Value Sensitive Design

Lo statuto della riflessione filosofico politica sulla tecnologia assume oggi una rilevanza cruciale nell’indagare l’impatto delle nuove tecnologie sulla dimensione strutturale e sovrastrutturale delle società e delle democrazie, dei fenomeni economico-sociali e politici e della produzione di soggettività. La teoria critica e gli STS (Science and Technologies Studies) confluiscono ormai in un comune terreno di riflessione sulla relazione che intercorre fra l’artefatto tecnologico, il progresso tecno-impattante e techno-driven e le società con le loro forme e fenomeni politici . Se da una parte, dunque, la nutrita riflessione etica e bioetica ha largamente influenzato la filosofia della tecnologia, la quale affronta prevalentemente le questioni epistemologiche, etiche e morali, nonché la dimensione pratico-normativa relativa alla tecnologia, una filosofia politica della tecnologia si sviluppa negli interstizi della co-relazione che intercorre fra lo sviluppo degli artefatti e la loro influenza sui processi sociali. Questo capitolo del volume collettaneo Tecnologia, Politica, Società (Mimesis 2024) curato da Barbara Henry e Salvo Vaccaro, si concentra su una proposta di sviluppo dell'approccio post-fenomenologico al design degli artefatti (VSD, Value Sensitive Design) implementando alcuni punti chiave del postumanesimo critico.

This paper presents our investigations in how value sensitive design of interactive systems could motivate people to contribute to semantic web applications. In two case studies we adopted the Value Sensitive Design (VSD) framework (Friedman et al., 2006), relying on three levels of investigation. Conceptual investigation focused on the literature analysis and identified a set of motivational values. Empirical investigation involved understanding the motivations of users within two cases. Finally, technical investigation was conducted to determine design features which may support and facilitate these values. This study illustrates the use of the VSD framework for investigating motivational values and provides a review of design features to support end users' motivation to contribute to public goods.

Increasing automation in the healthcare sector calls for a Hybrid Intelligence (HI) approach to closely study and design the collaboration of humans and autonomous machines. Ensuring that medical HI systems’ decision-making is ethical is key. The use of Team Design Patterns (TDPs) can advance this goal by describing successful and reusable configurations of design problems in which decisions have a moral component and facilitating communication in multidisciplinary teams designing HI systems. For this research, TDPs were developed describing a set of solutions for a design problem in a medical HI system: mitigating harmful biases in machine learning algorithms. The Socio-Cognitive Engineering (SCE) methodology was employed, integrating operational demands, human factors knowledge, and a technological analysis into a set of TDPs. A survey was created to assess the usability of the patterns with regards to their understandability, effectiveness, and generalizability. Results showed th...

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Care ethics has been advanced as a suitable framework for evaluating the ethical significance of assistive robotics. One of the most prominent care ethical contributions to the ethical assessment of assistive robots comes through the work of Aimee Van Wynsberghe, who has developed the Care-Centred Value-Sensitive Design framework (CCVSD) in order to incorporate care values into the design of assistive robots. Building upon the care ethics work of Joan Tronto, CCVSD has been able to highlight a number of ways in which care practices can undergo significant ethical transformations upon the introduction of assistive robots. In this paper, we too build upon the work of Tronto in an effort to enrich the CCVSD framework. Combining insights from Tronto's work with the sociological concept of emotional labor, we argue that CCVSD remains underdeveloped with respect to the impact robots may have on the emotional labor required by paid care workers. Emotional labor consists of the managing of emotions and of emotional bonding, both of which signify a demanding yet potentially fulfilling dimension of paid care work. Because of the conditions in which care labor is performed nowadays, emotional labor is also susceptible to exploitation. While CCVSD can acknowledge some manifestations of unrecognized emotional labor in care delivery, it remains limited in capturing the structural conditions that fuel this vulnerability to exploitation. We propose that the idea of privileged irresponsibility, coined by Tronto, helps to understand how the exploitation of emotional labor can be prone to happen in roboticized care practices.

