Vehicular Network)

This paper evaluates the performance of ETSI ITS Contention-Based Forwarding (CBF) and ETSI Simple GeoBroadcast forwarding while disseminating warning messages over a Geographical Area in highway and urban scenarios. Our experimental evaluation considers the complete ETSI ITS architecture including the Decentralized Congestion Control (DCC) mechanism. We propose an enhanced CBF mechanism, named S-FOT+, which combines several improvements to the ETSI CBF algorithm. S-FoT+ has a similar or better performance than the ETSI forwarding algorithms regarding both reliability and end-to-end delay while requiring much fewer transmissions. The improvements are equally effective and efficient in both urban and highway scenarios with large Destination Areas. Finally, we evaluate the trade-offs that stem from using multi-hop broadcast mechanisms in urban settings with smaller Destination Areas when compared to single-hop broadcast. Results show that multi-hop mechanisms significantly improve coverage at the cost of an increased number of transmissions.

There are numerous research challenges to develop safety or non-safety applications in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). One of the critical issues consists in designing a scheme that solves the local maximum problem, reduces contention phase, increases the route lifetime and reduces the frequent path disruptions caused by high mobility of vehicles. Existing schemes do not take into consideration all these issues. For this reason, this paper addresses these issues for non-safety applications in a highway environment. We propose a scheme that strives to find a stable route, minimize contention phase and predict the route lifetime and the average transmission time of the data packets. Our scheme increases the percentage of packets delivery, reduces the control overhead and decreases number of error messages generated during transmission of data packets as function of vehicles density.

This paper presents a method or technique that identifies physical intrusion detection in an indoor environment that is based on received signal strength indicator (RSSI) on radio frequency identification. The objective of this paper is two folds. Firstly, is to characterize the signal behavior in an indoor environment using statistical measures. Secondly, is to identify the existence of a human presence inside a contained environment (e.g., room). The objective is to use simple means like the recorded readings of the received signal strength indicator (RSSI). The characterization was observed during three distinctive time intervals, namely; empty room, with human presence, and transitional period during link crossings. The experiment was repeatedly conducted for 5 minutes to validate the averaged results. In order to emulate real-life environment, experiments were conducted using Zigbee-compliant iris mote XM2110 and MIB510 programming boards with transmitter and receiver antennas,...

Cuenca city has 21 rural parishes that in varying degrees contribute and/or depend of the activities at the urban area, for this reason it is very important to know the movement of vehicles and people that get into the city and where they come from. El Valle and Sinincay are the two of the rural parishes with the most population, they also adjoin with the urban area limit, whereby the interaction between these parishes and the city is noticeable. Chaucha parish is located away from the city and its population is small, therefore its characteristics are different to the first parishes. The objective of this work is to determinate the effects of the displacements realized in every transport mode from the three parishes announced before. These will be done by the volumetric counting of traffic and occupancy counting located at the border between the parishes and the city, to determinate the modal distribution and the occupancy rate according to every kind of displacement, thus able to propose alternatives to improve the public transport service (urban busses) using the service level as a parameter. The results obtained reflects similar modal distributions for Sinincay and El Valle, meanwhile Chaucha has differences in this point, the occupancy rate presents values close to 2 persons per vehicle except the public transport that has a value close to 33 passengers per vehicle. The proposed alternative improve the service for El Valle from E to D, meanwhile Sinincay stays at C level.

The future Intelligent Transport System "ITS" is one of the major challenges of the smart city. It requires fast and efficient communication between vehicles (vehicle-to-vehicle “V2V”), to ensure information exchange in order to improve safety, which reduces accidents and consequently save lives, hence the need of the Vehicular Ad Hoc Network “VANET”, which makes possible the inter-vehicle communication. This network is characterized by a variable topology. Therefore, MANET (Mobile Adhoc NETwork) routing protocols need a few tweaks to be available for the vehicle environment. In this paper, we start by exposing some works related to the evaluation of the most well-known protocols. After a comparative study, we deduce that the OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing) protocol outperforms other routing protocols in terms of End-to-End Delay (EED) and Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR). In addition, we note that the Greedy forwarding “GF” mechanism is suited for the VANET environment, wh...

Vehicular ad-hoc network have the capability for enhancing the road safety using intelligent transportation system by communicating with each other (V-V) as well as with road side infrastructure unit (V-I) through driver information system and internet access. It becomes more challenging issue in VANET to provide a reliable multi-hop communication, due to high speed of vehicles movement, limited wireless resources, and the lose characteristic of a wireless channel. To overcome the above problem, this paper presents a fuzzy logic based multi-criteria intelligent forward routing protocol. Which is operable in dynamic network condition and compatible with both communication modes like vehicleto-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure. To select the greedy next node for data forwarding our proposed protocol calculate node stability cost and positive progress value. Here fuzzy logic based multi-criteria has been used to dynamically evaluate the node stability cost for selecting the next hop forward vehicle or road side units (RSUs), for forwarding the data reliably toward the destination. Three parameters, packet reception probability with changes of intra communication distance, speed difference and link expiration time between relay and neighbor vehicles or RSUs has been used to evaluate the weight of node using fuzzy logic. Also positive progress value has been considered to identify the distance with direction of a node from the destination at a particular time. In framework evaluation, an infrastructure-based fuzzy next hop forwarding mechanism has been presented in urban areas. The simulation results has been shown an improvement of performance of the given solution in comparison with existing protocol performance.

