Visual

In the last years, the industrial world has been increasingly adopting computer-aided solutions for design for maintainability and maintenance training tasks with the goal to reduce development costs and to shorten time, and to improve product and service quality. Computer-based training systems created to simulate machine assembly maintenance are normally operated by means of ordinary human-computer interfaces (keyboard, mouse, etc.), but this usually results in systems that are far from the real procedures, and therefore not effective in terms of training. In this study, we show that a better solution may come from the combination of virtual reality techniques and haptic interaction. To this regard, we present the results of a research aimed at testing and evaluating the effectiveness of the haptic feedback for first-person maintenance tasks targeted to the aerospace industry. The proposed system implements an interaction environment in which each of the main maintenance activities can be simulated by the trainee exploiting a hand-based commercial haptic device, operated by means of specific haptic-rendering techniques to provide realistic feedbacks during manipulation. A usability study is included to help assessing the potential of this approach.

We assessed 19 patients with Huntington's disease (HD) at early to moderately advanced stages of their disease using memory tests that investigated verbal and visual recall and recognition. In those tests where identical material was subject to recall and recognition the standardized results (z scores) were lower for recognition. Performance was better with pictorial than with verbal material. While recognition bias and savings scores did not differ significantly from controls, all other recognition parameters did so. This is in contrast to the claim that defective retrieval in HD is greatly enhanced by multiple choice recognition. One major reason for maintaining this assumption was apparently the disregard of false-positive responses. Our results indicate that verbal and visual recognition are impaired in HD, and the notion of a salient deficit of free recall is not supported.

We present an energy based approach to estimate a dense disparity map between two images while preserving its discontinuities resulting from image boundaries. We first derive a simpli#ed expression for the disparity that allows us to easily estimate it from a stereo pair of images using an energy minimization approach. We assume that the epipolar geometry is known, and we include this information in the energy model. Discontinuities are preserved by means of a regularization term based on the Nagel-Enkelmann operator. We investigate the associated Euler-Lagrange equation of the energy functional, and we approach the solution of the underlying partial differential equation (PDE) using a gradient descent method. In order to reduce the risk to be trapped within some irrelevant local minima during the iterations, we use a focusing strategy based on a linear scale-space. We prove the existence and uniqueness of the underlying parabolic partial differential equation. Experimental results ...

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a nutritional program on the nutritional knowledge of children and adolescents with visual impairments. The results indicated that there was a significant difference between the scores of the experimental and control groups and that age and vision had no effect on the acquisition of nutritional knowledge.

We have previously developed and described a battery of 9 items suitable for assessing different clinical aspects of visual function in newborn infants.Application of the test battery to a cohort of low risk term-born infants at 48 and 72 h after birth 1) to define the normative distribution of results for each item and 2) to document any effect of postnatal age.124 term-born low risk infants were assessed at 48 h; fifty of them were re-assessed 24 h later at 72 h.The visual test battery was successfully completed in 110 of the 124 infants assessed at 48 h and in all the 50 infants assessed at 72 h after birth. For 3 of the 9 items (fixation on a black/white target of concentric circles, on a coloured (red/yellow) face and horizontal tracking), the findings were very similar at both ages. For the remaining 6 items the range of findings was wider. There was a statistical difference in the responses obtained at 48 and 72 h for vertical and arc tracking (p < 0.05) and the ability to discriminate stripes and attention at distance (p < 0.001).Our results provide information on the visual abilities in a low risk population of term-born infants and the distribution of frequency of their visual responses to our battery of visual tests. These findings may be used as reference data when using our visual test battery in both clinical and research settings.

The department editors, Nancy Livingston and Catherine Kurkjian, welcome reader comments and suggestions on this department. Children's Books presents reviews, recommended uses, and curriculum connections on trade books for children. Materials reviewed in Children's Books are in no way advocated or endorsed by The Reading Teacher or the International Reading Association. Opinions expressed are those of the department editors or reviewers. Books should be sent to

edu.ar Palabras clave: reconocimiento de patrones, adquisición de imágenes, IQ cámaras Resumen Este artículo presenta un prototipo de procesador a medida para la identificación de patrones en tiempo real sobre una plataforma FPGAs (Field-Programmable Gate Arrays). Se proponen dos dispositivos orientados a la velocidad y aplicabilidad en entornos industriales.