It is commonly agreed that so-called echo chambers and epistemic bubbles, associated with social media, are detrimental to liberal democracies. Drawing on John Rawls's political liberalism, we offer a novel explanation of why social media platforms amplifying echo chambers and epistemic bubbles are likely contributing to the violation of the democratic norms connected to the ideal of public reason. These norms are clarified with reference to the method of (full) reflective equilibrium, which we argue should be cultivated as a civic virtue in the context of political justification. The paper demonstrates how epistemic bubbles and echo chambers are likely to be detrimental to the disposition to follow the method of reflective equilibrium in the political context. Based on this diagnosis the paper highlights the need for interventions that help cultivate reflective equilibrium as a civic virtue and the need for corresponding interdisciplinary research.

Conceptual engineering is the design, evaluation and implementation of concepts. Despite its popularity, some have argued that the methodology is not worthwhile, because the implementation of new concepts is both inscrutable and beyond our control. In the recent literature we see different responses to this worry. Some have argued that it is for political reasons just as well that implementation is such a difficult task, while others have challenged the metasemantic and social assumptions that underlie this skepticism about implementation. In this paper, I argue that even if implementation is as difficult as critics maintain, there is at least one context in which conceptual engineering is extremely impactful and demonstrably so: the design of new technology. Different conceptions of control, freedom, trust, etc. lead to different designs and implementations of systems that are built to embed those concepts. This means that if we want to design for control, freedom, trust, etc., we have to decide which conception we ought to use. When we determine what the appropriate conception of a concept is in a technological context and use this conception to operationalize a norm or value, we generate requirements which have real-world effects. This not only shows that conceptual engineering can be extremely impactful, the fact that it leads to different design requirements means that we have a way to evaluate our conceptual choices and that we can use this feedback loop to improve upon our conceptual work By illustrating the direct impacts of different conceptions on technology design, this paper underscores the practical applicability and value of conceptual engineering, demonstrating how it serves as a crucial bridge between abstract philosophical analysis and concrete technological innovation. Keywords Conceptual Engineering • Implementation Challenge • Value Sensitive Design • Value Embedding Conceptual engineering involves the design, evaluation and implementation of concepts. Some have claimed that implementation of new concepts is inscrutable and beyond our control, while others have suggested that implementation is practically unfeasible. 1 For example,

This edited collection presents a selection of papers from the 2012 conference of the Society for the Study of Nanoscience and Emerging Technologies (S.NET), an international network of scholars and practitioners who seek to understand and influence the relationships between technologies and socioeconomic contexts. Like S.NET itself, the collection is heterogeneous: organized under the headings of Engagements, Regulatory Governance, Innovation, and Discourse, its sixteen chapters reflect a broad range of political, epistemological, and methodological standpoints. Thus, unlike many other conference publications, this one speaks to no single disciplinary audience. Researchers interested in emerging technologies will likely find at least one chapter that resonates with their own approach, plus a host of other perspectives, some of which may challenge their views about how and why such research should be undertaken in the first place. This plurality will be familiar to readers of NanoEthics, as will many of the collection's editors and contributors, roughly half of whom have also published in this journal. Much as these authors seek to infuse greater reflexivity into the process of technological development, juxtaposing their divergent standpoints may prompt readers to consider scholarly assumptions that they would otherwise take for granted. The collection's first section, Engagements, focuses on modes of promoting deliberation and reflexivity, Nanoethics

This article reviews the academic literature (1996-2016) that emerged under value sensitive design (VSD). It investigates those VSD projects that employed the tripartite methodology, examining the use of VSD methodological elements, and illustrating common practices and identifying shortcomings. The article provides advice for VSD researchers on how to complete and enhance their methodological approach as the research community moves forward.

Digital ethics is being discussed worldwide as a necessity to create more reliable IT systems. This discussion, fueled by the fear of uncontrollable artificial intelligence (AI) has moved many institutions and scientists to demand a value-based system engineering. This article presents how organizations can build responsible and ethically founded systems with the "Value-based Engineering" (VBE) approach that was standardized in the IEEE 7000 TM standard. 1 VBE is a transparent, clearly-structured, step-by-step methodology combining innovation management, risk management, system and software engineering in one process framework. It embeds a robust value ontology and terminology. It has been tested in various case studies. This article introduces readers to the most important steps and contributions of the approach.

Digital ethics is being discussed worldwide as a necessity to create more reliable IT systems. This discussion, fueled by the fear of uncontrollable artificial intelligence (AI) has moved many institutions and scientists to demand a value-based system engineering. This article presents how organizations can build responsible and ethically founded systems with the "Value-based Engineering" (VBE) approach that was standardized in the IEEE 7000 TM standard. 1 VBE is a transparent, clearly-structured, step-by-step methodology combining innovation management, risk management, system and software engineering in one process framework. It embeds a robust value ontology and terminology. It has been tested in various case studies. This article introduces readers to the most important steps and contributions of the approach.

