Violence Prevention

In this article, I describe some of my research on caring, helping, active bystandership, and the origins of genocide and collective violence, as a background to interventions in real-world settings aimed to create positive change. They include working with teachers to create classrooms that promote caring and helping; training police to prevent or stop unnecessary harmful actions by fellow officers, and similarly students in schools to prevent harmful actions; promoting reconciliation, using trainings and workshops, and educational radio programs in Rwanda, Burundi, and the Congo; working to improve Dutch-Muslim relations in Amsterdam after violence; and a number of other projects. In these projects, information and participants' experiences combined to create "experiential understanding." Evaluation studies showed positive effects. These projects and their evaluation show that research-and theory-based interventions can be effective. An initial motivation for this work was my early childhood experience during the Holocaust in Hungary and receiving help from bystanders. Public Significance Statement This review of research, interventions, and applications in real-world settings shows that research on helping behavior and on the origins of great violence by groups can be applied to prevent violence, for example, by police or by students who would bully, and to help groups reconcile after great violence, for example, the genocide in Rwanda. It shows that knowledge gained in research can be used to make a difference in the world. Keywords: evolution of violence and of helping, passive and active bystanders, the roots of genocide, promoting reconciliation in Rwanda, preventing police violence and bullying by students I spent almost all of my professional life, starting in the mid-1960s, studying the roots of goodness (helping, caring about other people's welfare, moral courage, and active bystandership) and the roots of evil (the influences leading to genocide and mass killing, and, to a lesser extent, violent conflict and terrorism). I also engaged in activities both to increase caring, helping, and active bystandership, and to prevent harm and violence and promote reconciliation after great violence. This article is primarily about the applications of research and theory, mainly my own but also others', to real-world settings. It originates from a talk I gave at the National Summit on Violence in November 2016 at the American Psychological Association offices in Washington, D.C. The editor of this journal was present and invited me to write an article describing the "interventions" my associates and I have conducted in varied settings, my experiences along the way, and the lessons I learned, in the hope that it would help others doing similar work. He suggested that I could do this in an autobiographical manner. I begin by considering the roots in my early experience of my lifelong commitment to such work. Next, I briefly describe some of my research and theory, which guided the applications. The applications range from working with teachers to create class-Editor's Note. Continue the conversation by submitting your comments and questions about this article/book review to PeacePsychology.org/ peaceconflict. (The Editor of PeacePsychology.org reserves the right to exclude material that fails to contribute to constructive discussion.) ERVIN STAUB holds a PhD from Stanford, taught and Harvard and is Professor Emeritus and Founding Director of the PhD program in the Psychology of Peace and Violence, Department of Psychology and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts at Amherst. He is former President of the International Society for Political Psychology and of the Peace Psychology Division of APA. He has studied the origins of and ways to increase caring, helping, moral courage, active bystandership and altruism born of suffering, and the roots of, or societal, cultural and psychological influences leading to genocide, mass killing and intractable violent conflict and ways to prevent these. In addition to studying these he worked in many real world settings, for example to promote reconciliation after a genocide in Rwanda, improve Dutch Muslim relations in the Netherlands after violence there, training police in active bystandership to prevent fellow officers from doing unnecessary harm, and creating classrooms that promote caring. CORRESPONDENCE CONCERNING THIS ARTICLE should be addressed to Ervin Staub,

Una reflexión sobre el maltrato de los animales, la Ley No. 70 de 2012 sobre protección de los animales domésticos en Panamá y las posibilidades de prevención de la violencia en el cuidado de los animales. Un artículo dedicado a la AAAN-Panamá.

This study documents psychometrics of the Turkish version of Intimate Partner Violence Attitude Scale-Revised (IPVAS-R; Fincham et al. in Psychological Assessment, 20, 260-269, 2008). Dating college students (n=280) from four universities completed Turkish versions of the IPVAS-R, Multidimensional Measure of Emotional Abuse, Physical Assault of Conflict Tactics Scale-Revised, and Ambivalent Sexism Inventory. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the three factor structure of the IPVAS-R, albeit with an item change from the Abuse to the Control factor, due to the cultural nuances. This factor structure was cross validated with a second independent sample of 205 dating college students. Convergent validity and satisfactory internal consistency were also reported. The IPVAS-R was found to be a psychometrically sound measure to gauge attitudes toward psychological and physical dating aggression among college students outside of North America.