This paper introduces a cepstral approach for the automatic detection of landmines and underground utilities from acoustic and ground penetrating radar (GPR) images. This approach is based on treating the problem as a pattern recognition problem. Cepstral features are extracted from a group of images, which are transformed first to 1-D signals by lexicographic ordering. Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCCs) and polynomial shape coefficients are extracted from these 1-D signals to form a database of features, which can be used to train a neural network with these features. The target detection can be performed by extracting features from any new image with the same method used in the training phase. These features are tested with the neural network to decide whether a target exists or not. The different domains are tested and compared for efficient feature extraction from the lexicographically ordered 1-D signals. Experimental results show the success of the proposed cepstral approach for landmine detection from both acoustic and GPR images at low as well as high signal to noise ratios (SNRs). Results also show that the discrete cosine transform (DCT) is the most appropriate domain for feature extraction.

Emotion could be expressed through unimodal social behaviour's or bimodal or it could be expressed through multimodal. This survey describes the background of facial emotion recognition and surveys the emotion recognition using visual modality. Some publicly available datasets are covered for performance evaluation. A summary of some of the research efforts to classify emotion using visual modality for the last five years from 2013 to 2018 is given in a tabular form.

This paper reports an experimental analysis of footsteps as a biometric. The focus here is on information extracted from the time domain of signals collected from an array of piezoelectric sensors. Results are related to the largest footstep database collected to date, with almost 20,000 valid footstep signals and more than 120 persons, which is well beyond previous related databases. Three feature approaches have been extracted, the popular ground reaction force (GRF), the spatial average and the upper and lower contours of the pressure signals. Experimental work is based on a verification mode with a holistic approach based on PCA and SVM, achieving results in the range of 5 to 15% EER depending on the experimental conditions of quantity of data used in the reference models.

This paper presents an algorithm for using projective invariant patterns in augmented reality applications. It is actually an adaptation of a previous algorithm for an optical tracking device, that works with infrared illumination and filtering. The present algorithm removes the necessity of working in a controlled environment, which would be inadequate for augmented reality applications. In order to compensate the excess of image noise caused by the absence of the infrared system, the proposed algorithm includes a fast binary decision tree in the process flow. We show that the algorithm achieves real time rates. 2 Related Work One of the most common solutions for objects identification in AR is the use of ARToolkit-like planar patterns [2]. In addition to the identification of objects,

La méthodologie d'un cours en ligne est basé sur une stratégie d'apprentissage autonome, dont l'étudiant est l'élément clé. Sous cette perspective éducative, le professeur devient l'élément qui facilite le processus d'apprentissage. Dans le contexte de la conception de cours de traduction destinés à l'enseignement en ligne, le professeur doit considérer que l'étudiant affronte des tâches qui requièrent la conception préalable d'activités facilitant aussi bien le processus de traduction proprement dit que l'acquisition de connaissances expertes pour mener à bien ces tâches. En outre, cette conception devrait être le reflet de nouvelles structures multimédias présentes au sein de la société de l'information.

We reported the changes of brain responses during sleep following auditory, visual, somatosensory and painful somatosensory stimulation by using magnetoencephalography (MEG). Surprisingly, very large changes were found under all conditions, although the changes in each were not the same. However, there are some common findings. Short-latency components, reflecting the primary cortical activities generated in the primary sensory cortex for each stimulus kind, show no significant change, or are slightly prolonged in latency and decreased in amplitude. These findings indicate that the neuronal activities in the primary sensory cortex are not affected or are only slightly inhibited during sleep. By contrast, middle-and long-latency components, probably reflecting secondary activities, are much affected during sleep. Since the dipole location is changed (auditory stimulation), unchanged (somatosensory stimulation) or vague (visual stimulation) between the state of being awake and asleep, different regions responsible for such changes of activity may be one explanation, although the activated regions are very close to each other. The enhancement of activities probably indicates two possibilities, an increase in the activity of excitatory systems during sleep, or a decrease in the activity of some inhibitory systems, which are active in the awake state. We have no evidence to support either, but we prefer the latter, since it is difficult to consider why neuronal activities would be increased during sleep. q

1 Dep. Psicologia Experimental, Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil 2 Núcleo de Neurociências e Comportamento, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil 3 Dep. Fisiologia Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brasil 4 Núcleo de ...