This article reviews the academic literature (1996–2016) that emerged under value sensitive design (VSD). It investigates those VSD projects that employed the tripartite methodology, examining the use of VSD methodological elements, and illustrating common practices and identifying shortcomings. The article provides advice for VSD researchers on how to complete and enhance their methodological approach as the research community moves forward.

This paper criticizes the thesis of the neutrality of moral values of artifacts, and makes the case for a proposal known as Value Sensitive Design, which states that moral values must be considered in the construction and analysis of artifacts. First, (1) we will present the best defense of the thesis of the neutrality of moral values of artifacts, made by Joseph Pitt. In the following, (2) we will criticize each of the arguments presented by Pitt in favor of the neutrality thesis. Finally, (3) we will consider the Value Sensitive Design proposal presented by Ibo van de Poel and Peter Kroes and explain how it would be suitable for a critique of the values and moral issues that artifacts can represent.

Nonprofit organizations (NPOs) lack resources, hindering the quality and quantity of service they can deliver. Meanwhile, NPOs at times have underutilized or even spare resources due to the inability to scale expertise in staffing and tangible resources to meet temporally shifting service demands. These observations motivate us to propose a novel resource sharing system, SWAP, which to the best of our knowledge, is the first resource sharing system that facilitates resource exchanges where NPOs can obtain resources by offering their own. SWAP consists of four elements: a collaborative auction-based sharing process, complete with an offering mechanism, a bidding mechanism, and the virtual currency, SWAPcredit, to facilitate liquidity in exchange; a central technology that represents the award determination problem with a multilateral exchange optimization model, generating resource exchange outcomes; an online platform, the SWAP Hub, where NPOs can offer and bid on available resources, and receive exchange results; and human-centric co-design, shaping the understanding and design decisions of a research collective, that includes the authors and NPO professionals. We conduct a series of experiments using both empirical and simulated data to illustrate the benefits and potential of SWAP. Our results demonstrate that SWAP can address temporal resource needs in practice; show that optimal exchange outcomes can be generated even for large-scale SWAP markets; and provide strong evidence in support of guidance to inform the progression for future versions of SWAP. The SWAP system is presently implemented in Howard County, MD, USA, with ongoing enhancements and potential for future expansion.

We have used value sensitive design as a method to develop an agent-based model of values in humanitarian logistics for refugees. Schwartz's theory of universal values is implemented in the model in such a way that agents can make value trade-o s, which are operationalized into a measure of refugee wellbeing and a measure of public opinion about how the refugee logistics is being handled. By trying out di erent 'valuescenarios', stakeholders who are responsible for, or involved in refugee logistics can have insights into the effects of various value choices. The model is visualized and made usable as a platform (interactive website) for decision-makers to understand the trade-o s in policies for government and non-government organizations.

w guns kill people without a human directly intervening to make the decision of whom and when to kill? Can we then hold on to the claim that this technology, namely an autonomous weapon, including its actions (the act of killing a person), is value neutral? With such scenarios becoming more plausible, academics, layman, politicians and lawmakers alike are debating these issues from different angles. Some argue for a total ban on autonomous weapons, with many of said opponents often referring to autonomous weapons as 'killer robots' (e.g. the campaign to stopkillerrobots.org), while others argue that we may have a moral obligation to develop and use autonomous weapons (e.g. Strawser 2010; Arkin, 2010). In this article I defend a view that neither sees technology as value neutral, nor shifts the value-ladennes to the sole usage of technology. I propose deploying a design methodology for autonomous systems that does not merely focus on functional, economical or strategic performance, but in which concerns of an ethical and legal nature are at the heart of their development. I approach the issue of the development of autonomous weapons systems from a value sensitive design (VSD) perspective, initially developed by Batya Friedman and Peter Kahn in the early 1990s. They argued for bringing in moral deliberations into computer systems design through a conceptual analysis of human Christine Boshuijzen-van Burken

We have used value sensitive design as a method to develop an agent-based model of values in humanitarian logistics for refugees. Schwartz's theory of universal values is implemented in the model in such a way that agents can make value trade-o s, which are operationalized into a measure of refugee wellbeing and a measure of public opinion about how the refugee logistics is being handled. By trying out di erent 'valuescenarios', stakeholders who are responsible for, or involved in refugee logistics can have insights into the effects of various value choices. The model is visualized and made usable as a platform (interactive website) for decision-makers to understand the trade-o s in policies for government and non-government organizations.

