency) with respect to type of car category, expression, identity, recognition, format, composition, complexity, etc. Typically, assessment of generated sketch work and ideas is done using relative heuristic evaluation in a comparative design review. Given a large set of automotive sketches, general patterns of styling emphasis can be identified. The paper concludes that perceptions of designers are varied due to the representation format of the ideas as visual hand sketches. The visual hand sketches point out certain meaning and can be categorized with respect to perceptual characteristics according to the Product Perception Framework (PPE framework) and suggest that a tool to support evaluation and generation of early design concepts can be developed, and to support the generation of form ideas with desired characteristics for a brand, product category and market.