This paper suggests a methodology based on the image processing technique able to automatically calculate the vehicle traffic and its components (light vehicles, heavy vehicles and motorcycles). The method also allows to evaluate instant vehicle speeds and, where necessary, to rebuild vehicle trajectories. Traffic data obtained through the procedure described below (capacities and speeds) can be also usefully applied to estimate pollutant emissions from vehicle traffic per year; therefore, the suggested method employs the algorithms defined with CORINAIR procedures, implemented in Copert 4 software. In order to evaluate how effective is the methodology, an experiment has been carried out in a suburban area, more precisely in a motorway section approaching the International airport “Falcone e Borsellino” of Palermo in Italy.

We study the problem of multihop routing in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET). IEEE 802.11p and other vehicular network standards advocate vehicles to issue periodic broadcast messages at regular intervals called beacons. Beacons include among other information geographic coordinates of the vehicle, heading, speed, etc. Thus, most VANET routing solutions in the literature use those beacons to know available neighbors and take position-based routing decisions. However, we argue that using that information to take routing decisions can result in inefficiencies such as temporal loops in the forwarding path, backward progress due to stale information and use of lowquality links. We propose a new protocol called BRAVE in which neighbor selection is done opportunistically in collaboration with neighbors. Our simulation results show that BRAVE is able to outperform existing solutions in a realistic urban scenario for a variety of network densities.

In WSNs, the existing routing and clustering schemes have demonstrated the effectiveness of traffic distribution to fulfill the quality of service requirements of applications. However, due to the non existence of intelligence in those routing and clustering algorithms might significantly affect the transmission performance, scalability, reliability, and security of WSNs. Thus, by considering the reliability, congestion control, and security for, it is desirable to design an intelligent routing scheme to provide efficient routing. This paper proposes an intelligent routing protocol (IRP) based on artificial neural network (ANN) for wireless sensor networks. IRP performs the cluster identification and cluster head (CH) election using ANN. This process causes less overhead and helps in achieving the real advantage of clustering in wireless sensor networks. Once the clustering is completed, the routing phase comes into action. In the routing phase, the table driven protocol is used to ...

Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a self-organised system comprised of mobile wireless nodes. All nodes act as both communicators and routers. Due to the absence of centralised administration in MANETs, communications between nodes are vulnerable to attacks by malicious nodes. In order to decrease the hazards from malicious nodes, recently researchers have given more importance to the concept of trust and recommendation in MANETs. In these models, the recommendations are prone to issues such as recommender’s bias, honest-elicitation, and free-riding. In this paper we have tried to build a simple collaborative trust model to minimize those issues. This model is used to evaluate the trust of a node based on the trust value given by the neighbours. Weights are given to the trust value based on the trust degree of neighbours. The data packets get forwarded towards destination through the path having greatest trust value. The effectiveness and efficiency of the algorithm is demonstrated t...

In wireless sensor network, sensor nodes are deployed randomly depending on the application. The sensor node location is very much important to make a meaningful sense of the data gathered by the sensor network. The intelligence of the environment is assisted by wireless sensor network by using the location information of the sensor nodes. In this paper a novel algorithm named group search optimizer localization algorithm is proposed for sensor node location information detection. This algorithm is based on producer scrounger model of animal behavior. The location information detection is required to increase the performance and reliability of wireless sensor networks (WSN). It also increases the lifetime of the network by guiding the network without unwanted routing.

Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) is an essential part of futuristic Intelligent Transportation Systems. VANET can improve the overall traffic control system and reduce road accident deaths by providing remote health monitoring in hazardous conditions to outdoor patients. Nowadays, vehicles have become so intelligent that they can sense patient health data and transmit it to a nearby ambulance or hospital in emergency or road accident situations. Health professionals can provide appropriate treatment without wasting critical time in further testing. Developing an efficient and reliable routing solution is a significant research problem for VANET based health monitoring applications because of time-sensitives. Routing approaches to reduce the transmission delay for critical applications are based on topological, geographical, clustering, and flooding techniques. This article has evaluated and compared widely used topological and geographical routing protocols for data-based VANETs hea...