Ethics by Design concerns the methods, algorithms and tools needed to endow autonomous agents with the capability to reason about the ethical aspects of their decisions, and the methods, tools and formalisms to guarantee that an agent's behavior remains within given moral bounds. In this context some questions arise: How and to what extent can agents understand the social reality in which they operate, and the other intelligences (AI, animals and humans) with which they co-exist? What are the ethical concerns in the emerging new forms of society, and how do we ensure the human dimension is upheld in interactions and decisions by autonomous * Corresponding author.

In this panel, we explore: (1) the impacts of electronic media on informed consent; (2) how electronic media can be designed and used to preserve informed consent; (3) the relationship between protecting privacy and informed consent; (4) the relationship between cultivating trust online and informed consent; and (5) proposed relevant standards and brokering systems. This panel fits within the emerging field of Value-Sensitive Design.

In this paper, we analyse the ethical relevance of emerging informational aspects in robotics for the area of care robotics. We identify specific informational characteristics of contemporary and emerging robots, especially the fact of their increasing informational connectedness. We then outline specific ethical considerations arising in the design process in the H2020 project MARIO which aims to develop a care robot for persons with mild to moderate dementia in home and residential care settings. Ethical considerations regarding specific functionalities of the proposed care robot are outlined.

Crowdsourcing (CS) of micro tasks is a relatively new, open source work form enabled by information and communication technologies. While anecdotal evidence of its benefits abounds, our understanding of the phenomenon's societal consequences remains limited. Drawing on value sensitive design (VSD), we explore microtask CS as perceived by crowd workers, revealing their values as a means of informing the design of CS platforms. Analyzing detailed narratives of 210 crowd workers participating in Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk), we uncover a set of nine values they share: access, autonomy, fairness, transparency, communication, security, accountability, making an impact, and dignity. We find that these values are implicated in four crowdsourcing structures: compensation, governance, technology, and microtask. Two contrasting perceptions-empowerment and marginalization-coexist, forming a duality of microtask CS. The study contributes to the CS and VSD literatures, heightens awareness of worker marginalization in microtask CS, and offers guidelines for improving CS practice. Specifically, we offer recommendations regarding the ethical use of crowd workers (including for academic research), and call for improving MTurk platform design for greater worker empowerment.

This contribution discusses the development of the Data Ethics Decision Aid (DEDA), a framework for reviewing government data projects that considers their social impact, the embedded values and the government's responsibilities in times of data-driven public management. Drawing from distinct qualitative research approaches, the DEDA framework was developed in an iterative process (2016-2018) and has since then been applied by various Dutch municipalities, the Association of Dutch Municipalities, and the Ministry of General Affairs (NL). We present the DEDA framework as an effective process to moderate case-deliberation and advance the development of responsible data practices. In addition, by thoroughly documenting the deliberation process, the DEDA framework establishes accountability. First, this paper sheds light on the necessity for data ethical case deliberation. Second, it describes the prototypes, the final design of the framework, and its evaluation. After a comparison with other frameworks, and a discussion of the findings, the paper concludes by arguing that the DEDA framework is a useful process for ethical evaluation of data projects for public management and an effective tool for creating awareness of ethical issues in data practices.

Increasingly, Dutch municipalities use novel data practices for public management. These range from data analysis for more efficient waste management, to generating novel data sources for analysing criminal activities, to combining various data sources for predicting social welfare fraud (Redactie Gemeente.nu, 2016; van Ark, 2018). A process of decentralisation has delegated many tasks from central government to municipalities without giving them more resources and capacities. Local governments often see data practices as the most efficient way to deal with additional tasks and to

This contribution discusses the development of the Data Ethics Decision Aid (DEDA), a framework for reviewing government data projects that considers their social impact, the embedded values and the government’s responsibilities in times of data-driven public management. Drawing from distinct qualitative research approaches, the DEDA framework was developed in an iterative process (2016–2018) and has since then been applied by various Dutch municipalities, the Association of Dutch Municipalities, and the Ministry of General Affairs (NL). We present the DEDA framework as an effective process to moderate case-deliberation and advance the development of responsible data practices. In addition, by thoroughly documenting the deliberation process, the DEDA framework establishes accountability. First, this paper sheds light on the necessity for data ethical case deliberation. Second, it describes the prototypes, the final design of the framework, and its evaluation. After a comparison with...