PURPOSE. To assess whether there are any advantages of binocular over monocular vision under blur conditions.
METHODS. We measured the effect of defocus, induced by positive lenses, on the pattern reversal Visual Evoked Potential (VEP) and on visual acuity (VA). Monocular (dominant eye) and binocular VEPs were recorded from thirteen volunteers (average age: 28±5 years, average spherical equivalent: -0.25±0.73D) for defocus up to 2.00D using positive powered lenses. VEPs were elicited using reversing 10 arcmin checks (4 reversals/sec). The stimulus subtended a circular field of 7 degrees with 100% contrast and mean luminance 30 cd/m2. VA was measured under the same conditions using ETDRS charts. All measurements were performed at 1m viewing distance with best spectacle sphero-cylindrical correction and natural pupils.
RESULTS. With binocular stimulation, amplitudes and implicit times of the P100 component of the VEPs were greater and shorter, respectively, in all cases than for monocular stimulation. Mean binocular enhancement ratio in the P100 amplitude was 2.1 in-focus, increasing linearly with defocus to be 3.1 at +2.00D defocus. Mean peak latency was 2.9 ms shorter in-focus with binocular than for monocular stimulation, with the difference increasing with defocus to 8.8 ms at +2.00 D. As for the VEP amplitude, VA was always better with binocular than with monocular vision, with the difference being greater for higher retinal blur.
CONCLUSIONS. Both subjective and electrophysiological results show that binocular vision ameliorates the effect of defocus. The increased binocular facilitation observed with retinal blur may be due to the activation of a larger population of neurons at close-to-threshold detection under binocular stimulation.

The morphology of congenital cataract reflects a combination of the timing and nature of the cause, the anatomy of the lens including its capsule, its development, and changes that take place with time. Morphology may variably affect prognosis, give a clue to the etiology and the age of onset and, in an isolated case, sometimes suggest heritability. The spectrum of morphological variations is enormous and can be complex. A comprehensive approach is to classify the variations according to the area of the lens involved, and sub-dividing them by a detailed description of the shape and appearance. Each specific morphological type is then analyzed determining the etiology, visual prognosis, and management. The use of gene markers has allowed many of these variations to be identified and categorized. Cataracts in childhood can involve the whole lens, in which case they are called total, Morgagnian, or disk-like. They can affect only the center of the lens: lamellar, nuclear, oil droplet, cortical, or coronary. They can be anterior: anterior polar, anterior subcapsular, or anterior lenticonus. The posterior aspect of the lens can also be affected in different fashions: Mittendorf's dot, posterior lenticonus, posterior cortical cataracts, or posterior subcapsular. There are five more forms that must be described separately: punctuate lens opacities, sutural cataracts, coralliform or crystalline, wedge-shaped, and persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous. ( Surv Ophthalmol 48: 2003)

The present study attempts to identify the important visual merchandising factors and examine the relationships of those factors with store images and shopper behaviours in the context of home furnishings retail setting. Factor analysis was employed to identify dimensions of the importance of visual merchandising and correlation analyses were implemented to examine the relationships among the variables in this study. Of four store image dimensions, Store Environment was significantly related to Layout/Organization and Creative/Inspirational Coordination factors of visual merchandising. New Style/Trend Information aspect of store image was significantly related to Window/Merchandise Display and Creative/Inspirational Coordination of visual merchandising factors. Merchandise Assortment construct of store image was significantly related to Layout/Organization and Creative/Inspirational Coordination aspects of visual merchandising. Appealing Exhibition dimension of store image was significantly related to Layout/Organization and Creative/Inspirational Coordination aspects of visual merchandising. Among five constructs, creative/inspirational coordination of the store was significantly and positively related to visit frequency. However, none of the importance of visual merchandising constructs was correlated to either amount of time spent shopping or the number of items purchased at one time shopping at home furnishings store. Based on the findings of the study, discussions and implications were provided.

Web pages are not purely text, nor are they solely HTML. This paper surveys HTML web pages; not only on textual content, but with an emphasis on higher order visual features and supplementary technology. Using a crawler with an in-house developed rendering engine, data on a pseudo-random sample of web pages is collected. First, several basic attributes are collected to verify the collection process and confirm certain assumptions on web page text. Next, we take a look at the distribution of different types of page content (text, images, plug-in objects, and forms) in terms of rendered visual area. Those different types of content are broken down into a detailed view of the ways in which the content is used. This includes a look at the prevalence and usage of scripts and styles. We conclude that more complex page elements play a significant and underestimated role in the visually attractive, media rich, and highly interactive web pages that are currently being added to the World Wide...