Cuenca city has 21 rural parishes that in varying degrees contribute and/or depend of the activities at the urban area, for this reason it is very important to know the movement of vehicles and people that get into the city and where they come from. El Valle and Sinincay are the two of the rural parishes with the most population, they also adjoin with the urban area limit, whereby the interaction between these parishes and the city is noticeable. Chaucha parish is located away from the city and its population is small, therefore its characteristics are different to the first parishes. The objective of this work is to determinate the effects of the displacements realized in every transport mode from the three parishes announced before. These will be done by the volumetric counting of traffic and occupancy counting located at the border between the parishes and the city, to determinate the modal distribution and the occupancy rate according to every kind of displacement, thus able to propose alternatives to improve the public transport service (urban busses) using the service level as a parameter. The results obtained reflects similar modal distributions for Sinincay and El Valle, meanwhile Chaucha has differences in this point, the occupancy rate presents values close to 2 persons per vehicle except the public transport that has a value close to 33 passengers per vehicle. The proposed alternative improve the service for El Valle from E to D, meanwhile Sinincay stays at C level.

Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANET) has emerged to establish communication between intelligent vehicles. The high mobility of vehicles and existing of obstacles in urban area make the communication link between vehicles to be unreliable. In this environment, most geographical routing protocols does not consider stable and reliable link during packet forwarding towards destination. Thus, the network performance will be degraded due to large number of packet losses and high packet delay. In this paper, we propose an improved geographical routing protocol named IG for VANET. The proposed IG incorporates relative direction between source vehicle and candidate vehicles, distance between candidate node and destination and beacon reception rate in order to improve geographical greedy forwarding between intersection. Simulation results show that the proposed routing protocols performs better as compared to the existing routing solution.

He also serves as Lead Faculty for Wireless Communications for the Master of Science in Wireless Communications program. He teaches and carries out research in wireless systems, computer security, and applications of advanced technology in education. He also teaches global business. As Principal Investigator for a Hewlett-Packard Technology for Teaching-Higher Education-Grant received from HP, he is conducting research into the effectiveness of advanced technology in teaching complex information structures. He is a member of the Steering Committee for Project Inkwell (www.projectinkwell.com).

Telecommunication has become very important in modern society and seems to be almost omnipresent, making daily life easier, more pleasant and connecting people everywhere. It does not only connect people, but also machines, enhancing the efficiency of automated tasks and monitoring automated processes. In this context the IBBT (Interdisciplinary Institute for BroadBand Technology) project TRACK (TRain Applications over an advanced Communication networK), sets the definition and prototyping of an end-to-end train-to-wayside communication architecture as one of the main research goals. The architecture provides networking capabilities for train monitoring, personnel applications and passenger Internet services. In the context of the project a prototype framework was developed to give a complete functioning demonstrator. Every aspect: tunneling and mobility, performance enhancements, and priority and quality of service were taken into consideration. In contrast to other research in this area, which has given mostly high-level overviews, TRACK resulted in a detailed architecture with all different elements present.

We present a simulation study of a cooperate car following application implemented by the Wireless Access for Vehicular Environments (WAVE) protocol stack, which uses the MAC and Physical layers defined by the IEEE 802.11p protocol. This is a simple Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) application which forms the foundation for autonomous driving. As with many safety-critical ITS applications, cooperate car following uses beaconing as the primary means of communication. The beacon frequency and the transmit power of the mobile nodes are considered as the key communication parameters, while the vehicle density is considered as the key traffic parameter. The two main factors affecting the performance, the end-to-end delay and the packet loss, are studied for different scenarios defined by the above parameters. Results indicate how the application performance may be improved by adapting the beacon frequency and/or the transmit power according to the vehicular traffic density.

Smart cities are promising solution for providing efficient services to the citizens with the use of Information and Communication Technologies. City automation has become essential concept for improving the quality of the citizens' lives, which gives rise to smart cities. Fog computing for Internet of Things (IoT) is considered recently an essential paradigm in smart city scenarios. In this work, we propose energy efficient Fog Servers (FSs), which delivers the information data to the mobile users (in the vehicle). We introduced the concept of energy efficiency through the judicious distribution of non-renewable or/and renewable energy to the FS, which improves outage (and dropping probability. As a first step, we optimise the locations of the FSs for IoT Information Piece Delivery (IoTPD) in a smart city vehicular environment with dropping less than 5%. Then, we maximised the energy savings by pushing dropping to a certain level (5%). To improve the dropping, the available renewable (wind) grid energy is optimally allocated to each FS. This, in turn, also reduces carbon footprint.

In this paper, we propose energy efficient Information Piece Delivery (IPD) through Nano Servers (NSs) in a vehicular network. Information pieces may contain any data that needs to be communicated to a vehicle. The available power (renewable or non-renewable) for a NS is variable. As a result, the service rate of a NS varies linearly with the available energy within a given range. Our proposed system therefore exhibits energy aware rate adaptation (RA), which uses variable transmission energy. We have also developed another transmission energy saving method for comparison, where sleep cycles (SC) are employed. Both methods are compared against an acceptable download time. To reduce the operational energy, we first optimise the locations of the NSs by developing a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model, which takes into account the hourly variation of the traffic. The model is validated through a Genetic Algorithm (GA1). Furthermore, to reduce the gross delay over the entire vehicular network, the available renewable energy (wind farm) is optimally allocated to each NS according to piece demand. This, in turn, also reduces the network carbon footprint. A Genetic Algorithm (GA2) is also developed to validate the MILP results associated with this system. Through transmission energy savings, RA and SC further reduce the NSs energy consumption by 19% and 18% respectively, however at the expense of higher download time. MILP model 4 (with RA) and model 5 (with SC) reduced the delay by 81% and 83% respectively, while minimising the carbon footprint by 96% and 98% respectively, compared to the initial MILP model.