Violence is not a crime: a critical analysis of key concepts. has highlighted the ways in which the extraordinary and distressing feature of crime in South Africa is not how common but how violent it is. This analysis moves on from that point, arguing that rather than focusing on violent crime as a specific type criminality, we should examine violence as separate category that sometimes overlaps with crime and Zulu Udlame alusibo ubugebengu Okumangalisayo nokukhathaza umphefumulo e-NingiZimu Afrika, akusiko ukuthi izigameko zobubugebengu zenzeka njalo, kepha indlela ubugebengu obunodlame ngayo, leliphuzu livezwe ngu-(Altbeker, 2007). Ngakho sizohlaziya udlame sisusela kuleliphuzu, kunokubheka ubugebengu obunodlame njengohlobo lobugebengu, kungcono sihlole ubugebengu obunodlame njengesigaba esehlukile kepha esiphinde siphanjaniswe nobugebengu. Uma sibheka izinto ngalendlela, kuyavela ukuthi akusibo

Citation: Carmody, M., S. Evans, C. Krogh, M. Flood, M. Heenan, and G. Ovenden. (2009). Framing Best Practice: National standards for the primary prevention of sexual assault through education. Sydney: National Sexual Assault Prevention Education Project for NASASV, University of Western Sydney.

and New South Wales either do not, or only obliquely comply in legislation with an NFA requirement for an effective national firearm registry, a goal now delayed for over two decades. More examples of non-compliance with NFA resolutions apply to firearm collectors, ammunition collectors, museums and heirloom firearms, interstate recognition of firearm licences, firearm safety booklets, security for interstate firearm transfers, among other provisions.

This article offers a qualitative, institutional analysis of the dynamics of revictimization as the accumulation of disadvantages over time and across different institutional contexts, and its multiple gender dimensions. It draws on 37 qualitative interviews with victims of intimate partner violence, detailing the institutional causal pathways to victimization and revictimization over the life course, through the in-debth analysis of one case. Drawing on the vulnerability approach, developed by Martha Albertson Fineman, the analysis demonstrates how victimization and revictimization have been facilitated, tolerated, and even produced by particular institutional contexts, illustrating how the ‘risk of revictimization’ is not a characteristic of the individual, nor is it destiny. The article contributes to a constructive social science, elucidating how victimization is contingent on social and institutional contexts, and how at several critical points, better institutions and better institutional responses to particular events might have prevented or interrupted the dynamics of accumulating victimization. Focusing on embodied, gendered subjects and the role of institutions in producing as well as remedying inequalities has far reaching implications for research and prevention of violence. In contrast to a risk-factor approach targeting particular groups and individuals, a vulnerability analysis calls for a responsive state and universal institutional solutions.

This forthcoming (rewritten) paper argues for the significance of swearing as a different type of language (a "proto-language") - one that serves to project and express unbearable, pre-verbal frustration, fear and feelings about Life's struggle, as well as truly awesome beauty. It is pitched somewhere in the psyche as an intermediary between feeling and action, before thinking makes its mark as a modifying agent.

A detailed exploration of the various unconscious meanings of different types of swearing modes is undertaken, and swearing is revealed as a complex and important form of emotional communication, notwithstanding its basis in the "primitive" origins of infantile anxiety.
The paper - originally a conference presentation with audio and video excerpts - is currently being updated (from its pre HBO-Netflix original form) because times have changed significantly in the past decade re Swearing no longer being quite the taboo that it once was.
During "renovations" this draft for the conference presentation is being made available, temporarily, and comments are welcomed - although the audio-visual elements are absent, and some paragraphs are still in shorthand form.

Violence against women is one of the world’s greatest public health problems and one of Latin America’s major development challenges. Intrafamily violence is widespread in the region, affecting between 14 and 38 percent of all women throughout their lifetime. A series of studies commissioned by the Wilson Center and supported by the Inter-American Development Bank have begun to shed new light on the complex nature of this violence. Together, they contribute to evidence-based policy recommendations that could prevent the incidence of intrafamily violence and reduce the risks of future criminal behavior by affected children as they grow up. Read policy brief to learn more. / La violencia contra la mujer es uno de los mayores problemas de salud pública en el mundo, así como uno de los principales retos para el desarrollo de Latinoamérica. La violencia intrafamiliar se encuentra generalizada en la región y afecta de un 14 a un 38 por ciento de las mujeres en el transcurso de sus vidas. Gracias a una serie de estudios encargados por el Wilson Center con el apoyo del Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo se ha comenzado a arrojar luz respecto del carácter complejo de este tipo de violencia. En su conjunto, presentan recomendaciones de políticas con base en la evidencia que podrían prevenir la incidencia de la violencia intrafamiliar y reducir los riesgos de conductas delictivas futuras en los niños. Para aprender más, lea el resumen de políticas.