Web pages are not purely text, nor are they solely HTML. This paper surveys HTML web pages; not only on textual content, but with an emphasis on higher order visual features and supplementary technology. Using a crawler with an in-house developed rendering engine, data on a pseudo-random sample of web pages is collected. First, several basic attributes are collected to verify the collection process and confirm certain assumptions on web page text. Next, we take a look at the distribution of different types of page content (text, images, plug-in objects, and forms) in terms of rendered visual area. Those different types of content are broken down into a detailed view of the ways in which the content is used. This includes a look at the prevalence and usage of scripts and styles. We conclude that more complex page elements play a significant and underestimated role in the visually attractive, media rich, and highly interactive web pages that are currently being added to the World Wide...

To evaluate the efficacy of digital photographs and graphic computer software for color matching compared to conventional visual matching. Materials and Methods: The shade of a tab from a shade guide (Vita 3D-Master Guide) placed in a phantom head was matched to a second guide of the same type by nine observers. This was done for twelve selected shade tabs (tests). The shadematching procedure was performed visually in a simulated clinic environment and with digital photographs, and the time spent for both procedures was recorded. An alternative arrangement of the shade tabs was used in the digital photographs. In addition, a graphic software program was used for color analysis. Hue, chroma, and lightness values of the test tab and all tabs of the second guide were derived from the digital photographs. According to the CIE L * C * h * color system, the color differences between the test tab and tabs of the second guide were calculated. The shade guide tab that deviated least from the test tab was determined to be the match. Shade matching performance by means of graphic software was compared with the two visual methods and tested by Chi-square tests (α = 0.05). Results: Eight of twelve test tabs (67%) were matched correctly by the computer software method. This was significantly better (p < 0.02) than the performance of the visual shade matching methods conducted in the simulated clinic (32% correct match) and with photographs (28% correct match). No correlation between time consumption for the visual shade matching methods and frequency of correct match was observed. Conclusions: Shade matching assisted by digital photographs and computer software was significantly more reliable than by conventional visual methods.

The ability to understand student learning styles can increase the educational experience. Teachers might adjust their teaching style so that it is more congruent with a given student's or class of students' learning style. One of the most important uses of learning styles is that it makes it easy for teachers to incorporate them into their teaching. There are different learning styles. Three of the most popular ones are visual, auditory, and kinaesthetic in which STUDENTS take in information. Some students are visual learners, while others are auditory or kinaesthetic learners. While students use all of their senses to take in information, they seem to have preferences in how they learn best. In order to help students learn, teachers need to teach as many of these preferences as possible. Teachers can incorporate these learning styles in their curriculum activities so that students are able to succeed in their classes. This study is an analysis of learning styles for Iranian EFL students. The purpose of this study is to increase faculty awareness and understanding of the effect of learning styles on the teaching process. A review of the literature along with analysis of the data will determine how learning styles affect the teaching process.

Different literary genres employ different languages made of different elements. Children’s literature is not an exception. This type of literary language, in terms of conceptual and syntactic function, has its own characteristics. These characteristics create children and adolescents’ literature. Exclamation, which is not used in most literary genres, plays a prominent role in children’s literature. This is because it makes issues more tangible and makes them see their environment better and absorbs them. This article tries to study the used of exclamation in several children’s fictional works to demonstrate that it is one of the most common elements in this genre.

La presente publicación no podrá ser reproducida, ni en su totalidad ni en parte, por ningún medio, en ninguna forma y para ningún fin. AUTODESK, INC. , Inc. se reserva el derecho a revisar y mejorar sus productos como estime conveniente. Esta publicación define el estado del producto en el momento de la publicación y podría no corresponder a versiones futuras del mismo.

La presente publicación no podrá ser reproducida, ni en su totalidad ni en parte, por ningún medio, en ninguna forma y para ningún fin. AUTODESK, INC. , Inc. se reserva el derecho a revisar y mejorar sus productos como estime conveniente. Esta publicación define el estado de este producto en el momento de su publicación y podría no corresponder a versiones futuras del mismo.