In this paper, we propose a rate adaptive technique for wind powered standalone (off-grid) roadside units (RSUs) in a motorway environment. In a non-rate adaptive system, the transient nature of renewable wind energy causes the RSUs to either transmit at full data rate or not transmit at all based on the availability of sufficient energy. In rate adaptation, the data rate of an RSU adapts according to the available energy. Further, the RSU saves transmission energy by operating at a lower data rate, even when enough energy is available. The saved energy, in turn, is used to maintain the data rate during energy deficiency, thereby minimizing outage and improving the quality of service (QoS). The performance analysis shows that the wind energy dependent rate adaptive RSU delivers a more energy efficient service with acceptable quality compared to a non-rate adaptive deployment in a renewable energy solely powered RSU. The proposed rate adaptive algorithm can be as well deployed to wind-powered communication base stations (BSs) and sensor networks.

There are two very important parameters in evaluation of the performance of heterogeneous wireless ad hoc networks. These are Network throughput and Delays in packet. Practically it is very difficult to get both factors optimally that is high throughput and low packet delay in an network. Our main conclusion is for achieving a good throughput under maintaining minimum packet delay known as threshold level of packet delay. Some mathematical expressions have been derived for the average capacity in wireless heterogeneous ad hoc networks. Due to these mathematical derivations for a heterogeneous ad hoc wireless network, a routing algorithm is proposed to achieve maximum throughput and minimum delay by changing some patterns in the node’s mobility.

Location of sensor node is required for improving efficiency and performance of node management. An accurate localization algorithm with better efficiency and lesser computing time is required. Moreover the complexity of the algorithm and the memory required should be less. The algorithm should be faster for the usage in sensor node self localization. In this paper a novel nature inspired based algorithm called flower pollen localization algorithm is introduced for sensor node localization problem. Flower pollination is a process of reproduction of plant species and survival of the fittest.

Scalability in VANET environment is an important issue of concern in recent years. Many approaches have been presented in the recent years and compared their merits and demerits with the existing approaches. In the present work a hybrid technique extension to the GPSR protocol is presented which is based on the content based filtering approach and the clustering approach. The filtering approach uses Bloom Filter approach while the clustering uses the mobility based approach. The results are compared with the GPSR approach and the mobility based single hop network approach on the basis of different performance parameters. The results are also compared with the scalable clustering based approach which verifies the validity of the algorithm by varying the number of vehicles in the network. The Scalability is increased in the network with the improved performance and the stability of the network on the basis of performance parameters like cluster head and cluster member's lifetime. Results also verifies that the present approach is better as compared to the basic approach.

Traffic management at road intersections is a complex requirement that has been an important topic of research and discussion. Solutions have been primarily focused on using vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). Key issues in VANETs are high mobility, restriction of road setup, frequent topology variations, failed network links, and timely communication of data, which make the routing of packets to a particular destination problematic. To address these issues, a new dependable routing algorithm is proposed, which utilizes a wireless communication system between vehicles in urban vehicular networks. This routing is position-based, known as the maximum distance on-demand routing algorithm (MDORA). It aims to find an optimal route on a hop-by-hop basis based on the maximum distance toward the destination from the sender and sufficient communication lifetime, which guarantee the completion of the data transmission process. Moreover, communication overhead is minimized by finding the next hop and forwarding the packet directly to it without the need to discover the whole route first. A comparison is performed between MDORA and ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) protocol in terms of throughput, packet delivery ratio, delay, and communication overhead. The outcome of the proposed algorithm is better than that of AODV.

Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) are the potential core of the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) which aims to increase people safety and improve transportation efficiency. In this paper, we provide the first known taxonomy of VANET data communication protocols, based on road dimension, neighbor knowledge, acknowledgment, start of forwarding, competition to retransmit, vehicle connectivity, urgency, and message contents. The taxonomy provides fundamental blocks in VANET data communication protocols and help researchers better understand the details of each protocol. Further, the taxonomy helps in designing new protocols, by replacing one option by another from the same category. It also helps to understand various limitations of certain protocols, and the need to generalize these protocols and apply them in various VANET applications and scenarios. We also provide here a survey of recent data communication protocols, and a tutorial on how most of them work. [TAF]. It also includes value-added applications such as entertainment and business advertisements [CNS][WTM]. In this paper we provide a novel (and first, to the best of our knowledge) taxonomy of VANET data communication protocols. We examine several types of multi-hop communications (e.g. one-to-one, one-to-some, and one-to-all), required by novel ITS, and explain the ingredients of the most relevant existing communication protocols. We outline existing solutions and highlight their drawbacks. 14.2 Taxonomy of VANET communication protocols VANET applications require communication among vehicles to enable data dissemination. Different traffic scenarios require different communication characteristics. Based on VANET characteristics and conditions, we provide the following taxonomy for VANET data communication protocols. 14.2.1 Defining and naming problems We consider the two main types of multi-hop communications, routing (one-to-one) and geocasting (one-to-all in a specific region), and their combination for a content dissemination application (one-to-some). Unicast routing is used for applications that require one-way or twoway communication from a vehicle to/from a RSU, or communication between two remote vehicles, for coordinating response teams, tracking a car, or allowing two drivers to communicate. Routing applications also include delivering ITS services to end users, facilitating service providers to post their services, supporting Internet connections between users and service providers. The routing task is challenging because of high mobility and intermittently connected vehicular networks. The task can be specified according to assumptions made and the application context. The destination of a message could be a fixed geographic location, such as an access point (RSU), or a moving car whose location is known and is being updated based on reported speed and direction. A moving destination may also have unknown location, i.e., police searching for a car. Vehicles could move with their plans of movement being sent to a centralized location and/or being available to nearby vehicles, or without reporting their plan of movement. The source and destinations may or may not be always connected via other cars. RSUs and/or neighboring vehicles can be used to facilitate the routing process. If RSUs are connected and can communicate fast among themselves, then they can assist routing as proposed in [WK]. Gateways (RSUs) provide shortcuts to routing. Vehicles route toward the nearest RSU (which is routing task itself), and the message is delivered to destination from its nearest RSU. In the rest of this paper, RSUs are not used in routing process. Routing algorithms are then generally resolving three issues: finding the destination (FD) (if unknown), small scale routing (SS) (between two road intersections), and large scale routing (LS; decisions made at road intersections). Applications like parking slot reservation require two-way routing and integration of the Internet Protocol (IP) stack with routing protocols. The second problem is how to spread a message from a source vehicle to all other vehicles. It has different names in literature: broadcasting, flooding, data dissemination, warning delivery, and geocasting. Broadcasting spreads the information without considering the region borders. Flooding refers to the single retransmission of a message by all recipients. Geocasting (G) is (arguably) a geographically-constrained form of limited broadcasting. It involves the dissemination (delivery) of information to all vehicles on a road segment or in a given geographic area, the suppressing of multiple repetitive warnings for the same event, and the

Most existing multi-hop broadcast protocols for vehicular ad hoc networks do not consider the problem of how to adapt transmission parameters according to the network environment. Besides the propagation environment that determines the channel bit error rate, packet payload size has a significant effect on the packet loss rate. In this paper, we first discuss the effect of packet size on the packet reception ratio, and then propose a broadcast protocol that is able to specify the best relay node by taking into account the data payload size. The proposed protocol employs a fuzzy logic-based algorithm to jointly consider multiple metrics (link quality, inter-vehicle distance, and vehicle mobility) and uses a redundancy transmission approach to ensure high reliability. Since the fuzzy membership functions are tuned by using reinforcement learning, the protocol can adapt to various network scenarios. We use both real-world experiments and computer simulations to evaluate the proposed protocol. INDEX TERMS Vehicular ad hoc networks, broadcast protocol, reinforcement learning, fuzzy logic.

In Modernization, adhoc network provides the facility for mobility of one place to another either mobile or the vehicles. Now these days the vehicular adhoc networks plays an important services for transforming the vehicles from one place to another. In this paper , we provide the algorithms for hand-off for the vehicles ,when he transferred from one place to different place. In section 1 we provide the introduction of vehicular adhoc networks and in section 2 the literature review which gives all the information’s related to this technology and in section 3 the designing architecture and in last phase we provides an algorithms for te hand-off of vehicular from one network to another.

In this paper, we propose a rate adaptive technique for wind powered standalone (off-grid) roadside units (RSUs) in a motorway environment. In a non-rate adaptive system, the transient nature of renewable wind energy causes the RSUs to either transmit at full data rate or not transmit at all based on the availability of sufficient energy. In rate adaptation, the data rate of an RSU adapts according to the available energy. Further, the RSU saves transmission energy by operating at a lower data rate, even when enough energy is available. The saved energy, in turn, is used to maintain the data rate during energy deficiency, thereby minimizing outage and improving the quality of service (QoS). The performance analysis shows that the wind energy dependent rate adaptive RSU delivers a more energy efficient service with acceptable quality compared to a non-rate adaptive deployment in a renewable energy solely powered RSU. The proposed rate adaptive algorithm can be as well deployed to wind-powered communication base stations (BSs) and sensor networks.