Online search engines, social media, news sites and retailers are all investing heavily in the development of ever more refined information filtering to optimally tune their services to the specific demands of their individual users and customers. In this position paper we examine the privacy consequences of user profile models that are used to achieve this information personalization, the lack of transparency concerning the filtering choices and the ways in which personalized services impact the user experience. Based on these considerations we argue that the Internet research community has a responsibility to increase its efforts to investigate the means and consequences of personalized information filtering.

This paper is a viewpoint rather than grounded in research. It questions some of the established ICT norms and traditions which exist both in industry and academia. The aim is to review current ICT ethics educational strategy and suggest a repositioning which aligns with the concept of computing by everyone for everyone. Professional bodies, in their current role, have little influence on 97 percent of global software developers whose ethical code and attitude to social responsibility comes from elsewhere. There needs to be a radical change in how the ethical and social responsibility dimension of ICT is included in education of the whole population rather than focusing on the elitist computing professional community. It is against this backdrop that this paper explores new avenues for widening education, both formal and informal, to all those who may become involved in computing. The discussion concludes by laying out a new pathway for ICT ethics education which embraces people of all ages and all walks of life.

Despite the abundance of methods and models, the design research is still often entangled in concepts irrelevant to design practice. This paper rethinks the discourse of design research and the evolving role of a designer. The most important attempts to build a design as an academic discipline are mentioned, along with research communities that are operating in the field of design. Art-and-design-based approach in design research in Donald Schön’s works on architecture and design practice, rises the importance of sketches in the creative idea generation. Implementing sketching techniques into the cultural probes, as one of an art-and-design-based research method, opens up ways to innovative design solutions. This paper discusses the relationship between the method and sketching in the context of the case study “When Nobody Sees”. Sketching is discussed as an art-based tool for problem-setting.

Technological research for the exploitation of marine energy has produced significant advances which promise to expedite the process of transitioning to renewable resources. However, many issues hinder the effective exploitation of marine energy: among these are cultural concerns regarding the visual impacts of these technologies used. Assuming that “protecting” means preserving without banning evolutive changes, seascape protection and ecological transition are not alternatives because both converge toward sustainability. Even so, scientific concepts, technical practices, social perceptions, and the decisions and actions associated with them raise contradictions and conflicts. Within the complex challenge of ecological transition, clean energy availability arises as a necessary and imperative condition. This article proposes a critical landscape design perspective which focuses on the importance of understanding and expressing contemporaneity through the changes it brings to habita...

This paper is a viewpoint rather than grounded in research. It questions some of the established ICT norms and traditions which exist both in industry and academia. The aim is to review current ICT ethics educational strategy and suggest a repositioning which aligns with the concept of computing by everyone for everyone. Professional bodies, in their current role, have little influence on 97 percent of global software developers whose ethical code and attitude to social responsibility comes from elsewhere. There needs to be a radical change in how the ethical and social responsibility dimension of ICT is included in education of the whole population rather than focusing on the elitist computing professional community. It is against this backdrop that this paper explores new avenues for widening education, both formal and informal, to all those who may become involved in computing. The discussion concludes by laying out a new pathway for ICT ethics education which embraces people of all ages and all walks of life.

The increasing use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) for making decisions in public affairs has sparked a lively debate on the benefits and potential harms of self-learning technologies, ranging from the hopes of fully informed and objectively taken decisions to fear for the destruction of mankind. To prevent the negative outcomes and to achieve accountable systems, many have argued that we need to open up the “black box” of AI decision-making and make it more transparent. Whereas this debate has primarily focused on how transparency can secure high-quality, fair, and reliable decisions, far less attention has been devoted to the role of transparency when it comes to how the general public come toperceiveAI decision-making as legitimate and worthy of acceptance. Since relying on coercion is not only normatively problematic but also costly and highly inefficient, perceived legitimacy is fundamental to the democratic system. This paper discusses how transparency in and about AI decision...