Art history lacks a persuasive account of the nature of graphic marks, and that limits what can be said about pictures. This essay gathers some of the principal sources. An expanded version appeared in the book "On Pictures, And the Words That Fail Them."

Salah satu sektor yang sangat sering menggunakan poster sebagai media promosi mereka adalah industri perfilman. Poster Film Adalah salah satu jenis poster yang mempunyai tujuan untuk mempromosi film yang hendak ditayangkan di bioskop, theater maupun tempat-tempat lainnya. Poster ini juga biasanya memiliki ukuran yang cukup besar. Film yang menggunakan poster sebagai media promosi biasanya merupakan film-film terbaru (baru tayang) yang bertujuan untuk memperkenalkan / mempopulerkan film tersebut. Artikel ini membahas mengenai salah satu jenis poster, yaitu poster film bergenre horor, yang dimana dimana didalam poster tersebut memiliki banyak tanda-tanda verbal maupun visual. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif dengan melakukan analisis isi pada objek poster film "ANABELLA" dengan teori semiotika, serta turut menggunakan teori Verbal dan Aspek Visual yang dikemukakan oleh Dyer (1986) yang digunakan untuk menganalisis dan membahas beberapa tanda-tanda yang dapat ditemukan dalam poster, terdiri dari judul, tanggal penayangan film, tempat penayangan, serta tawaran untuk menonton film. sedangkan tanda-tanda visual yaitu berupa: gambar, warna, posisi, dan latar belakang dari poster tersebut. One sector that very often uses posters as their promotional media is the film industry. Film Poster Is one type of poster that has the purpose to promote films that want to be shown in theaters, theaters and other places. This poster also usually has a fairly large size. Films that use posters as promotional media are usually the newest (recently screened) films aimed at introducing / popularizing the film. This article discusses one type of poster, the horror genre movie poster, which in which the poster has many verbal and visual signs. The method used in this research is a qualitative method by analyzing the contents of the movie poster object "ANABELLA" with the theory of semiotics, as well as using the Verbal theory and Visual Aspects proposed by Dyer (1986) used to analyze and discuss some of the signs that can be found in the poster, consisting of title, date of screening of the film, place of screening, as well as offers to watch the film. while the visual signs are: pictures, colors, position, and background of the poste

Abstrak Ada banyak cara yang dapat dilakukan dalam menyampaikan sebuah pesan, hal tersebut dapat dilakukan melalui berbagai macam media baik itu secara tertulis ataupun secara visual. Poster merupakan salah satu media yang dapat digunakan. Poster terdiri dari gambar dan beberapa kalimat singkat. Informasi yang terdpat pada poster bisa informasi apa saja, mulai dari informasi mengenai pendidikan, kesehatan, produk hingga iklan layanan masyarakat sekalipun yang membahas tentang masalah sosial. Artikel ini membahas tentang analisis poster iklan layanan masyarakat tentang dampak pemanasan global terhadap bumi. Metode yang digunakan merupakan metode pengumpulan data yang tersimpan dalam dokumen berupa jurnal, buku, surat, catatan harian, arsip foto, hasil rapat, dan sebagainya. Berdasarkan dari hasil analisis yang telah dilakukan, dalam poster harus memuat dua aspek, yakni aspek visual dan aspek verbal. Aspek visual terdiri dari warna, bentuk serta tata letak/posisi/layout. Sedangkan pada aspek verbal adalah segala tulisan yang ada pada poster. Abstract There are many ways that can be done in conveying a message, it can be done through various kinds of media both in writing or visually. Poster is one of the media that can be used, where the poster consists of pictures and a few short sentences. The information on the poster can be anything from information on education, health, products to public service announcements that discuss social issues. This article discusses a poster analysis of public service announcements about the effects of global warming on the earth. The method used is a method of collecting data stored in documents in the form of journals, books, letters, diaries, photo archives, meeting results, and so on. Based on the results of the analysis that has been done, the poster must contain two aspects, namely visual aspects and verbal aspects. Visual aspects consist of color, shape and layout / position / layout. While the verbal aspect is all the writing on the poster. 1. PENDAHULUAN Poster merupakan salah satu media publikasi yang bertujuan memberikan informasi kepada banyak orang. Poster sebagai salah satu seni grafif pada media print dengan ukuran relative besar yang berkomposisikan gambar dan huruf. Biasanya diletakkan pada dinding atau pada bidang permukaan datar lainnya. Poster ditujukan guna menarik perhatian sebanyak mungkin orang-orang yang berlalu lalang disekitar tempat poster tersebut berada/ditempel. Poster seringkali dijumpai di tempat-tempat