In this paper, we propose a rate adaptive technique for wind powered standalone (off-grid) roadside units (RSUs) in a motorway environment. In a non-rate adaptive system, the transient nature of renewable wind energy causes the RSUs to either transmit at full data rate or not transmit at all based on the availability of sufficient energy. In rate adaptation, the data rate of an RSU adapts according to the available energy. Further, the RSU saves transmission energy by operating at a lower data rate, even when enough energy is available. The saved energy, in turn, is used to maintain the data rate during energy deficiency, thereby minimizing outage and improving the quality of service (QoS). The performance analysis shows that the wind energy dependent rate adaptive RSU delivers a more energy efficient service with acceptable quality compared to a non-rate adaptive deployment in a renewable energy solely powered RSU. The proposed rate adaptive algorithm can be as well deployed to wind-powered communication base stations (BSs) and sensor networks.

In the recent years the communication
technology is growing at a tremendous rate, along with
widely available portable computing devices and naive
wireless networking products and services. So it b
becomes natural for the users to expect to be able to access
the network at any time and from anywhere. In Mobile
Adhoc Network (MANET) is a network without
infrastructure dynamically formed by autonomous system
of mobile nodes that are connected via wireless links.
Mobile nodes communicate with each others on the fly. In
this network each node also acts as a router. MANET
nodes square measure distinguished by their restricted
resources like energy, bandwidth, processing, and storage.
Routing in MANET is serious issue as a result of topology
i.e. changeable because of nodes quality. Particularly
energy economical routing is most vital as a result of all
the nodes square measure battery powered. Since each
mobile node has restricted energy offer, energy depletion
is become one in all the most threats to the period of time
of the MANET. The battery power and the bandwidth are
very scarce resources in this network. The network
lifetime and connectivity’s of nodes depend on battery
power. Therefore, in energy is a valuable constraint
which should be efficiently used. The objective of this
paper is to create taxonomy of the MANET protocols, and
provide a brief survey of current status and direction of
research on various routing protocols, characteristics,
research challenges and issues in MANET.

Now a days, low range of communications and low bandwidth usage of sensor networks are unavoidable. The life time and energy harvesting of the sensor nodes is one more main constraints for the developers to make the efficient communication between the nodes. In this aspect, the failure of nodes in the networks always imposed the problem in packet delivery. Hence, to find the suitable target locations to relocate failure nodes to repair holes and dispatching mobile nodes to the target locations while minimizing the power and improving the packet delivery ratio. This paper investigates the node failure detection and reestablishment of network connectivity after node failure without extending the length of data paths. The proposed algorithm of Fault Tolerant Localization and Tracking of Multiple Sources (FTLT) is used to detect the node failure. The recovery scheme is provided by using manager node movement concept and the Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) protocol is used for finding the shortest path to improve the life time of the nodes.

The MANET is one of the most useful networks that established dynamically among all connected devices without fixed infrastructure in a decentralized approach. Smart devices such as Smart home automation entry point, smart air conditioners, Smart hubs, Smart thermostat, Colour changing smart LEDs, Smart Mobiles, Smart Watches and smart Tablets etc. are ubiquitous in our daily life and becoming valuable device with the capabilities of wireless networking using different wireless protocols that are typically used with an IEEE 802.11 access point. MANETs provide connectivity in aheterogeneous network with adecentralized approach. MANET is formed by itself when two or more smart devices have anactive connection. The fuzzy logic control system is a novel approach that is utilized in thevarious area of research because of the performance ability to control the system. The proposed research is focused mainly to design a fuzzy logic control mobility framework for evaluating mobility models in MANET of smart devices in theinternet of things environment. To implement this research we developed a new fuzzy control based mobility framework for communication in MANET of smart devices. Smart devices are considered as mobility nodes in MANET network system. The related work shows various mobility models to reproduction the movements of nodes but unfortunately most of them are not working in reality. The proposed mobility framework is tested on simulation environment and results perform the better evaluation of mobility models in MANET. This research may be useful in the development of internet of things framework, where smart devices are connected to each other in real time.

Build time is a vital factor of layered manufacturing as it affects cost of the prototype. Reducing the manufacturing time of the products is an endless process, without compromising the quality of the model. Various approaches have been employed for reducing build time in different RP methodologies. Reduction of build time is a complicated task as one has to cope-up a contradicting objective like part surface finish. This paper describes the various attempts made to reduce the build time.

Vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) is a type of ad-hoc network in which the speed/movement of the nodes is very high as compared to MANET. Also topology of the nodes changes rapidly. As a result, the communication breakages between nodes are a normal thing. This problem causes high data loss and delay. Many routing protocols are used in MANET, like DSR and AODV. These protocols (DSR, AODV) are reactive routing protocols. They puts their best performance in MANET, but there are many problems (in respect of performance) while you will apply these protocols in VANET. Because in VANET, speed of nodes is very high and link breakage chances are more. To enhance the performance of DSR in VANET, we have proposed a new strategy during next hop selection process in DSR. In this strategy, we have considered three input parameters named speed, position, and direction. In terms of moving models, we have selected MANHATTAN moving model. In our proposed work, it is assumed that no traffic jam, no red light, no energy/power problems. In the network environment of VANET, DSR will not work well. It is necessary to enhance DSR for VANET. Besides number of hops parameter, we have considered here some other important parameter like speed, direction, and position of moving nodes. In our proposed strategy, these parameters work as input parameters. Here, in this research work, we want to enhance DSR and make it usable for VANET with high performance. Direction parameter is considered as most important parameter for selected next hop. Other second important parameter is position. In this paper, this new strategy named DSR-D is compatible to improve the performance of routing and reduces the loss of packets during communication. Here, we will apply this strategy into two steps.