In recent years, the HCI community has recognized the need to address long(er) term information system design around ongoing societal problems. Yet how to engage stakeholders effectively in multi-lifespan design thinking remains an open challenge. Toward that end, the work reported here extends an established envisioning method by introducing two new design methods, the multi-lifespan timeline and multi-lifespan co-design, with an emphasis on the element of (long) time. The new methods aim to stimulate participants' visions of future information systems by: (a) enhancing participants' understanding of longer timeframes (e.g., 100 years), and (b) guiding participants to effectively project themselves long into the future in their design thinking. We explored these multi-lifespan design methods in work with 51 Africans from Rwanda and the Great Lakes region living in the United States to understand the challenges and opportunities they envision for designing future information systems for transitional justice in Rwanda. Contributions are twofold: (1) methodological innovation, and (2) a case study of multi-lifespan design thinking generated by diaspora members of post-conflict societies.

We present a preliminary but groundbreaking study of the media landscape of Twitter. We use public data on whom follows who to uncover common behaviour in media consumption, the relationship between various classes of media, and the diversity of media content which social links may bring. Our analysis shows that there is a non-negligible amount of indirect media exposure, either through friends who follow particular media sources, or via retweeted messages. We show that the indirect media exposure expands the political diversity of news to which users are exposed to a surprising extent, increasing the range by between 60-98%. These results are valuable because they have not been readily available to traditional media, and they can help predict how we will read news, and how publishers will interact with us in the future.

A vision for the Operator 4.0 is presented in this paper in the context of human cyber-physical systems and adaptive automation towards humanautomation symbiosis work systems for a socially sustainable manufacturing workforce. Discussions include base concepts and enabling technologies for the development of human-automation symbiosis work systems in Industry 4.0.

Acknowledgments vii Introduction xiii 1 The Old Way 1 2 Biophilia 11 3 The Technological Turn 27 4 A Room with a Technological Nature View 45 5 Offi ce Window of the Future? 65 6 Hardware Companions? 89 7 Robotic Dogs in the Lives of Preschool Children 107 8 Robotic Dogs and Their Biological Counterparts 125 9 Robotic Dogs Might Aid in the Social Development of Children with Autism 137 10 The Telegarden 151 11 Environmental Generational Amnesia 163 12 Adaptation and the Future of Human Life 185 References 211 Index 225 I like trees and people, diffi cult intellectual discussions, and good research. Thus I have been fortunate to be part of an extraordinarily talented group-the Human Interaction with Nature and Technological Systems