WEB-IS, Web-based Integrated System, allows remote, interactive visualization of large-scale 3-D data over the Internet, along with data analysis and data mining. In this paper, we discuss the overall structure of WEB-IS. Up until now we have developed three sub-modules geared towards geophysical problems. WEB-IS1 allows geoscientists to navigate through their 3-D geophysical data, such as seismic structures or numerical simulations, and interactively analyze the statistics or apply datamining techniques, such has cluster analysis. WEB-IS2 lets a user control Amira (a powerful 3-D visualization package) remotely and analyze, render and view large datasets across the Internet. WEB-IS3 is an imaging service that enables the user to control the scale of features to view through interactive zooming. In the near future, we propose to integrate the three components together through a middleware framework, called NaradaBrokering (iNtegrated Asynchronous Real-time Adaptive Distributed Architecture, a distributed messaging infrastructure that can be used to intelligently route data between the originators and registered consumers) , without regard for time or location. As a result, WEB-IS becomes more scalable and fault-tolerant. WEB-IS uses a combination of Java, C++,, and through the use of NaradaBrokering will seamlessly integrate the server-side processing and user interaction utilities on the client. The server takes care of the processor intensive tasks, such as visualization and data mining, and sends either the resulting bitmap image or statistical results to the middleware across the Internet for viewing. WEB-IS is an easy-to-use service, which will eventually help geoscientists collaborate from different sites in a natural manner. It will be very useful in the next 10 years because of the increasing number of space missions and geophysical campaigns.

This paper presents briefly describes the state of the art of accelerating image processing with graphics hardware (GPU) and discusses some of its caveats. Then it describes GpuCV, an open source multi-platform library for GPU-accelerated image processing and Computer Vision operators and applications. It is meant for computer vision scientist not familiar with GPU technologies. GpuCV is designed to be compatible with the popular OpenCV library by offering GPUaccelerated operators that can be integrated into native OpenCV applications. The GpuCV framework transparently manages hardware capabilities, data synchronization, activation of low level GLSL and CUDA programs, on-the-fly benchmarking and switching to the most efficient implementation and finally offers a set of image processing operators with GPU acceleration available.

Video technology offers expanded possibilities for looking at interaction and communication in various ‘natural’ settings, for example workplaces and situations of informal communication or educational interaction. In the last decades international groups of scholars have developed a prominent approach to sequentially analyze visual data from social interaction. In addition to standardized ways of looking at video recorded interaction, this approach is interpretive. After a short overview of earlier research, we will briefly discuss the relevance of interpretation to video analysis. Before we describe how to sequentially analyze video recorded social interaction, we sketch the role of data collection, coding and sampling. Because these processes are part of a focused ethnography, we use the shorthand ‘videography’ rather than video interaction analysis. ‘Sequentiality’ is a central category in fine-grained analyzes of video recorded interaction that supports empirically based interpretations of actions. This will be illustrated through three empirical examples, which also highlight the interrelatedness between textural and visual elements. Finally, we will discuss the relation between sequential analysis of video recorded interaction and the wider ethnographic and social context, which is essential to videography.

We report a systematic study of children as photographers at three age levels across five European countries. 180 children, aged 7, 11 and 15, were given single-use cameras and asked to use them in any way they pleased over a weekend. The children were then interviewed about their photographs and the process of taking them. The photographs and related commentary were analysed by means of specially developed coding schemes for image content and photographer's intentions. The study has identified marked differences in children's understanding, behaviour and intentions as photographers across the three age groups. These have been described from interactional, socio-cultural and control perspectives. Children across the age groups showed an increasing ability to distinguish the properties of the image from the world it represents, and a developing reflective awareness of the equipment, the surroundings, the image and the effect of the act of photography on others. The older children were generally scathing of adults' attempts to produce posed idealised images and they valued authenticity and informality rather than technical proficiency. Thus, children are not simply apprentice adult photographers, but exhibit distinctive intentions and products that vary with age.