Vehicular ad-hoc network plays an important role in road safety and congestion of traffic on the road. To provide the reliable and efficient communication during data transmission, various methods and algorithms are used with this application. In this paper the author review on the MAC (Media Access Control) protocol which supports the adaptive broadcasting mechanism. This protocol affects the critical parameters of the VANET communication.

egún Cal y Mayor el tránsito es una fase o parte del transporte. El éxito en satisfacer estas necesidades, ha sido y será unos de los principales contribuyentes en la elevación del nivel de vida de las sociedades de todos los países del mundo. Si determinada área, urbana o rural, desea crecer y prosperar será necesario planear, estudiar, proyectar, construir, operar, conservar y administrar nuevos sistemas lo suficientemente amplio tanto para el transporte público como privado , que permitan conectar e integrar las actividades INGENIERÍA DE TRÁNSITO Facilitador: Máster Sergio J. Navarro Hudiel Página | 3 sea simplemente obtenible y manejable. Por esta razón se definió un "Eje Patrón" que representa la carga estándar, o normalizada. Para el dimensionamiento de un pavimento es necesario determinar los efectos que las cargas de estos vehículos causarán sobre el pavimento, por lo cual se debe conocer el número y tipo de vehículos que circularán por una vía, así como la intensidad de la carga y la configuración del eje que la aplica. Este material ha sido preparado por el maestro Sergio Navarro Hudiel, quien ha recopilado información de su experiencia como docente de la Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, sede Regional Estelí, haciendo referencia a Manuales de Estudio de Tránsito de otros países en especial mejicanos, libros de destacados autores como lo es Rafael Cal y Mayor en la octava edición de su libro Ingeniería de Tránsito, apuntes del curso diseño de pavimentos del Instituto Nicaragüense del Cemento y del Concreto impartido por Ricardo Díaz, y en especial a la sección de Obtención y manejo de la información de tránsito para el diseño de pavimentos impartido en por el M. Sc. Ing. Gustavo Corredor Miuler (QEPD). De igual manera se hace referencia a muchos autores y expertos en esta temática que se van citando a lo largo del documento . Recordándoles que el único obstáculo entre sus metas y realidades solamente es usted. Siempre invitándoles a dar lo mejor de ustedes, con el aprecio de siempre.

— The growing need to reduce the carbon footprint and the operation expenditure (OPEX) in communication networks necessitates the deployment of wind powered base stations (BSs) and roadside units (RSUs) for vehicular communication networks in windy countries with limited solar irradiation. This system finds ready application in sparse areas like countryside and motorways that lack the supply from the national grid for economic reasons. The stringent performance requirement of vehicular communication systems owed to their critical services poses challenges to their greening efforts. In this paper, we design a robust time-division multiple access (TDMA) based MAC for an infrastructure based green vehicular network in a motorway scenario and investigate the network performance against the stringent quality of service (QoS) thresholds. We call the proposed Centralised Vehicular TDMA based MAC as CVTMAC for short. To obtain a realistic performance evaluation, we model and simulate the proposed MAC protocol with the real channel characteristics of the motorway environment fully incorporated. The off grid RSU is powered solely by an economical and easy to deploy small standalone wind energy conversion systems (SSWECS). Wind energy-based rate adaptation is deployed in the RSU to enhance the efficient utilization of available energy (considering the intermittent nature of wind energy). In this study the real vehicular traffic profiles and wind data for a specified motorway region have been utilised. Both analytic and simulation results reveal that with the introduction of small battery capacity (27 Ah), the green vehicular network is able to support QoS for data, audio and video-related applications at each hour of the day in a motorway vehicular environment.

With the rapid growth of interest in media-rich user experience, content distribution networks (CDNs) gained considerable attention. Since, most of the energy is consumed by cache points (CPs) and the associated equipment, it is imperative to deploy fewer number of CPs or switch off as many as possible to save energy. This results in degraded quality of service (QoS). It is an usual dimensioning technique to optimise the number and locations of caching points (CPs) of a content distribution network (CDN), where the objective is to reduce operational energy. In this paper, we reduce non-renewable energy consumption (carbon footprint) by introducing renewable grid energy (in the form of wind energy) and adaptive CPs. Further, we propose algorithms for provisioning high number of simultaneous downloads, which reduce overall waiting time and number of dropped request of city vehicular users. The end result is substantial improvement in quality of service (QoS). The proposed CPs save 100% grid energy during the whole day while fulfilling content demand in a city vehicular environment.