Usable security research to date has focused on making users more secure, by identifying and addressing usability issues that lead users to making mistakes, or by persuading users to pay attention to security and make secure choices. However, security goals were set by security experts, who were unaware that users often have other priorities and value security differently. In this paper, we present examples of circumventions and non-adoption of secure systems designed under this paternalistic mindset. We argue that security experts need to identify user values and deliver on them. To do that, we need a methodological framework that can conceptualise values and identify those that impact user engagement with security. We show that (a) engagement with, and adherence to security, are mediated by user values, and that (b) it is necessary to model those values to understand the nature of security’s failures and to design viable alternatives.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is the buzzword for the era and is penetrating our society in levels unimagined before-or so it seems to be (see e.g. Newman, 2018; Branche, 2019; Horaczek, 2019). In IT-ethics discourse there is plenty of discussion about the dangers of AI (see e.g. Gerdes & Øhstrøm 2015) and the discourse seems to vary from loss of privacy (see e.g. Belloni et al. 2014) to outright nuclear war (See e.g. Arnold & Scheutz 2018) in the spirit of the movie Terminator 2. Yet it seems that with AI discussion there is a lot of space for misunderstandings and misrepresentations starting from but not limited to what is AI. In this paper therefore the AI from the ethical perspective of what we should discuss about AI is presented. Thirdly, we discuss machine learning, mutating algorithms, neural networks and other state of the art AI research, i. e. weak AI. This is the point we should currently focus on when discussing themes related to AI. These methods make the computer better by every step the computer makes; every decision the computer makes improves the computer, not the user. To clarify, Artificial Intelligence refers to a system, in which is a mutating algorithm, a neural network, or similar structure (also known as weak AI) where the computer program "learns" from the data and feedback it is given. These technologies are usually opaque (i.e. black box-design), so even their owners or creators cannot know how or why the AI ended up with the particular end-result. (See e.g. Covington, Adams, and Sargin, 2016). As AI has been penetrating the society in many different levels for years, e.g. banking, insurance, and financial sectors (see e.g. Coeckelbergh, 2015). The fourth issue often discussed in the field of AI is the living AI, the thinking AI-the feeling and fearing AI, the "Skynet", the singularity "the moment at which intelligence embedded in silicon surpasses human intelligence" (Burkhardt, 2011) and starts to consider itself equal or better than humans. These AIs are luckily or sadly, depending on the narrative the utopia or the dystopia, are still mere fiction and in the technological scale in a future we cannot yet even comprehend. When discussing technology, the possibilities of technology and possible technologies we must be aware that the first of these does already exist. The second one of these is due to exist, and the third one may exist. While it is possible that technology will exist in say 5-10 years, we also must remember that the society will not be what it is now and other technologies will exist and the society has moved on. There are numerous issues within the field of AI currently at hand, e.g. biased AI (Heimo & Kimppa 2019), liability of autonomous vehicles (see e.g. Heimo, Kimppa & Hakkala 2019), weaponizing AI systems (see e.g. Gotterbarn, 2010), facial recognition (see e.g. , Heimo & Kimppa 2019; Doffman, 2019) just to mention few. Moreover there are plenty of near-future applications of these that must be handled before they become a critical issue. Yet it is important to discuss about all the levels of AI technologies-and to tie them to their timeline! As we know we must interpret the writings of the past for they were written in their time (see e.g. MacIntyre, 2014), we must also interpret the future which will be different in ways we cannot fully understand. Therefore to predict the AI can do in 10-20 years time is quite different when we cannot fathom what kind of society we will have in 10 years' time. We must yet keep in mind that what we give up now in the sense of privacy, personal information, liberties etc. can and will be taken away from us more efficiently with the future AI, especially if we follow the Chinese route, which is possible. But to talk of the society now with a futuristic AI seems intellectually dishonest. We do not have flying cars, hoverboards nor the cure for cancer, things predicted and assumed by everyone in any popular culture from the 80s or 90s (see e.g. Back to the Future) yet we have Twitter, Wikipedia and cat picture meems, not something we would actually have been predicting at the time. It is not that we would say

In this paper we look into how several different AI technologies are addressed in the ethics literature. We claim that in many cases the technologies are not defined well enough for the moral concerns to be as relevant as they could. We propose that for AI and ethics research to be taken seriously by those designing, using and creating policy, the ethical research to AI needs to be more specific on the technologies evaluated from an ethical perspective, and descriptive understanding of the technologies in question must be presented more clearly for the normative suggestions to be considered valid.

In the debate on how to improve efficiencies in the humanitarian sector and better meet people’s needs, the argument for the use of artificial intelligence (AI) and automated decision-making (ADMs) systems has gained significant traction and ignited controversy for its ethical and human rights-related implications.Setting aside the implications of introducing unmanned and automated systems in warfare, we focus instead on the impact of the adoption of AI-based ADMs in humanitarian response. In order to maintain the status and protection conferred by the humanitarian mandate, aid organizations are called to abide by a broad set of rules condensed in the humanitarian principles and notably the principles of humanity, neutrality, impartiality, and independence. But how do these principles operate when decision-making is automated?This article opens with an overview of AI and ADMs in the humanitarian sector, with special attention to the concept of algorithmic opacity. It then explores t...

This article introduces Designing for Care (D4C), a distinctive approach to project management and technological design informed by Care Ethics. We propose to conceptualize “care” as both the foundational value of D4C and as its guiding mid-level principle. As a value, care provides moral grounding. As a principle, it equips D4C with moral guidance to enact a caring process. The latter is made of a set of concrete, and often recursive, caring practices. One of the key assumption of D4C is a relational ontology of individual and group identities, which fosters the actualization of caring practices as essentially relational and (often) reciprocal. Moreover, D4C adopts the “ecological turn” in CE and stresses the ecological situatedness and impact of concrete projects, envisioning an extension of caring from intra-species to inter-species relations. We argue that care and caring can influence directly some of the phases and practices within the management of (energy) projects and the d...

The meanings of law form an object of visualisation. As well as the types of legal situations, the pre-textual interdependencies of the legal terms should be made visible. Situations can be governed by legal machines. The research subject of digital humanities is the human, who is surrounded by digitally-based phenomena, whereas that of human digitalities is the machine, which is required to act in conformity with the law. Human digitalities are viewed in the context of the evolution from plants to animals to humans to machines. We see an expansion and transfer of standards: digital standards for humanities and human standards for digitalities.