Geen school ter wereld blijft gespaard van, zo nu en dan, manifestaties van fysiek geweld. Meestal blijft dat gelukkig beperkt tot het betere duw-, trek- en mepwerk. Maar het kunnen, heel soms, heel zware incidenten zijn waarbij mensen gewond raken. In dit artikel verkennen we verschillende manieren om geweld op school te voorkomen.

Points out how religion is power; power will be used by others--even the non-religious; when things go awry, then, religion is then blamed, often by the same ones who have exploited its power. This calls for critical and wary analysis of the rhetorical use of religion as a pawn, followed by its being blamed as a scapegoat.  Published in The Destructive Power of Religion; Violence in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, edited by J. Harold Ellens (4 volumes, Westport/London: Praeger Publishers, 2004), Vol. 2, 265-83.

Agressie en geweld zijn van alle tijden. Ook inspanningen om agressie en geweld te beheersen, zijn er altijd al geweest. Aan die beheersing kan nog veel verbeterd worden. Het is dan wel noodzakelijk om het geweldmechanisme eens te bekijken vanuit een andere invalshoek dan tot nu toe gebruikelijk is. Die benadering begint met vragen naar hoe agressie eigenlijk ontstaat. Waar komen agressie en ge-weld vandaan? Wat voedt agressie en gewelddadig handelen? Waarom kunnen mensen hun agressie zo slecht beheersen?

Responding to Torture: Latin American perspectives on a Global Challenge brings together articles by an extraordinary group of multidisciplinary professionals who have worked alongside the IBAHRI in recent years, promoting the effective prevention, documentation and investigation of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment in the region.
The book is divided into two parts. Part 1, comprised of five chapters, examines the significant gaps that exist between the formal commitments of Latin American states to the eradication of torture and the practice of torture in the region. Over four chapters in Part 2, human rights experts highlight the potential for political and institutional innovation in the fight against torture.
Throughout the book, it is recognised that the fight against torture in Latin America presents challenges that require multidimensional responses, but also socio-political will and feasibility. The text highlights that while advocating for the adoption of robust legal protections is important, safeguards alone are insufficient to reduce the incidence of torture.
The authors of this book recognise that the production and dissemination of legal, academic and scientific resources on torture have taken place primarily in English to-date. Therefore, to ensure accessibility to Spanish speakers, this book is available in Spanish. An Executive Summary is available in English.

Campus sexual violence policy should go beyond complying with legal requirements. Policies can serve to support survivors, communicate fair and equitable processes for all involved, and prevent sexual violence making the campus safer for all students. Primary prevention and proactive risk management can both begin and end with a thoughtful, intentional, well-crafted policy.

Violence has in recent years been framed as a public health problem. The medicalization of violence has involved various public health initiatives, with the USA based violence prevention initiative Cure Violence (CV), being one of the most prominent. CV, which operates in 23 US cities and multiple countries abroad, was launched in 2000 by former WHO epidemiologist Gary Slutkin with the aim to reduce violence. Its public health approach maintains that violence is an actual disease, which can be controlled and contained via epidemiological methods and strategies applied in disease control. This study used discourse analysis to explore how CV’s medicalization of violence is tied to a neoliberal rationality of governing that disentangles violence from structural factors and explains violence solely by reference to individual pathology. In doing so, CV produces new identities based on assumptions concerning biological infection or immunity resistance, which, as its visual language shows, are grounded in race. Through a politics of exclusion, CV turns these ‘at risk’ identities into appropriate targets for health intervention, with the aim of encouraging these to act upon themselves to improve or restore their productive capacities in order to achieve the idealized form of healthy citizenship that CV propagates.

This analysis of gun violence of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century in Germany follows four lines of inquiry: First, it specifies what was seen as violence and asks whether this understanding changed. Second, it examines the contextual, structural, and cultural factors that influence the occurrence of violent behavior.
Third, it examines the actors: Who acts violently, when, and why? And who was relevant in establishing which control regimes? Fourth, it analyses the kinds of control measures that were debated and the ways and means by which control was exerted. This historical case study identifies the mechanisms that are crucial for the perception of violence and uncover some of the mechanisms of violence control relationships. It shows how public attention and communication, information, and
scandalization are important triggers for violence control. It will also reveal how the violence control relationship is closely associated with political, social, and technological factors and therefore needs to be continuously renegotiated.