This paper studies the location of the position method is developed by applying factual analysis on GSM base station (RSS) down link signal strength by using wavelet transform. The GSM received signal strength is converted in terms of wavelet bases and this method estimates the positioning of the mobile and personal tracking the position based systems are used to find a person or an object related to known position or a coordinate system. NLos propagation is the major source of errors. Hence In this paper we propose a new method to solve the problem. The proposed method integrates the location estimation and Localization as a technique to solve the complex and challenging problems. Besetting line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) transmissions has recently attracted considerable attention in the wireless sensor network field an approach utilizing the factual analysis with the help of Haar wavelet transform to increase the GSM –position accuracy.

Providing real-time cloud services to Vehicular Clients (VCs) must cope with delay and delay-jitter issues. Fog computing is an emerging paradigm that aims at distributing small-size self-powered data centers (e.g., Fog nodes) between remote Clouds and VCs, in order to deliver data-dissemination real-time services to the connected VCs. Motivated by these considerations, in this paper, we propose and test an energy-efficient adaptive resource scheduler for Networked Fog Centers (NetFCs). They operate at the edge of the vehicular network and are connected to the served VCs through Infrastructure-to-Vehicular (I2V) TCP/IP-based single-hop mobile links. The goal is to exploit the locally measured states of the TCP/IP connections, in order to maximize the overall communication-plus-computing energy efficiency, while meeting the application-induced hard QoS requirements on the minimum transmission rates, maximum delays and delay-jitters. The resulting energy-efficient scheduler jointly performs: (i) admission control of the input traffic to be processed by the NetFCs; (ii) minimum-energy dispatching of the admitted traffic; (iii) adaptive reconfiguration and consolidation of the Virtual Machines (VMs) hosted by the NetFCs; and, (iv) adaptive control of the traffic injected into the TCP/IP mobile connections. The salient features of the proposed scheduler are that: (i) it is adaptive and admits distributed and scalable implementation; and, (ii) it is capable to provide hard QoS guarantees, in terms of minimum/maximum instantaneous rates of the traffic delivered to the vehicular clients, instantaneous rate-jitters and total processing delays. Actual performance of the proposed scheduler in the presence of: (i) client mobility; (ii) wireless fading; and, (iii) reconfiguration and consolidation costs of the underlying NetFCs, is numerically tested and compared against the corresponding ones of some state-of-the-art schedulers, under both synthetically generated and measured real-world workload traces.

En este artículo se presenta el caso del Cruce de calles entre la 59 Avenida Sur (Av. Francisco Gavidia Sur - Av. Las Amapolas) y la Calle El Progreso. Un caso que se resuelve con poca inversión, ya que se trata de nada más señalización horizontal del cruce.

Esta parte 2, trata del caso de otra importante arteria vehicular de San Salvador, en orientación Poniente - Oriente y viceversa, la cual es la CALLE LOS SISIMILES, en un tramo en el que no posee el ancho suficiente para 4 carriles, sin embargo sí un ancho para poder albergar 3 carriles.

Vehicular Networks is considered a major step in the field of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). In this technology, some equipment will be installed on vehicles and special places at roadsides which will enable the wireless communication between vehicles with each other and will provide the communication between the vehicles and roadside equipment. One of the ITS application is Traffic monitoring system. Such system enables accessing traffic videos by traffic monitoring centers to make traffic decision. However, providing traffic video for the vehicles can be appealing. This paper addresses a new application in vehicular networks and ITS which can provide this videos for drivers in a city. Each driver request timely traffic video of a location from a web server and the web server forward this request to a stream management server. This server based on current location of the requester vehicle, its speed and its direction calculates appropriate video chunks for each RSU along vehicle destination. This study aims to present a system which can bring a high accessibility for content and can provide it with an appropriate bandwidth and quality for vehicles. Due to the scalability and bandwidth limitations for its content and streaming, vehicular networks are used in this system.

28 Resumen En Costa Rica muchas capas bituminosas de rodadura fallan por las solicitaciones impuestas por los vehículos. Este trabajo presenta los resultados de la determinación de los Factores Camión en 8 importantes rutas de Costa Rica. La investigación está basada en el análisis de los datos de carga de vehículos y clasificaciones vehiculares. Como conclusiones generales, el estudio confirma que los Factores Camión Típicos utilizados en Costa Rica subestiman las cargas reales de los vehículos. Además, confirma la necesidad de Controlar el Peso de los vehículos. Palabras clave: Factor camión, clasificación vehicular, ejes equivalentes de diseño, tránsito promedio diario, diseño de pavimentos. Abstract In Costa Rica, many bituminous layers in pavements fail for damage caused by vehicle loads. This article presents the Truck Factors Determination in eight of the main routes in Costa Rica. It is based on the analysis of vehicle load data and vehicle classifications. As general conclusions, the study confirms that the Typical Truck Factor used in Costa Rica underestimate the Actual Load of the Vehicles. Also, it confirms that the Vehicle Loads Control is necessary.