In this paper, we propose a methodology to maximize the benefits of interdisciplinary cooperation in AI research groups. Firstly, we build the case for the importance of interdisciplinarity in research groups as the best means to tackle the social implications brought about by AI systems, against the backdrop of the EU Commission proposal for an Artificial Intelligence Act. As we are an interdisciplinary group, we address the multi-faceted implications of the mass-scale diffusion of AI-driven technologies. The result of our exercise lead us to postulate the necessity of a behavioural theory that standardizes the interaction process of interdisciplinary groups. In light of this, we conduct a review of the existing approaches to interdisciplinary research on AI appliances, leading to the development of methodologies like ethics-by-design and value-sensitive design, evaluating their strengths and weaknesses. We then put forth an iterative process theory hinging on a narrative approach consisting of four phases: (i) definition of the hypothesis space, (ii) building-up of a common lexicon, (iii) scenario-building, (iv) interdisciplinary self-assessment. Finally, we identify the most relevant fields of application for such a methodology and discuss possible case studies.

A little less than a decade after the emergence of Industry 4.0 in the industrial world, the new paradigm 5.0 is gaining ground, which is simultaneously reflected in the definition of a smart society. In fact, we are witnessing an innovative transition that defines the pace of technological, but also economic and social change. Starting from the innovations of the fourth industrial revolution and from the study of reference guidelines of European Commission (2021) Industry 5.0 "repositions" technologies completely at the service of people and the whole of humanity. The research aims to identify and explore the points of contact and implementations arising from the transition from paradigm 4.0 to the humancentric approach 5.0. Through a comparative analysis of case studies and best practices in the industrial field it is possible to frame and define the future scenarios of manufacturing that see human and machine synchronized and synergistically working together to improve the efficiency of production.

It is commonly said that each scholar stands on the shoulders of giants. I have been blessed with many giants whose efforts brought this work to a successful conclusion. My advisor, Dr. Maxine Cohen, has been both empowering and challenging, helping me find my place in the crossroads of security and usability, and guiding me toward an achievable and purposeful journey. Committee member Dr. Amon Seagull strategically intervened at pivotal moments making it possible for work to continue when it seemed to be breathing its last. Dr. Constance Mussa, a more recent addition to my academic life, brought a fresh perspective to the study that fleshed out unaddressed assumptions. The work is stronger because of all they brought to it. My husband Daniel selflessly weathered all the highs and lows of this academic voyage, selflessly pitching in without complaint and going solo to family events while my head was buried in books and keyboard. Without his unfailing support, it would have been impossible to finish. My parents, Joan and Edward z"l Blitstein, themselves lifelong students, and my son, Joshua, born to swim scholarly waters, made post-midlife academic pursuits seem a matter of course. My brother Mark took on more than his share of family responsibilities so that I could carve out the time needed to complete such a long journey.

The significance of human values in everyday life highlights the integral role of this concept in any design that aims to improve the quality of human life. By emphasizing the need for a comprehensive value framework for design, the present study explores a new value framework to be used as a common ground in design. For this purpose, we empirically investigate how different people group human values. By spreading the link of our Human Values Survey worldwide via the internet, a variety of participants with different cultural backgrounds were reached, and hierarchical cluster analysis was used to analyze the data. As a result, 568 complete answers were collected, from which nine value groups were concluded: "carefulness", "justice", "ecology", "respect for others", "meaningfulness", "status", "pleasure", "respect for oneself" and "personal development". After clustering our data, we propose a value framework with four themes, nine value groups, 42 key values, and 135 extra values. This framework, raising designers' awareness and widening their view of human values, provides the opportunity to address a diverse range of human values in design.

In order to encourage ethical considerations and integrity in Big Data applications that incorporate Machine Learning techniques, this paper introduces a case as to how we intend to apply Value Sensitive Design (VSD) methodology in the design of a Telecom Customer Churn Prediction model. The VSD approach identifies stakeholders throughout the design process and this assists in steering clear of any biases in the design choices that might compromise any of the stakeholders' values. In this paper, we realize a VSD conceptual investigation of a churn prediction model, including stakeholder identification and the selection of human values to be included in the design.