The process of recognising domestic violence in Poland begun in 1990s, drawing the attention of the researchers mostly to parent-child abuse. In most such cases, using violence against children was deemed a necessary part of upbringing, a method of discipline forcing children to follow specific behaviour patterns. Social acceptance for corporal punishment was rooted in established moral standards, stereotypes and recurring nature of the cycles of violence across generations. Domestic violence is present in various relations (parent-child, partner-partner, younger-older) and is usually of hidden nature (except extreme cases), therefore, in the first place, the researchers focused on the attempt to assess the scale and effects of the problem (both direct effects, as well as long-term effects), establishing a support system for the victims, as well as educational impact both on national, as well as local levels aimed at changing the social attitude towards domestic violence.
The main goal of this article is to present the Polish system for combating family violence in the light of the scale of the problem and various types of social attitude towards it.
The following issues are discussed in this article:
-established moral standards and stereotypes concerning domestic violence, especially corporal punishment for children
- scale of the problem of domestic violence
- strategies of helping the victims, including the structure of support institutions
- strategies of intervention and correction actions against perpetrators, including the Blue Card procedure as the main intervention procedure used in Poland
- education activities for both professionals and the society as a whole

Centre, Crime Prevention Partnership Program (CPPP). The CPPP is one element of the National Strategy on Community Safety and Crime Prevention. This national strategy endeavours to support the involvement of organizations that can contribute to community-based crime prevention activities (needs assessment, development of plans, implementation and evaluation) and that can be applied across Canada (see http://www.crime-prevention.org). This project was one of nine projects funded across Canada on a variety of issues related to the theme of this Call. The views expressed in this Resource Manual are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the National Crime Prevention Council. The update of the resource manual was funded by the Trillium Foundation of Ontario as part of a project currently in progress by Drs. Peter Jaffe and Claire Crooks.

In this paper, we present an updated and comprehensive analysis of Domestic violence (DV) in Mexico. It describes the types of DV identified in the literature and sets forth the main factors associated with this pheno- menon. It presents the main statistical data to illustrate the social, economic, and human relevance of DV in Mexico and worldwide.
Finally, some guidelines are mentioned for an interdisciplinary program of prevention, treatment, and control of DV in which health personnel -especially Family Physicians- would play a leading role.

En este artículo se realiza un análisis actualizado e integral de la Violencia Familiar (VF) en México. Se describen los tipos de VF identificados en la literatura y se enuncian los principales factores asociados a este fenómeno. Son expuestos los principales datos estadísticos que ilustran la relevancia social, económica y humana que tiene la VF en México y en el mundo. Finalmente, se mencionan algunos lineamientos de un programa interdisciplinario de prevención, tratamiento y control de la VF en el que el personal de salud –en especial, los médicos familiares– tendrían un papel protagónico.

We live in a surprisingly violent world. We experience physical assault, emotional and psychological attack, and even the intellectual violence of manipulation and indoctrination. Psychology is becoming increasingly aware not only of the prevalent violence, but also of the profoundly deleterious impact of said violence on the human mind and body; however. sociology lags behind. Socialization, or our experiences at the hands of agents of socialization, is a key concept in sociology. Every introductory sociology text that is printed devotes and entire chapter to a discussion of socialization and related concepts. However rarely, if at all, is there any indication that sociologists are aware of the profoundly deleterious impact of toxicity (violence, neglect, etc.) in the socialization process. This research note seeks to alleviate this lacuna by providing a concept, toxic socialization, by which sociologists can more readily discuss the problem of a violent socialization process.

Aulas en Paz: 2. Estrategias pedagógicas Las competencias ciudadanas han surgido recientemente como una alternativa muy valiosa para guiar la formación ciudadana (Chaux y Velásquez, en prensa; Cox, Jaramillo y Reimers, 2005). Las competencias ciudadanas son todas aquellas capacidades emocionales, cognitivas y comunicativas que, integradas con conocimientos y disposiciones, hacen posible que las personas puedan actuar de maneras constructivas en la sociedad (Chaux, Lleras y Velásquez, 2004; Ministerio de Educación de Colombia, 2004a; Ruiz-Silva y Chaux, 2005). Tradicionalmente, la formación ciudadana ha estado basada principalmente

A true life story of facing war time conflict internally and externally to overcome extreme trauma, focusing on post lobotomy coping mechanisms and empowerment through reframing dynamics situations and sculpting the situation into your favor.

El presente trabajo pretende dilucidar los elementos que forman
parte de la revictimización (causas, consecuencias y medios de
prevención), con el propósito de tener una perspectiva profunda y
amplia del fenómeno en cuestión, y como modo preventivo durante
el diseño de un modelo de intervención para víctimas de Violaciones
Graves a los Derechos Humanos (VDH). Esta, la revictimización, se
genera a partir de las respuestas que les da el sistema a las víctimas
de Violaciones a los Derechos Humanos. Considerando las
respuestas del sujeto al evento traumático; definición, causas y
consecuencias de la revictimización en el individuo; y una
recolección de propuestas de prevención respecto a la
revictimización durante el proceso jurídico y el proceso de
reparación.